scholarly journals Colorectal cancer: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Granados-Romero ◽  
Alan Isaac Valderrama-Treviño ◽  
Ericka Hazzel Contreras-Flores ◽  
Baltazar Barrera-Mera ◽  
Miguel Herrera Enríquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Colonic Polyps ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Basis Risk ◽  
Intestinal Inflammatory Disease

Colorectal cancer (CCR) is the third most common cancer worldwide in men and women, the second largest cause of death related to cancer, and the main cause of death in gastrointestinal cancer. The risk of developing this cancer is related to bad alimentary habits, smoking, intestinal inflammatory disease, polyps, genetic factors, and aging. Of the patients that are diagnosed with colorectal cancer 90% are older than 50, with a median age of 64 years; however, the disease is more aggressive in patients that are diagnosed at younger ages. According to the American Cancer Association, it was accounted for more than 49,700 deaths in 2015. The goal is to reduce the mortality rate with early diagnosis and treatment. Currently, the survival rate is used to predict a patient’s prognosis. The patient is considered to have a positive familial history if a first-degree relative has been diagnosed with colorectal cancer or colonic polyps before the age of 60, or also if two or more first-degree relatives have been diagnosed with cancer or polyps at any age. There are several methods for detecting colorectal cancer, such as the guaiac test, immunochemical test of stool, DNA stool test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and barium enema. The stage in which the cancer is detected determines the prognosis, survival, and treatment of the patient. Provide a review about generalities, genetic basis, risk factors, protective factors, clinical course, diagnostic methods, therapy and survival in colorectal cancer. Conducted research from different databases such as PubMed, Medline, MedScape, on the definition, genetic factors, classification, risk factors, protective factors, diagnostic methods, epidemiology, survival and treatment of colorectal cancer. Articles from 2000 to 2017 were included using the following keywords.

Awareness of risk factors amongst first degree relative patients with colorectal cancer

2008 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 080331054210835-??? ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Akhtar ◽  
S. Sinha ◽  
S. McKenzie ◽  
P. M. Sagar ◽  
P. J. Finan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Degree Relative

scholarly journals Association of Polygenic Risk Score and Bacterial Toxins at Screening Colonoscopy with Colorectal Cancer Progression: A Multicenter Case-Control Study

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 569
Author(s):  
Alfonso Piciocchi ◽  
Elena Angela Pia Germinario ◽  
Koldo Garcia Etxebarria ◽  
Silvia Rossi ◽  
Lupe Sanchez-Mete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Bacterial Toxins ◽  
Screening Colonoscopy ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and its incidence is correlated with infections, chronic inflammation, diet, and genetic factors. An emerging aspect is that microbial dysbiosis and chronic infections triggered by certain bacteria can be risk factors for tumor progression. Recent data suggest that certain bacterial toxins implicated in DNA attack or in proliferation, replication, and death can be risk factors for insurgence and progression of CRC. In this study, we recruited more than 300 biopsy specimens from people undergoing colonoscopy, and we analyzed to determine whether a correlation exists between the presence of bacterial genes coding for toxins possibly involved in CRC onset and progression and the different stages of CRC. We also analyzed to determine whether CRC-predisposing genetic factors could contribute to bacterial toxins response. Our results showed that CIF toxin is associated with polyps or adenomas, whereas pks+ seems to be a predisposing factor for CRC. Toxins from Escherichia coli as a whole have a higher incidence rate in adenocarcinoma patients compared to controls, whereas Bacteroides fragilis toxin does not seem to be associated with pre-cancerous nor with cancerous lesions. These results have been obtained irrespectively of the presence of CRC-risk loci.

scholarly journals Colorectal Cancer and Probiotics: Are Bugs Really Drugs?

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purushottam Lamichhane ◽  
Morgan Maiolini ◽  
Omar Alnafoosi ◽  
Sedra Hussein ◽  
Hasan Alnafoosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Responses

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. There are many factors that predispose a patient to the disease such as age, family history, ethnicity, and lifestyle. There are different genetic factors and diseases that also increase a person’s risk for developing CRC. Studies have found associations between gut microbiome and the risk for developing versus protection against CRC. Normal gut microbiome aid in daily functions of the human body such as absorption, metabolism, detoxification, and regulation of inflammation. While some species of bacteria prevent CRC development and aid in therapeutic responses to various treatment regiments, other species seem to promote CRC pathogenesis. In this regard, many studies have been conducted to not only understand the biology behind these opposing different bacterial species; but also to determine if supplementation of these tumor opposing bacterial species as probiotics lends toward decreased risk of CRC development and improved therapeutic responses in patients with CRC. In this literature review, we aim to discuss the basics on colorectal cancer (epidemiology, risk factors, targets, treatments), discuss associations between different bacterial strains and CRC, and discuss probiotics and their roles in CRC prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals Incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia and its risk factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Kavitha Chandran C ◽  
Sujith Kumar R ◽  
Sujamol Scaria
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre

Hospitals are intended to heal the sick; but they are also sources of infection. Ironically, the advances in medicine are partly responsible for the fact that today; hospital infections are the leading cause of death worldwide. Newer technology and latest surgical and medical diagnostic methods and treatment procedures have increased the number of invasive techniques leading to higher chances of nosocomial infection. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death due to nosocomial infections. Intubation & mechanical ventilation greatly increases the risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In developing country like India, such hospital-acquired infections have a significant impact on patient’s morbidity, mortality, hospital stay and on financial concerns of the patient, hospital and community. The present investigation was aimed to determine the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in the neurosurgery intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre and to determine the risk factors of ventilator associated pneumonia. A total of 30 samples belonging to the age group of 15 to 75 years who where on mechanical ventilator for more than 48 hours in the neurosurgery intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre were selected using convenience sampling. The incidence of VAP was estimated to be 30%. The risk factors identified for the development of VAP was found to be combined head and cervical spine injury (P=0.001), associated injuries (P=0.035), additional surgeries (P=0.025), nasogastric feeding (P=0.001), intake of immuno suppressive drugs (P=0.004), pre operative antibiotics (p=0.000) and duration of mechanical ventilation >5 days (P=0.000). The mortality among patients with VAP was found to be higher than patients without VAP (88.9% than non VAP patients).

scholarly journals Risk of colorectal cancer in a population-based study 20 years after diagnosis of ulcerative colitis: results from the IBSEN study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Klepp ◽  
Stephan Brackmann ◽  
Milada Cvancarova ◽  
Marte Lie Hoivik ◽  
Øistein Hovde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Clinical Risk Factors ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Number Of Patients

ObjectiveThe association between ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) is widely accepted, although attenuated risk has been reported in recent years. Colonoscopic surveillance is recommended with intervals based on established clinical risk factors. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients develop interval cancers, indicating the need of improved individualised assessment. In the present study, we evaluated clinical risk factors associated with CRC during a prescheduled follow-up 20 years after diagnosis, the IBSEN study.DesignA population-based inception cohort of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease from 1 January 1990 until 31 December 1993, prospectively followed at 1, 5, 10 and 20 years after diagnosis. A total of 517 patients with UC were included; 264 (51 %) men; median age at inclusion 37.4 years (4–88).ResultsThe overall incidence of CRC was 1.6% (8/517) at a 20-year follow-up. The total lifetime risk of CRC prior to or after UC diagnosis was 2.3%. (12/517). Patients older than 70 years at diagnosis had a 15-fold higher risk of CRC compared with those diagnosed when younger than 40 years, with HR 15.68 (95% CI: 1.31 to 187.92). Neither sex, first-degree relative with CRC, extent of colitis nor primary sclerosing cholangitis affected the risk of CRC.ConclusionThe risk of CRC in UC was low and comparable with the risk of CRC in the background population of Norway.

Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
pp. 391-410
Author(s):  
George Kunnackal John ◽  
Mohammed Razvi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Meat Intake ◽  
Related Mortality

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. However, the adoption of a healthier lifestyle, including modifications in diet, physical activity, and regular screening can drastically reduce the risk for CRC. Major risk factors for CRC include lack of a balanced diet, high red meat intake, physical inactivity, alcohol, and smoking. There is widespread geographic variation in the rates of CRC across the world, reflecting differences in exposure to these risk factors and the influence of protective factors in these regions. In this chapter, we summarize the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors, and focus on the prevention of CRC through an integrative approach.

scholarly journals Identify Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Genes Based on Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Ye ◽  
Yongwei Lin ◽  
Xing-di Fan ◽  
Yaoming Chen ◽  
Zengli Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Disease Related Genes

The patients of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasing worldwide. IBD has the characteristics of recurring and difficult to cure, and it is also one of the high-risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). The occurrence of IBD is closely related to genetic factors, which prompted us to identify IBD-related genes. Based on the hypothesis that similar diseases are related to similar genes, we purposed a SVM-based method to identify IBD-related genes by disease similarities and gene interactions. One hundred thirty-five diseases which have similarities with IBD and their related genes were obtained. These genes are considered as the candidates of IBD-related genes. We extracted features of each gene and implemented SVM to identify the probability that it is related to IBD. Ten-cross validation was applied to verify the effectiveness of our method. The AUC is 0.93 and AUPR is 0.97, which are the best among four methods. We prioritized the candidate genes and did case studies on top five genes.

scholarly journals Orthodontically Induced Root Resorption-An Updated Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Frantzeska Karkazi ◽  
Juraj Lysy ◽  
Elias Bitsanis ◽  
Apostolis Tsolakis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Root Repair

SummaryBackground/Aim: Root resorption is one of the most common consequences of orthodontic treatment. However, its mechanism, etiology factors, diagnostic methods and the possibility of root repair remain controversial topics. The aim of this paper is to provide an updated review of the current literature concerning the orthodontically induced root resorption.Material and Methods: A literature search was performed using Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus search engines covering the period January 1930 until June 2019 corresponding to articles investigating the mechanism, etiology, methods of interpretation of root resorption and the stages of root repair.Results: The mechanism of orthodontically induced root resorption involves an interaction between several molecular signaling pathways, which result in the resorption of both cementum and dentin by odontoclasts/cementoclasts. Root resorption can be the result of both treatment and patient-related factors. The main risk factors include prolonged orthodontic treatments, heavy forces, specific tooth movements, method of force application, systemic/genetic factors and aberrant root morphology. Nevertheless, root resorption is repaired to some extend by cellular cementum.Conclusions: Orthodontically root resorption is an unavoidable complication mainly due to its multifactorial etiology. However, its severity can be minimized with careful planning and radiographic monitoring.

scholarly journals PARASITIC ABSCESS AS AN INCIDENTAL HISTOLOGICAL FINDING IN THE TREATMENT OF SIGMOID COLON CANCER

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
E. A. Galliamov ◽  
M. A. Agapov ◽  
P. G. Mal’kov ◽  
D. R. Markaryan ◽  
N. V. Danilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Histological Finding ◽  
Sigmoid Colon Cancer ◽  
Surgical Specimen ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Oncological Diseases

Background: A high worldwide incidence of colorectal cancer defines the importance of search not only for effective treatment methods, but also for risk factors for the cancer development and its worst prognosis. The influence of many genetic factors, environmental characteristics and lifestyle features has already been proven, and recently the attention of researchers is being focused on the study of microbiota and, in particular, various parasitic intestinal diseases in the context of risk factors for colorectal cancer.Clinical case presentation: we demonstrate an incidental finding of parasitic invasion signs during the pathomorphological examination of the surgical specimen in a patient without an epidemiological history.Conclusion: Further studies are needed not only to confirm and substantiate the role of micro- and macroorganisms inhabiting the intestine in the development of oncological diseases, but also to identify individual links of pathogenesis, pathological pathways and signaling molecules involved in carcinogenesis. Research like this could help broaden knowledge about both the risk factors and predictors of colorectal cancer and the potential sites for targeted therapy.

A Model for Analyzing Suicide Prevention

Crisis ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maila Upanne
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Prevention Project ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

This study monitored the evolution of psychologists' (n = 31) conceptions of suicide prevention over the 9-year course of the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland and assessed the feasibility of the theoretical model for analyzing suicide prevention developed in earlier studies [ Upanne, 1999a , b ]. The study was formulated as a retrospective self-assessment where participants compared their earlier descriptions of suicide prevention with their current views. The changes in conceptions were analyzed and interpreted using both the model and the explanations given by the subjects themselves. The analysis proved the model to be a useful framework for revealing the essential features of prevention. The results showed that the freely-formulated ideas on prevention were more comprehensive than those evolved in practical work. Compared to the earlier findings, the conceptions among the group had shifted toward emphasizing a curative approach and the significance of individual risk factors. In particular, greater priority was focused on the acute suicide risk phase as a preventive target. Nonetheless, the overall structure of prevention ideology remained comprehensive and multifactorial, stressing multistage influencing. Promotive aims (protective factors) also remained part of the prevention paradigm. Practical working experiences enhanced the psychologists' sense of the difficulties of suicide prevention as well as their criticism and feeling of powerlessness.

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