scholarly journals Keberlanjutan Pengelolaan Wisata Bahari di Pulau Pari, Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-291
Author(s):  
Neksidin ◽  
Achmad Fahrudin ◽  
Majariana Krisanti
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marine Tourism ◽  
A Value ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time

Pari Island has considerable natural resource potential, so that it has the potential to have socio-economic impacts on the local community if managed properly. The current management of Pari Island is indeed focused on the management of marine tourism, and this activity has been going on for a long time and has had a very significant impact on the economic sector in Pari Island. On the other hand, marine tourism activities in Pari Island are feared to have an impact on the ecological sector, so that to achieve sustainable management, good supervision and control is needed so that its potential is maintained. The purpose of this research is to see the status of socio-economic and ecological sustainability as a result of the development of marine tourism in Pari Island. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with the people of Pari Island, apart from that the data were also obtained from primary and secondary data related to socio-ecology. To assess the level of sustainability in each dimension, a Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis was carried out, in order to obtain two dimensions that had a value below 75%, namely the institutional dimension which had a value of 27.3% (bad), and the infrastructure dimension which had a value. 73.3% (Enough).  Meanwhile, the other 3 dimensions, such as the ecological, economic, and social dimensions, show that the value is in the continuous category, namely> 75% so that it is very supportive of the sustainability of marine tourism business management.  Keywords: impact of marine tourism development, marine tourism, Pari Island, sustainable management

scholarly journals DAMPAK EKONOMI WISATA BAHARI DI KABUPATEN ALOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Umi Muawanah ◽  
Riesti Triyanti ◽  
Permana Ari Soejarwo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Marine Tourism ◽  
Business Units ◽  
The People ◽  
Income Multiplier ◽  
The Impact

Kabupaten Alor merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki potensi obyek wisata alam yang beragam, termasuk wisata alam bahari yang dapat mendukung perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi kabupaten Alor pada tahun 2017 mengalami peningkatan sekitar 56% dari tahun sebelumnya. Dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi Kabupaten Alor, maka diperlukan adanya penelitian terkait dengan pengaruh obyek wisata terhadap perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak ekonomi langsung kegiatan wisata, dampak tidak langsung, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis multplier effect dengan menggunakan. data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan bantuan kuesioner terstruktur dan wawancara responden, terdiridari 50 wisatawan, 21 pengusaha bidang wisata bahari dan 11 tenaga kerja/karyawan dari unit usaha terkait wisata bahari. Lokasi penelitian yaitu Daerah Kalabahi, ibukota Kabupaten Alor sebagai sentrawisata bahari. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dampak ekonomi langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp480.000.000 per tahun dan dampak ekonomi tidak langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp201.600.019 per tahun, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan kegiatan wisata bahari di Kalabahi sebesar Rp20.250.000 per tahun. Nilai Keynesian Income Multiplier yang diperoleh sebesar 1,72 yang artinya setiap terjadi peningkatan pengeluaran wisatawan sebesar 1 rupiah, maka akan berdampak terhadap peningkatan pendapatan tenaga kerja dan para pemilik unit usaha di lokasi wisata diduga sebesar 1,72 rupiah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan wisata bahari di Kabupaten Alor memberikan dampak ekonomi positif dan cukup besar terhadap masyarakat Kabupaten Alor. Ke depannya, pemerintah Alor maupun pengusaha ekowisata bahari perlu membuat paket tour wisata di Alor untuk meningkatkan lamanya tinggal di Alor dan meningkatkan dampak ekonomi ke masyarakat lokal AlorTitle: An Economic Impact of Marine Tourism in the Alor Regency Alor Regency is one of regency in East Nusa Tenggara Province. It offers a variety of natural tourist attraction including marine tourism which might support the economy of the people of Alor. The number of tourists visiting Alor Regency in 2017 has increased by around 56% from the previous year. Considering the large number of tourists visiting Alor Regency, research is needed to estimate the impact of marine tourism activities on the economy of Alor community. This study aims to analyze the direct, indirect, and continued economic impacts. This study used a multiplier effect analysis to analyze primary and secondary data. Data were collected by structured questionnaires and interview with 50 tourists, 21 entrepreneurs of marine tourism, and 11 workers from business units related to marine tourism. Research location is located in Kalabahi Region, the capital of Alor Regency as a marine tourism center.The analysis showed that the direct economic impact from tourist activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR.480,000,000 per year and the indirect economic impacts from tourist activities in Kalabahi amountedto IDR 201,600,019 per year, as well as the continued economic impact of marine tourism activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR 20,250,000 per year. The Keynesian Income Multiplier is 1.72, which means that if there is an increase in tourist spending by 1 IDR, it will have an impact on increasing labor income and business unit owners in tourist sites at about 1.72 IDR. This shows that marine tourism activities in Alor Regency have a positive and significant economic impact on the people of Alor Regency. In the future, it is necessary for Alor government and marine ecotourism entrepreneurs to create tour packages in Alor to increase the length of stay in Alor. Therefore, it will increase the economic impact of marinetourisme on the economy of the local community in Kalabahi, Alor.

scholarly journals DAMPAK EKONOMI WISATA BAHARI DI KABUPATEN ALOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Umi Muawanah ◽  
Riesti Triyanti ◽  
Permana Ari Soejarwo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Marine Tourism ◽  
Business Units ◽  
The People ◽  
Income Multiplier ◽  
The Impact

Kabupaten Alor merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki potensi obyek wisata alam yang beragam, termasuk wisata alam bahari yang dapat mendukung perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi kabupaten Alor pada tahun 2017 mengalami peningkatan sekitar 56% dari tahun sebelumnya. Dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah wisatawan yang mengunjungi Kabupaten Alor, maka diperlukan adanya penelitian terkait dengan pengaruh obyek wisata terhadap perekonomian masyarakat Alor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak ekonomi langsung kegiatan wisata, dampak tidak langsung, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis multplier effect dengan menggunakan. data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan bantuan kuesioner terstruktur dan wawancara responden, terdiridari 50 wisatawan, 21 pengusaha bidang wisata bahari dan 11 tenaga kerja/karyawan dari unit usaha terkait wisata bahari. Lokasi penelitian yaitu Daerah Kalabahi, ibukota Kabupaten Alor sebagai sentrawisata bahari. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dampak ekonomi langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp480.000.000 per tahun dan dampak ekonomi tidak langsung yang diperoleh dari kegiatan wisatawan di Kalabahi sebesar Rp201.600.019 per tahun, serta dampak ekonomi lanjutan kegiatan wisata bahari di Kalabahi sebesar Rp20.250.000 per tahun. Nilai Keynesian Income Multiplier yang diperoleh sebesar 1,72 yang artinya setiap terjadi peningkatan pengeluaran wisatawan sebesar 1 rupiah, maka akan berdampak terhadap peningkatan pendapatan tenaga kerja dan para pemilik unit usaha di lokasi wisata diduga sebesar 1,72 rupiah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan wisata bahari di Kabupaten Alor memberikan dampak ekonomi positif dan cukup besar terhadap masyarakat Kabupaten Alor. Ke depannya, pemerintah Alor maupun pengusaha ekowisata bahari perlu membuat paket tour wisata di Alor untuk meningkatkan lamanya tinggal di Alor dan meningkatkan dampak ekonomi ke masyarakat lokal AlorTitle: An Economic Impact of Marine Tourism in the Alor Regency Alor Regency is one of regency in East Nusa Tenggara Province. It offers a variety of natural tourist attraction including marine tourism which might support the economy of the people of Alor. The number of tourists visiting Alor Regency in 2017 has increased by around 56% from the previous year. Considering the large number of tourists visiting Alor Regency, research is needed to estimate the impact of marine tourism activities on the economy of Alor community. This study aims to analyze the direct, indirect, and continued economic impacts. This study used a multiplier effect analysis to analyze primary and secondary data. Data were collected by structured questionnaires and interview with 50 tourists, 21 entrepreneurs of marine tourism, and 11 workers from business units related to marine tourism. Research location is located in Kalabahi Region, the capital of Alor Regency as a marine tourism center.The analysis showed that the direct economic impact from tourist activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR.480,000,000 per year and the indirect economic impacts from tourist activities in Kalabahi amountedto IDR 201,600,019 per year, as well as the continued economic impact of marine tourism activities in Kalabahi amounted to IDR 20,250,000 per year. The Keynesian Income Multiplier is 1.72, which means that if there is an increase in tourist spending by 1 IDR, it will have an impact on increasing labor income and business unit owners in tourist sites at about 1.72 IDR. This shows that marine tourism activities in Alor Regency have a positive and significant economic impact on the people of Alor Regency. In the future, it is necessary for Alor government and marine ecotourism entrepreneurs to create tour packages in Alor to increase the length of stay in Alor. Therefore, it will increase the economic impact of marinetourisme on the economy of the local community in Kalabahi, Alor.

scholarly journals Exploring Employment Trend and Relationship With Individual and Family-Related Factors in 65 or Older Koreans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 65-65
Author(s):  
Yeonji Ryou ◽  
Ryou Yeonji
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The People ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify the trend of the employment status in 65 years or older adults who reside in South Korea and to explore the relationship between the status of employment and individual and family-related factors. This study utilized 10-year and 6-wave secondary data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). The original panel sample is a random sample of 10,254 adults who are 45 or older, but for the aim of this study, the participants younger than 65 years were excluded. The number of samples in each wave is different, ranging from 4,013 to 4,335 due to the death of the participant, the rejection of additional interviews, and the refreshment participant collected in Wave 5. The findings indicate that the absolute employment of the people aged 65 or older and the proportion of working people among those have increased over the past decade. In this study, it is also found that there is a close relationship between employment status and individual factors such as gender, educational background, health condition, region, etc. Moreover, the results suggest that there are various facets of the relationship between employment status and family-related factors including whether living with children, the number of the member whom I help with daily activities, the total amount of financial support from/to children/parents/other family or whether participating social activities, etc. The implications of the need for employing the older population and the consideration family-related factors in the policy-making process in Korea are discussed.

A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready

1986 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 195-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Keynes
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The West ◽  
Apparent Contrast ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Alfred The Great ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Personal Qualities

IN the gallery of Anglo-Saxon kings, there are two whose characters are fixed in the popular imagination by their familiar epithets: Alfred the Great and ÆEthelred the Unready. Of course both epithets are products of the posthumous development of the kings' reputations (in opposite directions), not expressions of genuinely contemporary attitudes to the kings themselves: respective personalities. In the case of Alfred, it was the king’s own resourcefulness, courage and determination that brought the West Saxons through the Viking invasions, for it was these qualities, complemented by his concern for the well–being of his subjects, that inspired and maintained the people’s loyalty towards the king and generated their support for his cause. Whereas in the case of jEthelred, it was the king’s incompetence, weakness and vacillation that brought the kingdom to ruin, for it was these failings, exacerbated by his displays of cruelty and spite, that alienated the people and made them abandon his cause. Few historians, perhaps, would subscribe to such a view expressed as bluntly as that, and more, I suspect, would consider such comparisons to be futile and probably misconceived in the first place. I would maintain, however, that something is to be gained from the exercise of comparing the two kings in fairly broad terms: by juxtaposing discussions of the status of the main narrative accounts of each king’s reign we can more easily appreciate how their utterly different reputations arose, and see, moreover, that in certain respects the apparent contrast between them might actually be deceptive; by comparing the predicament in which each king was placed we can better understand how one managed to extricate himself from trouble while the other succumbed; and overall we can more readily judge how much, or how little, can be attributed to personal qualities or failings on the part of the kings themselves.

ANALISIS MULTIPLAYER EFFECT KEBERADAAN PELABUHAN PERIKANAN TERHADAP EKONOMI USAHA KULINER DI PANGKALAN PENDARATAN IKAN BEBA, KEC. GALESONG UTARA, KAB. TAKALAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-90
Author(s):  
Muh Ramli ◽  
Danial Sultan ◽  
Ihsan Ihsan
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
The Status ◽  
Income Multiplier ◽  
Multiple Impact

This study aims to identify the types of economic activity, characteristics and perceptions of visitors, business actors, labor towards culinary businesses and to determine the multiplier effect and sustainable development strategies for culinary businesses on the economic growth of local communities. This research was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 at the Beba Fish Landing Base, Galesong Utara, Takalar Regency. This research uses simple random sapling technique. The data of this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and field observations then analyzed descriptively and multiple impact analysis (Multiplier Effect) then analyzed using a SWOT analyst. Based on the research results, there are two types of economic activities in PPI Beba, namely, fishery activities and supporting activities (culinary business) of food made from fish as the main ingredient. In general, visitors who come to PPI Beba are aged between 45 years and over with the majority of jobs being civil servants with 51% of the total visitors as a whole the rest are entrepreneurs. While the majority of business actors are women in the age range of 40 - 50 years and over. Meanwhile, 81.8% of the culinary business workforce are women with the highest level of education in Elementary Schools. In general, the three recipes gave an assessment of the PPI Beba condition which was far from good. is the main business. The characteristics of the workforce are 74.3% female and 25.7% male, with the status of 65.7% being married and ages ranging from 28 - 45 years. And in general, visitors have a perception or give a moderate to good assessment of the accessibility to PPI Beba. Culinary efforts at PPI Beba have a real economic impact on the local community. The economic impacts arising from these activities are direct impacts, indirect impacts, and induce impacts as measured by the multiplier effect value, where the results of this study obtained a multiplier effect value of 2.15 for the Keynesian Income Multiplier; 1.10 for the income multiplier type I ratio, and 1.14 for the income multiplier type II ratio. This shows that the culinary business at PPI Beba can be developed into culinary tourism to see the opportunities that exist.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP PARIWISATA BERBASIS KOMUNITAS DI DESA WISATA NGLINGGO YOGYAKARTA

2018 ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Rosdiana Pakpahan
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local People ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Management Commitment

This study is carried out in Nglinggo rural tourism destination located in Pagerharjo village, Samigaluh sub-district, Kulon Progo regency in Yogyakarta. This research is aimed at revealing the application CBT principles implemented in the management of the rural tourism attraction as well as finding supporting factors and obstacles on the application of the CBT principles. This study also traces why such factors and obstacles occur. This research applies both qualitative and quantitative techniques in obtaining primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected by questionnaires, in- depth interview and observation, while the secondary data is obtained mainly from local authority’s website of Office of Tourism of Kulon Progo Regency.This study suggests that local people are aware on the importance of involvement in managing their village as an attraction. Meanwhile, supporting factors of the application of CBT principles are natural resources, local people cohesion, contribution to local people, local community involvement, existence of supporting institution, management commitment, and local authority’s support. On the other hand, obstacle found in the application of the CBT principles are education and people readiness.

The People, Rhetoric, and Affect: On the Political Force of Du Bois'sThe Souls of Black Folk

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
MELVIN L. ROGERS
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Black Folk ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Souls Of Black Folk ◽  
Racial Lines ◽  
The One

In recent decades, the concept of “the people” has received sustained theoretical attention. Unfortunately, political theorists have said very little about its explicit or implicit use in thinking about the expansion of the American polity along racial lines. The purpose of this article in taking up this issue is twofold: first, to provide a substantive account of the meaning of “the people”—what I call its descriptive and aspirational dimensions—and second, to use that description as a framework for understanding the rhetorical character of W.E.B. Du Bois's classic work,The Souls of Black Folk, and its relationship to what one might call the cognitive–affective dimension of judgment. In doing so, I argue that as a work of political theory,Soulsdraws a connection between rhetoric, on the one hand, and emotional states such as sympathy and shame, on the other, to enlarge America's political and ethical imagination regarding the status of African-Americans.

scholarly journals Kemajuan Desa dan Produk Unggulan Pertanian di Kabupaten Bombana Sulawesi Tenggara

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Azhar Amir
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
A Value ◽  
Index Analysis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Village

The aims of this study were to identify the status of village progress based on the value of the village development index (IDM) and to identify the leading commodity in the agricultural sector in Bombana Regency. The main data of this study are secondary data of villages IDM, which were sourced from The Ministry of Villages, Disadvantaged Areas Development and Transmigration, agricultural production in Bombana Regency and Southeast Sulawesi Province, which were sourced from the Central Statistics Board of Indonesia. The Data were analyzed using descriptive and quantitative analysis methods, namely composite index analysis of IDM and location Quotient (LQ) analysis The data showed a village that has progressed to become a developed village namely Waemputtang Village with an index value of 0.7335. The leading food crop products are rice plants. there are 18 districts in Bombana Regency which produce rice. the types of livestock that are surplus and progressive in Bombana are cows, buffaloes, native chickens. These leading commodities already have a value of LQ > 1

scholarly journals Implementation Of Recipient Design And Additional Recipient Criteria For Income To Civil Servants Of The Education And Culture Office Of Kutai Kartanegara Regency

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
risman iye
Keyword(s):  
Civil Servants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Income Policy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
District Government ◽  
Bureaucratic Reform ◽  
Additional Income

Abstract—In general, the success of bureaucratic reform is entirely in the hands of civil servants and CPNS. As servants of the state, their main task is to provide maximum service to the community. However, complaints about the lack of welfare so that they cannot carry out their duties to the maximum are very often we listen to, as happened with civil servants and CPNS in the Kutai Kartanegara District government often correlate between the lack of salary, position, performance, productivity. analyze the Implementation of Recipient Design and Criteria for Receiving Additional Income to Civil Servants of the Education and Culture Office of Kutai Kartanegara Regency. This research is a qualitative study, the method of data collection is carried out intensively, the researchers participate in the field for a long time, note carefully what happened, conduct a reflective analysis of various documents found in the field, and make detailed research reports. In qualitative research, the research instrument is the researcher himself. The data in this study are in the form of field notes, observations, preliminary observations, opinions expressed by education officials, and staff in the Education and Culture Office of Kutai Kartanegara Regency and their archives. Research results show that based on the evaluation results found in the recipient and the recipient's criteria have met the specified requirements. However, on the other hand, it can be found the recipient and the recipient's criteria are still far from what they should be so that various weaknesses can be seen in terms of determining the recipient and recipient's criteria. As stated earlier, civil servants and CPNS at the Office of Education and Culture are divided into five different job categories, but in receiving additional income they should not have the status but are "equally feeling equal" because the place where employees work is different in the program additional income policy

ANALISIS KEDUDUKAN HUKUM PANITIA TENDER DALAM KASUS PERSEKONGKOLAN TENDER DI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN UNDANG- UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG LARANGAN PRAKTIK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Andryan Dwi Prabawa ◽  
Hernawan Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Collecting ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
Bid Rigging

<p>Abstract<br />This study aims to determine about status tender committe and law enforcement on the tender committe in the case of bid rigging in Indonesia. The research methods is normative descriptive law with the legislation (statue approach) to the regulations relating to The Article 22 of The Act Anti Monopoly and Unfair Business Competition.The kind of data which was used was secondary data which was obtained by using literature review data collecting technique, the next was analyzed by doing law interpretation systematically . The results of the study,  the status tender committe in bid rigging cases in Indonesia according to the elements of The Article 22 of The Act Anti Monopoly and Unfair Business Competition is categorized as the other parties elements vertically. Law enforcement on the tender committee can not be implemented by KPPU because the limited authority of KPPU in enforcing the law against the tender committee.</p><p>Keyword: Business Competition; Bid Rigging; Tender Committee</p><p>Abstrak<br />Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang kedudukan hukum panitia tender dan penegakan hukum terhadap panitia tender dalam kasus persekongkolan tender di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan terhadap peraturan yang berkaitan dengan Pasal 22 Undang-Undang Anti Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Jenis data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yang diperoleh dengan teknik pengumpulan data berdasarkan studi kepustakaan yang selanjutnya dianalisis dengan melaksanakan penafsiran hukum secara sistematis. Adapun hasil kajian yaitu kedudukan hukum panitia tender dalam kasus persekongkolan tender di Indonesia menurut unsur yang terkandung dalam Pasal 22 Undang-Undang Anti  Monopoli  dan  Persaingan  Usaha Tidak  Sehat  dikategorikan  sebagai  unsur  pihak  lain secara vertikal. Penegakan hukum terhadap panitia tender tidak dapat dilaksanakan oleh KPPU karena terbatasnya kewenangan KPPU dalam penegakan hukum terhadap panitia tender.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Persaingan Usaha; Persekongkolan Tender; Panitia Tender</p>

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