scholarly journals Bleeding Milky Way!

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Asgari ◽  
Morteza Daraei ◽  
Sahar Karimpour Reihan
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Bleeding Diathesis ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Herbal Plants

Many people regard herbal plants as a safe natural product and routinely consume them for maintenance of healthy life or as home remedies without considering their potential health-threatening side effects. Here, we presented manifestations of milk thistle toxicity. The milk thistle’s flavonolignans, especially the silybin ingredient disturb the hemostatic process by dual anticoagulant and anti-platelet properties. This plant can inhibit serine proteases, including factors II and X as in the coagulation cascade as well as platelet activation by blocking adenosine diphosphate receptor and cyclooxygenase; hence, it causes bleeding diathesis.

scholarly journals Antiviral Natural Products for Arbovirus Infections

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Shi Li Goh ◽  
Chee-Keng Mok ◽  
Justin Jang Hann Chu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Good Tolerability ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Arboviral Diseases

Over the course of the last 50 years, the emergence of several arboviruses have resulted in countless outbreaks globally. With a high proportion of infections occurring in tropical and subtropical regions where arthropods tend to be abundant, Asia in particular is a region that is heavily affected by arboviral diseases caused by dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Major gaps in protection against the most significant emerging arboviruses remains as there are currently no antivirals available, and vaccines are only available for some. A potential source of antiviral compounds could be discovered in natural products—such as vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbal plants, marine organisms and microorganisms—from which various compounds have been documented to exhibit antiviral activities and are expected to have good tolerability and minimal side effects. Polyphenols and plant extracts have been extensively studied for their antiviral properties against arboviruses and have demonstrated promising results. With an abundance of natural products to screen for new antiviral compounds, it is highly optimistic that natural products will continue to play an important role in contributing to antiviral drug development and in reducing the global infection burden of arboviruses.

Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, More Effective and Safer Pharmacological Treatment for the Management of Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsha Negi ◽  
Meenakshi Gupta ◽  
Ramanpreet Walia ◽  
Moayad Khataibeh ◽  
Maryam Sarwat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Pancreatic Lipase ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
New Compounds

: Obesity is a major lifestyle disorder and it is correlated with several ailments. The prevalence of obesity has elevated over the years and it has become a global health problem. The drugs presently used for managing obesity have several side-effects associated with them such as diarrhoea, leakage of oily stools, etc. On the contrary, herbal plants and natural products are considered safe for use because they have lesser side effects. New compounds isolated from medicinal plants are screened and identified to determine their effectiveness and potential in preventing abnormal weight gain. In this review, the medicinal plants and natural materials were surveyed across the literature to cover those that have potential for managing and controlling weight gain, and their mechanism of action, active component, and experimental methodologies are also included. These herbal products can be developed as formulations for therapeutic use in obesity. The herbal plants mentioned in the review are classified based on their mechanism of action: inhibition of pancreatic lipase and appetite suppression activities. The ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme has been used to determine the effectiveness of herbal products for the prevention of abnormal weight gain because of its action on dietary fat and suppression of appetite. This review is an attempt to summarize the herbal plants and natural products that can be used to develop formulations effective in controlling weight gain and obesity.

scholarly journals Reversal Strategies for Intracranial Hemorrhage Related to Direct Oral Anticoagulant Medications

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Dabi ◽  
Aristides P. Koutrouvelis
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Intracranial Hemorrhage ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonists ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Direct Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Reversal Agents ◽  
United States Food ◽  
Life Threatening

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are a new class of anticoagulants that directly inhibit either thrombin or factor Xa in the coagulation cascade. They are being increasingly used instead of warfarin or other vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Adverse side effects of DOACs may result in hemorrhagic complications, including life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), though to a much lesser degree than VKAs. Currently there are relatively limited indications for DOACS but their usage is certain to expand with the availability of their respective specific reversal agents. Currently, only idarucizumab (antidote for dabigatran) has been United States Food and Drug Administration- (FDA-) approved, but others (andexanet-α and ciraparantag) may be approved in near future, and the development and availability of such reversal agents have the potential to dramatically change the current anticoagulant use by providing reversal of multiple oral anticoagulants. Until all the DOACs have FDA-approved reversal agents, the treatment of the dreaded side effects of bleeding is challenging. This article is an attempt to provide an overview of the management of hemorrhage, especially ICH, related to DOAC use.

scholarly journals Abnormalities in Glucose Blood Level during Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (T3) ◽  
pp. 340-344
Author(s):  
Faisal Idrus ◽  
Theodorus Singara ◽  
Dwiwahyu Sunarto ◽  
Saidah Syamsuddin ◽  
Sonny T. Lisal
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Antipsychotic Therapy ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Risperidone Group ◽  
Haloperidol Group

Background: Schizophrenia is one of the mental disorder with many problematic issues, in both psychologically and socially. This disease requires provision of long-term antipsychotic therapy, hence could rise other potential health problems. Antipsychotic treatment can cause serious glucometabolic side-effects, including type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemic emergency. Recent attention has also been focused on antipsychotic-induced hyperglycemic emergencies experienced by new users of typical and atypical antipsychotic. Patients treated with atypical APDs have ~10 times higher risk in developing hyperglycaemic emergencies. In our pre-eliminary study, hyperglycemia condition in new patients occurs in four  in seven patients who received typical and atypical antipsychotics. This condition is often overlooked and is not routinely evaluated. Moreover, it can develop into diabetes and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia patients. In this study, we would like to determine the acute effects of metabolic (hyperglycemia) in patients treated with antipsychotic (Risperidone and Haloperidol) Measurement of blood sugar levels was performed in groups treated with haloperidol (N = 15) and treated with risperidone (N = 15). Plasma samples were taken at the beginning of treatment, in week IV, and in week VIII. The measurement of glucose levels was performed after meal and in early morning before breakfast (fasting blood glucose level 8 hours). Results: The blood sugar level after meals was significantly higher in the Risperidone group compared to the Haloperidol group  (p <0.001) after IV and VIII weeks. Meanwhile, the fasting blood sugar level was significantly higher in the Risperidone group compared to the Haloperidol group after VIII weeks of treatment ( p <0.001). Conclusions: Both antipsychotics can cause an increase in blood sugar levels. Treatment with Risperidone significantly increased the blood sugar levels compared to treatment with haloperidol. Measurement of blood sugar level is needed to monitor the metabolic effect of antipsychotic, especially in patients treated with Risperidone. It is necessary to have dietary regulation and physical activities to prevent undesired metabolic side effects.

scholarly journals Energy drink - the prevalence of consumption and awareness regarding its associated potential health problems among commercial bus drivers in Ho, Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuella Yayra Saku ◽  
Peter Nuro-Ameyaw ◽  
Priscilla Cecilia Amenya ◽  
Fidelis Mawunyo Kpodo ◽  
Paul Esua Amoafo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Bus Drivers ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Poor Knowledge ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption

Abstract Background Consumption of energy drinks has become an escalating global public health problem. The work schedule and irregular sleeping habits of commercial bus drivers make them highly susceptible to getting fatigued, hence most of them consume energy drinks as a fatigue management strategy. However, consumption of energy drinks produces numerous psychomotor side effects that if consumed among drivers puts the traveling public in danger of road accidents. This study sought to assess the prevalence of energy drink consumption and awareness of associated potential health problems among commercial long-distance bus drivers operating from the Ho municipality. Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving 132 participants who completed a structured questionnaire on the participants' socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of consumption and reasons for consumption. It also included questions to assess the knowledge of the ingredients and side effects of energy drinks. Results A majority (62.1%) of the drivers had more than 10 years of commercial driving experience. A 75% energy drink consumption prevalence was recorded with driving performance enhancement (78.8%) as the predominant reason for consumption. 7 - 10 bottles per week were consumed by most (32.2%) of the drivers with the most consumed brand being Rush energy drink (54.5%). Also, 72.0% had poor knowledge of the side effects linked with energy drink intake likewise the ingredients in them. Conclusion Energy drinks were consumed by the majority of the drivers at the Ho main bus terminal of which most of the drivers had poor knowledge of the potential health problems linked with the consumption of these drinks. The consumption of energy drinks was observed to be higher among the drivers with lower education levels, higher monthly income and those who worked long hours in a day. The Ghana National Road Safety Commission (GNRC) in collaboration with other private road transport unions in Ghana should organize regular seminars for commercial bus drivers on the potential dangers and effects associated with energy drink consumption.

scholarly journals SOMEONE BETWEEN: ETHICAL AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN AND (NON)HUMAN ANIMAL ENHANCEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGNIESZKA ŻOK ◽  
EWA BAUM
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Incurable Illness ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Personalised Therapy

Human dreams of a long and healthy life are becoming increasingly real. The advancement of medical technology allows to modify the genome or personalised therapy in order to avoid troublesome side effects. This process also leads to the blurring of boundaries between humans and animals. Rats with induced human diseases are used for testing drugs for incurable illness; humanised pigs can donate organs that are compatible with the genome and immune system of the recipient. A brave new human is approaching, and new “human” animals are making this possible. The main objective of the article is to show the differences between the refinement of people and other animals and to analyse this phenomenon from an ethical point of view.

scholarly journals Distinct Mechanism between Arterial and Venous Thrombosis: Impact for Clinical Manifestations

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1 (P)) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
M. Taufik Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Wall Injury ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Adhesion Of Platelets

Hemostasis is a complex physiological process aiming to keep the integrity of a closed circulatory system after an occurrence of vessel wall injury. Hemostasis involving the role of circulating platelets and coagulation cascade.1 There are two major pathways that act independently to activate the platelet. The first pathway is mediated by collagen and the other by tissue factor. After intimal layer injury, platelets are recruited through the interaction between platelet’s surface glycoprotein (GPVI and GPIb/V/IX) with collagen and von Willebrand factor. This process results in adhesion of platelets in the site of injury. Further recruitment of platelets is achieved by secretion of aggregatory mediators such as thromboxane A2 and adenosine diphosphate.

Interactions of Heparin and a Covalently Linked Antithrombin Heparin Complex with the Components of the Fibrinolytic Pathway.

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 2211-2211
Author(s):  
Ankush Chander ◽  
Helen M Atkinson ◽  
Leslie R. Berry ◽  
Anthony K.C. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Simultaneous Addition ◽  
Order Rate ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Abstract 2211 Introduction: Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. UFH catalyzes inhibition by antithrombin (AT) of the serine proteases in the coagulation cascade. Additionally, UFH has been shown to interact with components of the fibrinolytic pathway in vitro. However UFH has several limitations which impact its utility as a therapeutic agent. Our lab has developed a novel covalent antithrombin-heparin complex (ATH) which inhibits most serine proteases of the coagulation pathway significantly faster when compared to non covalent mixtures of AT and UFH. However, the interactions of ATH with the components of the fibrinolytic pathway have not been studied before. Thus, the present study investigates possible serpin-heparin interactions of AT + UFH vs ATH within the fibrinolytic pathway. Methods: Discontinuous second order rate constant assays under pseudo-first order conditions were carried out to obtain second order rate constant (k2) values for the inhibition of plasmin by AT+UFH versus ATH. Briefly, at specific time intervals 20 nM plasmin was inhibited by 200 nM AT + 0–5000 nM UFH or by 200 nM ATH in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+. Reactions were neutralized by the simultaneous addition of a solution containing polybrene and plasmin substrate S-2366™ in buffer. Residual plasmin activity was measured and the final k2 values calculated. For experiments involving tPA, wells containing 40nM tPA and increasing concentrations of AT, UFH or ATH, at mole ratios ranging from 0 to 20:1, were incubated for 15 min. Reactions with tPA were neutralized by simultaneous addition of a solution containing either polybrene and tPA substrate, S-2288™ in buffer, (ATH and UFH) or only the substrate S-2288™ in buffer (AT). Enzyme activity was then determined by measuring rate of substrate cleavage (Vmax). Results: When plasmin was inhibited by AT in the absence of UFH, k2 values of 2.82×105 +/− 4.46×104 M−1 min−1 were observed. The k2 values increased with addition of successively higher concentrations of UFH up to a plateau with maximal k2 of 5.74×106 +/− 2.78×105 M−1 min−1 at a UFH concentration of 3000nM. For inhibition of plasmin by ATH, k2 values of 6.39 × 106 +/− 5.88 × 105 M−1 min−1 were observed. Inhibition of plasmin by ATH was not significantly different when compared to the highest k2 values obtained with UFH. (p=0.36) No statistically significant difference in tPA enzyme activity was observed when Vmax values for tPA alone were compared with those in the presence of AT, UFH or ATH. (p=0.932, p=0.085, p=0.31 respectively) Significance: The characteristic shape of the curve obtained from the k2vs. UFH plot suggests that the mechanism responsible for inhibition of plasmin by AT+UFH involves conformational activation of the serpin. The k2 values in this study for inhibition of plasmin by both AT+UFH and ATH were three orders of magnitude lower than k2 values for inhibition of thrombin or factor Xa. Furthermore these results suggest that tPA is not inhibited by AT + UFH or ATH, and is not influenced by the presence of UFH alone. Cumulatively, this indicates that the fibrinolytic pathway is minimally impacted by AT + UFH or ATH, allowing maximal antithrombotic potential to be achieved during anticoagulation. Overall, the favourable anticoagulant properties of ATH combined with the findings of this study strengthens the utility of the covalent conjugate over conventional UFH for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Risk of gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities in patients with cancer treated with poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors: A meta-analysis of seven phase III trials.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 219-219
Author(s):  
Myo Zaw ◽  
Anita Sultan ◽  
Sriman Swarup ◽  
Myat M. Han ◽  
Yin Mon Myat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Synthetic Lethality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Parp Inhibitors ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Phase Iii Trials

219 Background: Inhibition of poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) enzymes terminates an alternative DNA repair pathway, resulting in synthetic lethality in homologous recombination deficient tumors. Many PARP inhibitors have shown to improve survival in many solid tumors with noteworthy safety concerns. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to determine the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic toxicities. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE databases and meeting abstracts from inception through June 2018. Phase III RCTs that mention GI toxicities and elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as adverse effects were incorporated in the analysis. Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method was used to calculate the estimated pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Random effects model was applied. Results: 3188 patients from 7 phase III RCTs with breast, ovarian and gastric cancer were eligible. Studies compared olaparib or niraparib or rucaparib versus placebo, olaparib versus single agent chemotherapy, iniparib + gemcitabine / carboplatin (GC) versus GC, veliparib + C versus C and olaparib + paclitaxel versus paclitaxel. The RR of all-grade side effects were as follows: diarrhea, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.08 – 1.42, P = 0.002); nausea, 1.53 (95% CI: 1.16 – 2.02, P = 0.002); vomiting, 1.46 (95% CI: 1.02 – 2.08, P = 0.03); elevated AST, 1.25 (95% CI: 0.58 – 2.67, P = 0.55); and elevated ALT, 1.61 (95% CI: 0.81 – 3.20, P = 0.16). The RR of high-grade side effects were as follows: diarrhea, 1.08 (95% CI: 0.52 – 2.24, P = 0.82); nausea, 1.81 (95% CI: 0.79 – 4.12, P = 0.15); vomiting, 1.99 (95% CI: 1.06 – 3.73, P = 0.03); elevated AST, 1.86 (95% CI: 0.45 – 7.55, P = 0.38); and elevated ALT, 1.33 (95% CI: 0.42 – 4.18, P = 0.62). Conclusions: Our study showed that the risk of developing all grades of vomiting as well as any-grade nausea and diarrhea was high in PARP inhibitors arm, compared to control group. Timely recognition and prompt intervention with good supportive care are entailed.

Risk of health-related quality-of-life events and pulmonary toxicities in patients with cancer treated with poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors: A meta-analysis of seven phase III trials.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 213-213
Author(s):  
Sriman Swarup ◽  
Anita Sultan ◽  
Myo Zaw ◽  
Rachana Yendala ◽  
Myat M. Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Parp Inhibitors ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

213 Background: Poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) enzymes aide in the repair of DNA damage. PARP inhibitors showed synthetic lethality in cancer cells and were utilized in many solid tumors with notable toxicities. Fatigue and pain are the major determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to determine the risk of HRQOL events and pulmonary toxicities. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE databases and meeting abstracts from inception through June 2018 were queried. Phase III RCTs that mention HRQOL events and pulmonary toxicities as adverse effects were included. Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method was used to calculate the estimated pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Random effects model was applied. Results: 3188 patients from 7 phase III RCTs with breast, ovarian, and gastric cancer were eligible. Studies compared olaparib or niraparib or rucaparib versus placebo, olaparib vs single agent chemotherapy, iniparib + gemcitabine / carboplatin (GC) versus GC, veliparib + C versus C and olaparib + paclitaxel versus paclitaxel. The RR of all-grade side effects were as follows: fatigue, 1.26 (95% CI: 1.07 – 1.49, P = 0.006); decreased appetite, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.18 – 1.71, P < 0.001); arthralgia, 1.05 (95% CI: 0.83 – 1.34, P = 0.65); headache, 1.35 (95% CI: 0.99 – 1.84, P = 0.05); cough, 1.75 (95% CI: 1.17 – 2.62, P = 0.006); dyspnea, 1.40 (95% CI: 0.90 – 2.18, P = 0.12); and upper respiratory infections, 1.70 (95% CI: 0.97 – 3.00, P = 0.06). The RR of high-grade side effects were as follows: fatigue, 1.94 (95% CI: 1.24 – 3.04, P = 0.004); arthralgia, 1.37 (95% CI: 0.29 – 6.51, P = 0.68); headache, 1.09 (95% CI: 0.47 – 2.55, P = 0.83); and dyspnea, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.44 – 2.36, P = 0.95). Conclusions: The risk of developing all grades of fatigue as well as any-grade cough and decreased appetite was high in PARP inhibitors group, compared to control arm. Recognizing these toxicities and providing good supportive care is vital in enhancing patients’ quality of life.

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