Prevalence of risk factors for breast cancer in women aged 30 years and above in Mumbai

Background: Even though there is an increasing trend of breast cancer, women still do not perceive themselves at risk. Poor awareness about the disease and its risk factors and the absence of population based screening contribute to delayed diagnosis. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of various risk factors for breast cancer in women aged 30 years and above. Methods: The cross-sectional study using convenience sampling of all women aged 30 years and above was conducted in Mumbai. Of the 2430 women enumerated in the study area, 1158 women participated in the study. Risk factors for breast cancer assessed included age at menarche; age at first child birth; breastfeeding; use of oral contraceptive pills, age of menopause, first degree relatives with history of breast cancer, history of current and past breast cancer; history of any previous breast related abnormalities. Results: 15.5% of the women had atleast one risk factor for breast cancer. The prevalence of individual risk factors was below 6%. Conclusions: Prevalence of the risk factors for breast cancer is not very high, but never the less, the increasing trend of breast cancer in the country makes it imperative to introduce population based screening for all women with or without risk factor.

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Prevalence of germline BRCA mutations in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: global results from the real-world, observational BREAKOUT study

Breast Cancer Research ◽

10.1186/s13058-020-01349-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joyce O’Shaughnessy ◽

Christine Brezden-Masley ◽

Marina Cazzaniga ◽

Tapashi Dalvi ◽

Graham Walker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽

Family History ◽

Metastatic Breast ◽

Cytotoxic Chemotherapy ◽

First Line ◽

History Of

Abstract Background The global observational BREAKOUT study investigated germline BRCA mutation (gBRCAm) prevalence in a population of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Methods Eligible patients had initiated first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy for HER2-negative MBC within 90 days prior to enrollment. Hormone receptor (HR)-positive patients had experienced disease progression on or after prior endocrine therapy, or endocrine therapy was considered unsuitable. gBRCAm status was determined using baseline blood samples or prior germline test results. For patients with a negative gBRCAm test, archival tissue was tested for somatic BRCAm and homologous recombination repair mutations (HRRm). Details of first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy were also collected. Results Between March 2017 and April 2018, 384 patients from 14 countries were screened and consented to study enrollment; 341 patients were included in the full analysis set (median [range] age at enrollment: 56 [25–89] years; 256 (75.3%) postmenopausal). Overall, 33 patients (9.7%) had a gBRCAm (16 [4.7%] in gBRCA1 only, 12 [3.5%] in gBRCA2 only, and 5 [1.5%] in both gBRCA1 and gBRCA2). gBRCAm prevalence was similar in HR-positive and HR-negative patients. gBRCAm prevalence was 9.0% in European patients and 10.6% in Asian patients and was higher in patients aged ≤ 50 years at initial breast cancer (BC) diagnosis (12.9%) than patients aged > 50 years (5.4%). In patients with any risk factor for having a gBRCAm (family history of BC and/or ovarian cancer, aged ≤ 50 years at initial BC diagnosis, or triple-negative BC), prevalence was 10.4%, versus 5.8% in patients without these risk factors. HRRm prevalence was 14.1% (n = 9/64) in patients with germline BRCA wildtype. Conclusions Patient demographic and disease characteristics supported the association of a gBRCAm with younger age at initial BC diagnosis and family history of BC and/or ovarian cancer. gBRCAm prevalence in this cohort, not selected on the basis of risk factors for gBRCAm, was slightly higher than previous results suggested. gBRCAm prevalence among patients without a traditional risk factor for harboring a gBRCAm (5.8%) supports current guideline recommendations of routine gBRCAm testing in HER2-negative MBC, as these patients may benefit from poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor therapy. Trial registration NCT03078036.

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Faktor Resiko Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Kanker Payudara Di Ruang Edelweis RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin

Proceeding Of Sari Mulia University Midwifery National Seminars ◽

10.33859/psmumns.v0i1.31 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 99-110

Author(s):

Ika Avrilina Haryono ◽

Adriana Palimbo ◽

Difa Okti Al Kautsar

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Hormonal Contraceptive ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

History Of

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama pada wanita di dunia. Sejauh ini, kanker payudara paling sering diderita oleh wanita dengan perkiraan 43,3% juta kasus kanker baru yang didiagnosis pada tahun 2012. Angka kejadian kanker payudara bervariasi secara global dimana terjadi peningkatan insiden di negara berkembang tetapi cenderung menurun dinegara maju, dengan kasus pada negara berkembang (883.000 kasus) negara maju (794.000 kasus). Tujuan: Menganalisis faktor resiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian kanker payudara meliputi faktor umur, umur pertama menstruasi, menopause, umur pertama kali menikah, riwayat penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal, riwayat pemberian ASI, da riwayat kanker payudara pada keluarga.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 760 orang dengan sampel 88 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data primer, teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah uji chi square dan uji regresi berganda.Hasil: Hasil Uji Chi Square menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara umur (p=0.000) dan penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal (p=0.002) dengan hasil uji regresi berganda (p-value0.05) menunjukan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh faktor risiko terhadap kejadian kanker payudara.Simpulan: Ada hubungan antara umur dan riwayat penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal dengan kejadian kanker payudara. Tidak ada pengaruh faktor resiko terhadap kejadian kanker payudara. Kata Kunci: kanker payudara, riwayat penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal, umur Risk Factors Related to Breast Cancer IncidenceIn the Edelweis Room of Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin AbstractBackground: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women in the world. So far, breast cancer most often affects women with an estimated 43.3% of new cancer cases diagnosed in 2012. The incidence of breast cancer varies globally where there is an increase in incidents in developing countries but tends to decrease in developed countries, with cases in the country developing (883,000 cases) developed countries (794,000 cases).Objective: Analyzing risk factors associated with breast cancer events include age, age at first menstruation, menopause, age at first marriage, history of use of hormonal contraception, history of breastfeeding, and history of breast cancer in the family.Method: This study is a quantitative study using analytical survey method with cross sectional design. The population in this study amounted to 760 people with a sample of 88 people. Primary data collection techniques, data analysis techniques used are chi square test and multiple regression test.Results: Chi Square test results showed that there was a significant relationship between age (p = 0,000) and hormonal contraceptive use (p = 0.002) with the results of multiple regression tests (p-value 0.05) indicating that there was no effect of risk factors on breast cancer incidence.Conclusion: There is a relationship between age and history of hormonal contraceptive use with the incidence of breast cancer. There is no effect of risk factors on the incidence of breast cancer. Keywords: breast cancer, history of hormonal contraceptive use, age

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A Cross-Sectional Study to Find Prevalence and Risk Factors for Childhood Asthma in Pune City, India

ISRN Public Health ◽

10.5402/2012/361456 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Cheraghi ◽

Alireza Dadgarinejad ◽

Sundeep Salvi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Public Schools ◽

Childhood Asthma ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Current Prevalence ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

History Of

We aimed to determine current prevalence of asthma and risk factors associated with it in Pune, India. Methods. This was a cross-sectional school-population-based study in which parents of school children aged 6-7 and 13-14 were administered an ISAAC questionnaire and an additional set of questions that detected the presence of potential risk factors known to be associated with asthma during 2008-2009 academic years. Results. Prevalence of current asthma was 6.7% (7% amongst 6-7-year olds and 6.3% amongst 13-14 year olds. Asthma was more common amongst boys (8.1%) than girls (4.9%) and more frequent in students studying in private schools (7.3%) than in those studying in public schools (5.8%). Risk factors such as family history of atopy, caesarian delivery, use of biomass fuel for cooking, absence of separate kitchen, absence of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life, preterm birth, snoring, dampness at home, male sex, and parental smoking were significantly associated with asthma. Conclusion. There was a high prevalence of childhood asthma in Pune, India, which was associated with genetic and environmental risk factors.

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Knowledge and Attitude towards Breast Cancer among Medical Undergraduate Students

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i1431279 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 77-82

Author(s):

Nasima Iqbal ◽

Fareya Usmani ◽

Ali Nawaz Bijarani ◽

Muhammad Aitmaud Uddolah Khan ◽

Muhammad Salman Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Study Data ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Undergraduate Medical Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical Undergraduate ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Medical Undergraduate Students

Aim: To find out the knowledge and attitude of medical undergraduate students towards breast cancer. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was performed in Ziauddin medical university during the period of October to December 2020. Methodology: All the undergraduate Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) female students were included in the study irrespective of year of study. A self-designed, self-explanatory questionnaire was made and validated by doing a pilot study. Data was analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version-20). Results: Mean age of the study participants was 22.2 ± 1.7 years. Data regarding knowledge about the risk factors reported that overall more than 62% of the students were aware of the risk factors leading to breast cancer. Looking over the individual risk factors, about 77.3% recognized increased age as a major contributing factor, followed by lack of breast feeding, nulliparity, obesity, use of contraceptive pills, late menopause, early menarche and smoking with 68.3%,54.9%,51.1%, 64.8%,61.6%,39,2% and 48.6%respectively. Focusing specifically the year of MBBS student, the level of medical education increases the awareness about the risk factor also increase. Looking over the attitude of undergraduate MBBS students, about 76.8% of the students consulted to the doctor for breast lump, out of them 41.6% immediately consulted, 27.3% delayed it for weeks and 7.9% waited for months for self-recovery. Conclusion: It can be concluded that majority of undergraduate medical students were having enough knowledge about the breast cancer, associated risk factors, symptoms and diagnostic modalities along with having positive attitude towards seeking medical help.

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Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy defined by monofilament insensitivity in middle-aged and older adults in two US cohorts

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-98565-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Caitlin W. Hicks ◽

Dan Wang ◽

B. Gwen Windham ◽

Kunihiro Matsushita ◽

Elizabeth Selvin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Older Adults ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Population Based ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adjusted Risk ◽

Black And White ◽

Artery Disease

AbstractPeripheral neuropathy is associated with substantial morbidity, but risk factors other than diabetes are largely uncharacterized. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and risk factors for peripheral neuropathy in adults with and without diabetes from two different population-based studies in the US. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 5200 black and white participants from NHANES (1999–2004, age 40–85 years) and 3362 black and white participants from the ARIC Study (2016–2017, age 70–89 years) who underwent monofilament testing for peripheral neuropathy using a shared protocol. We used logistic regression to quantify age, sex, and race-adjusted risk factor associations for peripheral neuropathy among middle-aged (40–69 years) and older (≥ 70 years) adults. The age, sex, and race-adjusted prevalence of peripheral neuropathy (decreased sensation on monofilament testing) was 10.4% for middle-aged adults in NHANES, 26.8% for older adults in NHANES, and 39.2% for older adults in ARIC. Diabetes was an important risk factor, but more strongly associated with peripheral neuropathy in middle-aged (OR ~ 5 for long-standing diabetes) compared to older adults (ORs ~ 1.5–2). Male sex (ORs ~ 2), black race (ORs ~ 1.3–1.5), and greater height (ORs ~ 1.5–3) were robust risk factors for peripheral neuropathy. Other risk factors included body mass index, education, and peripheral artery disease. The burden of peripheral neuropathy defined by abnormal monofilament testing among older adults is substantial, even among adults without diabetes. Studies are needed to understand the etiology and prognosis of peripheral neuropathy in the absence of diabetes.

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Risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease among adult Nevadans

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0247105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0247105

Author(s):

Dieu-My T. Tran ◽

Nirmala Lekhak ◽

Karen Gutierrez ◽

Sheniz Moonie

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Population Based ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

High Cholesterol ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

System Data

ObjectiveCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death in the US and Nevada is ranked 11th highest for CVD mortality. The study sought to examine the association between self-reported risk factors and CVD presence among adult Nevadans, between years 2011 and 2017.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional, population-based study that utilized the 2011 and 2017 Nevada Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Data were analyzed between 2019 and 2020.ResultsA total of 5,493 and 3,764 subjects in 2011 and 2017, respectively were included. BMI (overweight/obesity) remained the most prevalent CVD risk factor. The second most common CVD risk factor was high cholesterol, followed by hypertension. Compared to females, males were 1.64 times more likely to have reported CVD in 2011, which increased to 1.92 in 2017. Compared to non-smokers, everyday smokers were 1.96 times more likely in 2011 and 3.62 times more likely in 2017. Individuals with high cholesterol status were 2.67 times more likely to have reported CVD compared to those with normal levels in 2011. In 2011, individuals with hypertension were 3.74 times more likely to have reported CVD compared to those who did not have hypertension. This relationship increased its magnitude of risk to 6.18 times more likely in 2017. In 2011, individuals with diabetes were 2.90 times more likely to have reported CVD compared to those without the condition.ConclusionsPublic health and healthcare providers need to target preventable cardiovascular risk factors and develop recommendations and strategies locally, nationally, and globally.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in A State in South East Nigeria: Results of a Population Based House to House Survey

Current Diabetes Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573399815666190619142708 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 181-187

Author(s):

Ignatius U. Ezeani ◽

Innocent I. Chukwuonye ◽

Ugochukwu U. Onyeonoro ◽

Abali Chuku ◽

Okechukwu S. Ogah

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Population Based ◽

World Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Health Organization

Background: Population based studies on diabetes mellitus (DM) are scarce in Nigeria. Introduction: This was a population-based house to house survey aimed at determining the prevalence of DM and assessing the risk factors associated with DM in a state in Southeast Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study in which 1680 adults were recruited using a multistage sampling method to randomly select not more than two suitable participants of both sex in each household from four enumeration areas (EAs) in each local government area (LGA) and the three senatorial zones in the state. A modified World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise Approach to Surveillance questionnaire was used for data collection and random blood glucose (RBG) was measured after anthropometric assessment. Test statistics used were chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of DM in this study was 3.3%. A positive family history of DM was significantly higher in patients with diabetes: 18.2% vs. 9.6% (p=0.036). The mean (SD) of weight, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly higher in patients with DM(p=0.001,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001, respectively).The odd ratio (95% CI) of a person>35years developing DM was 3.89(1.11-13.60). The OR (95% CI) for waist-hip ratio (WHR) was 3.04 (1.02-9.03) and family history of DM had an OR of 2.62(0.88-6.50). The odd of developing DM is positively associated with age>35years, increased WHR, WC, family history of DM, BMI>25Kg/m2, and HC. The odd of developing DM was negatively associated with smoking. Conclusion: The prevalence of DM in this study was 3.3%. A BMI>25 kg/m2, WHR >0.85, family history of DM, HC, and older age were associated with significantly higher prevalence.

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Assessment of Clinical Risk Factors for Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism in Common Cancers: A VERITY Registry Study

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v112.11.3826.3826 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 3826-3826

Author(s):

Shankaranarayana Paneesha ◽

Aidan McManus ◽

Roopen Arya ◽

Nicholas Scriven ◽

Tim Nokes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Family History ◽

Cancer History ◽

Patients With Cancer ◽

Thrombosis Risk ◽

History Of ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract The association between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer is well-recognised, but the thrombosis risk factor profile of patients with cancer-associated VTE is poorly characterised; it is unclear if additional risk factors contribute to the risk of thrombosis beyond the cancer itself, or if the risk factor profile is tumour-specific. Our aim was to compare the thrombosis risk factor profiles of cancer patients with or without symptomatic VTE enrolled in VERITY, an ongoing UK prospective VTE registry. The VERITY registry records data on patients with VTE and those in whom the diagnosis of VTE is excluded. Between Jun 05 and Mar 08, 49044 patient entries were made. Individual case data for patients with cancer were extracted. Using available risk factor data, univariate analysis of 9 established risk factors for VTE (medical in-patient history/immobilisation >3 days within last 4 weeks; major surgery in the last 4 weeks; hormonal risk factor; previous history of VTE; family history of VTE; known thrombophilia; intravenous drug abuse; current smoking; and leg paralysis), comparing VTE and non-VTE cancer cases, was performed for the 4 most common cancers using SPSS. To account for the potential impact of age and sex on VTE risk, age-adjusted values were calculated for breast and prostate cancer, and age- and sex-adjusted values for colorectal and lung. A nominal level of 5% statistical significance was assumed. Of 2825 cancer cases, 1382 had an objectively confirmed diagnosis of VTE and in 1443 the diagnosis of VTE was excluded. Breast (n=498), prostate (n=374), colorectal (n=343) and lung cancer (n=275) accounted for 53% of cancer cases. Univariate associations between risk factors and symptomatic VTE were found only for prostate cancer: history of VTE (odds ratio [OR] = 3.48; 95% CI, 2.01, 6.02; p < 0.00001), family history of VTE (OR = 2.56; 95% CI, 1.02, 6.44; p = 0.046), hormonal risk factor (OR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.00, 4.92; p = 0.049). In colorectal cancer, smoking was less likely in VTE cases (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34, 0.87; p = 0.012). Adjusting for age (and sex), univariate associations between risk factors and symptomatic VTE were again found only for prostate cancer: history of VTE (OR = 3.23; 95% CI, 1.56, 6.68; p = 0.002), with smoking less likely in age-adjusted VTE cases (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28, 0.91; p = 0.022). Our analysis of a registry population found few associations between known thrombosis risk factors and symptomatic VTE in patients with common cancers, suggesting these factors impact little on thromboembolic risk in these cancers.

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Onset of cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with and without a history of breast cancer: The Pathways Heart Study.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.12017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 12017-12017

Author(s):

Marilyn L. Kwan ◽

Carlos Iribarren ◽

Romain Neugebauer ◽

Jamal S Rana ◽

Mai Nguyen-Huynh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Radiation Therapy ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Endocrine Therapy ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Diagnosis Codes ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

History Of

12017 Background: Women with a history of breast cancer (BC) are at increased long-term risk of dying from cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the onset of CVD risk factors in women with BC has not been well-described. We compared risk of incident CVD risk factors in women with and without BC enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) integrated health system. Methods: Data were extracted from KPNC electronic health records. All invasive BC cases diagnosed between 2005-2013 were identified and matched 1:5 with controls on birth year, race/ethnicity and KPNC membership at the date of BC diagnosis. Cox regression models assessed the hazard of incident hypertension (based on diagnosis codes and filled prescriptions), dyslipidemia (based on diagnosis codes, filled prescriptions, and lab values), and diabetes (KPNC Diabetes Registry). Models were adjusted for baseline BMI, menopausal status, smoking status, neighborhood median household income, education, prevalent CVD conditions, and other baseline CVD risk factors. Subgroups of women who received chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and endocrine therapy were compared with controls. Results: A total of 14,942 women with a new diagnosis of invasive BC were identified and matched to 74,702 controls. On average, women were 62.0 years, 28.3 kg/m2BMI, 64.9% non-Hispanic white. Overall, cases were more likely to develop hypertension (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.24) and diabetes (HR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.31). Across the board, receipt of any of the three therapies (chemotherapy, radiation therapy and endocrine therapy) was associated with increased risk of hypertension and diabetes, compared to controls. Risk-factor specific hazard ratios for receipt of chemotherapy were (HR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.27) and (HR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.51), for hypertension and diabetes, respectively. For receipt of radiation therapy, risk-factor specific hazard ratios were (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.26) and (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.27), for hypertension and diabetes, respectively. Risk-factor specific hazard ratios for receipt of endocrine therapy were (HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.30) and (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.27), for hypertension and diabetes, respectively. Conclusions: The risk of developing hypertension and diabetes is increased in women with BC who received chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or endocrine therapy. Future studies should examine the roles of CVD risk factor diagnosis and management on cardiometabolic risk in women with a BC history.

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Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder: population-based study

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046706 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 193 (4) ◽

pp. 322-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Julie A. Pasco ◽

Lana J. Williams ◽

Felice N. Jacka ◽

Felicity Ng ◽

Margaret J. Henry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

De Novo ◽

Population Based ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Study Designs

BackgroundSmoking is disproportionately prevalent among people with psychiatric illness.AimsTo investigate smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder.MethodA population-based sample of women was studied using case–control and retrospective cohort study designs. Exposure to smoking was self-reported, and major depressive disorder diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV–TR (SCID–I/NP).ResultsAmong 165 people with major depressive disorder and 806 controls, smoking was associated with increased odds for major depressive disorder (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.07). Compared with non-smokers, odds for major depressive disorder more than doubled for heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/day). Among 671 women with no history of major depressive disorder at baseline, 13 of 87 smokers and 38 of 584 non-smokers developedde novomajor depressive disorder during a decade of follow-up. Smoking increased major depressive disorder risk by 93% (hazard ratio (HR)=1.93, 95% CI 1.02–3.69); this was not explained by physical activity or alcohol consumption.ConclusionsEvidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggests that smoking increases the risk of major depressive disorder in women.

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