scholarly journals Venice in Polish Literature of the Latter Half of the 16th Century and in the 17th Century as a Model Political System, a Leading Centre in the Fight Against the Ottoman Empire, and the Centre of the Pilgrimage Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-50
Author(s):  
Michał Kuran
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Political System ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
System A ◽  
The Republic

The aim of the study is to present at least three reasons why Old Polish writers of the latter half of the 16th century and 17th century wrote about Venice. The first one was the admiration in the nobility-ruled republican political system which emerged in the Republic of Venice, and which was considered as an attractive model by Old Polish thinkers and writers. They, e.g. Palczowski, Górnicki, and Wolan, expressed their convictions in their treatises. The second reason was that of the struggles of Christian states with the Ottoman Empire. Venice constituted the first potential ally and often a leader of European armies intended to participate in the often-planned anti-Muslim crusades. The study references the accounts of the visions of Venice as a leader of crusades as inscribed in the exhortation-related literature. The third reason was the perception of Venice as a safe port for pilgrims travelling to the Holy Land and, more broadly, to the territory of the Ottoman state via the sea. Its image emerged from the accounts of Old Polish pilgrims, travellers, and escaped slaves.

scholarly journals Maciej Ziemierski, Testamenty krakowskiej rodziny Królików z XVII w.

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 11-41
Author(s):  
Maciej Ziemierski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Town ◽  
Distinguished Member

17th century testaments of the Królik family from Krakow The article is dedicated to the Królik family from Krakow, who lived in the town from the late 16th century until the first years of the 18th century. The family members initially worked as tailors, later reinforcing the group of Krakow merchants in the third generation (Maciej Królik). Wojciech Królik – from the fourth generation – was a miner in Olkusz. The text omits the most distinguished member of the family, Wojciech’s oldest brother, the Krakow councillor Mikołaj Królik, whose figure has been covered in a separate work. The work shows the complicated religious relations in the family of non-Catholics, initially highly engaged in the life of the Krakow Congregation, but whose members gradually converted from Evangelism to Catholicism. As a result, Wojciech Królik and his siblings became Catholics. This work is complemented by four testaments of family members, with the first, Jakub Królik’s, being written in 1626 and the last one, Wojciech Królik’s, written in 1691.

The Ottomans in Northeast Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Northeast Africa ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Sea Coast

In the mid-16th century, the Ottoman empire expanded to encompass parts of the modern Sudan, Eritrea, and the Ethiopian borderlands, forming the Ottoman province of Habeş. The Ottomans also provided aid to their ally Ahmad Grañ in his jihad against Ethiopia and fought with the Funj sultanate of Sinnar for control of the Nile valley, where Ottoman territories briefly extended south as far as the Third Cataract. After 1579, Ottoman control was limited to the Red Sea coast, in particular the ports of Massawa and Suakin, which remained loosely under Ottoman rule until the 19th century, when they were transferred to Egypt, nominally an Ottoman vassal but effectively independent. Politically, Ottoman influence was felt much more broadly in northeast Africa in places as distant as Mogadishu, at least nominally recognized Ottoman suzerainty.

scholarly journals Od „śmierdzącego dudka” po banialuki. Obraz ptaków w literaturze renesansu i baroku – rekonesans

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 76-96
Author(s):  
Dariusz Chemperek
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Individual Sensitivity ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Fantastic ◽  
Agricultural Literature ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Second Category

Birds function in Polish literature of Renaissance and Baroque in three paradigms. Mostly they appear as creatures gifted with a symbolic (allegoric) meaning, seen through the prism of the tradition reaching to Aristotle’s Zoology, Physiologist, and later symbological compendia. The second category is describing birds as food or pests (especially in hunting and agricultural literature). Apart from this ‘practical’ paradigm, there is also a third one: birds as a source of an aesthetic thrill, fascination with them includes both lyricism and a ludic element. The first two categories fit into a more general utilitarian paradigm. Handbooks, treaties, sermons, fairy tales, paroemias and animal epigrams showcase birds almost exclusivelyas tools of moral, religious and conventional reflection, or as objects to be obtained and consumed. Interestingly, the symbological activity of the creators does not cease in the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the representatives of avifauna are burdened with new meanings, while the fantastic creatures slowly disappear from the creators’ fields of view. In the third group of works distinguished here, one can notice the phenomenon of the emancipation of birds as objects of interest just as they are, although their voice is heard mostly in the digressions scattered throughout the big epic works. The autonomy of birds in the literature of Renaissance and Baroque is not linear, the way of perceiving them is determined by the individual sensitivity of the authors, the most prominent of whom are Hieronim Morsztyn (early 17th century) and an anonymous translator of the Italian Adon (2nd half of the 17th century).

scholarly journals Trzy razy res publica: Thomas Smith, Gasparo Contarini i Wawrzyniec Goślicki

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-104
Author(s):  
Iwona Barwicka-Tylek
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Liberal Tradition ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Civic Virtues ◽  
The Republic

The interest in Republican thought is on the increase again, now chiefl y thanks to the works of Quentin Skinner and the circle of so-called neo-Republicans (or civic Republicans) concentrated around Phillip Petit. They stress the peculiar perspective that Republicans have had on the state and society. This is seen in their distinctive view of freedom as the absence of domination, or attachment to the category of citizenship and the related role of civic virtues. These special characteristics justify, in their opinion, distinguishing the Republican trend of political thought (historically and now) from other positions, especially the liberal tradition. Accepting generally the above opinion, the paper draws our attention to signifi - cant differences within Republicanism itself. To do this, it cites the three conceptions of republic that were formed in the 16th century and refer to England (Sir Thomas Smith), Venice (Gasparo Contarini) and Poland (Wawrzyniec Goślicki). Although they were formed around the same time and have common roots mainly in Aristotle’s philosophy and Roman Republican ideas, each of the three perspectives views the republic from a different angle. While all three authors believe the coexistence of three elements – orderly institutions, wise law and virtuous citizens – to be crucial for any state, they rely in their deliberations on one element only. This has an impact on the way their conceptions fi nally appear and on the conclusions for the political system they draw. And so, Smith gives precedence to institutions, Contarini emphasises the key role of law and Goślicki gives primacy to virtue, concentrated in an ideal senator. Taking notice of such differences among thinkers openly admitting to an attachment to the Republican tradition should make us even more careful so as not to oversimplify it as if it were uniform and completely cohesive. Further, the awareness of such differences may provoke refl ection how justifi ed the use of the Republican banner is in respect of so different authors as, for instance, Machiavelli and Montesquieu.

scholarly journals The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century

Belleten ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (273) ◽  
pp. 373-386
Author(s):  
Himmet Umunç
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Major Player ◽  
European Trade ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Political Economic

Although Dutch connections with the Levant, especially in terms of pilgrimages to the Holy Land, and also within the context of the Crusades, may go back to the Middle Ages and perhaps even before, it was from the late sixteenth century onwards that these connections took a dramatic turn and were fully developed. Despite the political, economic, administrative and military problems with Spain after the 1560s, historically termed as the Eighty Years War (1567-68 to 1647-48), the States General of the Dutch Republic prudently took courageous steps and put in place sober policies to establish diplomatic relations with the Ottornan Empire and become a major player in the so-called "riches trade" with the Levant. Indeed, the Republic and the Ottoman Empire were both enthusiastic about forging their cooperation for mutual interests, and, from 1612 onwards, when the first Dutch diplomatic mission was set up in lstanbul, the Dutch primacy in the Levant was consolidated. Dutch merchants were granted by the Ottoman government special privileges and exemptions (i.e. the "capitulations") and, thus, strongly competed with, and even outplayed, other European trade colonies, especially the English, in the Levant. Along with the development of Dutch trade with the Ottoman Empire, there also began Dutch travels to the region. Among the early Dutch travellers, especially Cornelis de Bruijn (1652-1727), who stayed in Izmir and Istanbul for nearly three years (1678-1681) is of particular interest.

scholarly journals POPULATION CHANGES IN OTTOMAN ANATOLIA DURING THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES: THE “DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS” RECONSIDERED

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktay Özel
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

The historiography of the past two decades of the demographic history of 16th- and 17th-century Ottoman Anatolia has seen diverse and often conflicting arguments among historians. Whether the Ottoman Empire witnessed “population pressure” in the 16th century, and whether this was followed in the 17th century by a serious “demographic crisis,” considered by some historians as a “catastrophe,” have constituted the central theme of the debate. The roots of these issues can be traced as far back as the early works of Ömer Lütfi Barkan in the 1940s and 1950s. It appears that the disagreements not only arose as a result of the different models of historical demography developed by diverse schools of thought, but that they also owed much to the highly disputed nature of the sources that provide the bulk of quantitative data for the demographic history of the Ottoman Empire.

THE PRICE REVOLUTION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RECONSIDERED

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World Economy ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

The Price Revolution of the 16th century has been the subject of one of the most enduring debates in European historiography and, more recently, in the historiography of the world economy. That European prices, expressed in grams of silver, increased by more than 100 percent—and in some countries, by more than 200 percent—from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century has been well established and broadly accepted. In countries that experienced currency debasements, overall inflation was proportionately higher, reaching, in some cases, 600 percent or more for the entire period.

Mexico's One-Party System: A Re-evaluation

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vincent Padgett
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Party System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ideological Bias ◽  
System A ◽  
Revolutionary Party ◽  
The Republic

Because Mexican politics since the Revolution of 1910–17 have operated mainly within the framework of a one-party system and because in the past strong men have sometimes occupied the presidency, writers in the United States have tended to treat the system as authoritarian. Emphasis upon presidential rule and the corollary explanation of the role of the Revolutionary Party as nothing more nor less than an instrument of presidential domination have served to create an oversimplified picture of presidential power. It is the purpose of this paper to outline at least four checkpoints on which the authoritarian interpretation seems to have involved miscalculation of the realities of the Mexican political system. The nature of membership in the “official” party, the degree of centralization within and without the party structure, the threefold role of the party within the political system, and the ideological bias of the political elite all seem to indicate the necessity of a re-evaluation of the politics of the republic on our southern border.

scholarly journals Otman Baba as the Organic Intellectual of the Turkmen-Yoruks

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-175
Author(s):  
U. Sinan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sunni Islam ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Organic Intellectual ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The article examines a social structure of the Ottoman Empire based on the classification and comparative analysis of groups of intellectuals in accordance with the concept of an organic intellectual. On the basis of the analysis of the image of Otman Baba, the intellectual feature of the nomadic Turks is revealed. It necessary to note that three different intellectual groups are representing three different layers. The first of these are the intellectuals of the ruling bloc. These intellectuals go through historical transformations and continue as ulema (theologians). These intellectuals, the sheikhs, are the bearers of the Sunni Islamic ideology. The second type of intellectuals consists largely of the apostles (Ahis) that represent the craftsmen in the cities and the workers in these branches of crafts. The Ahis have an ideology that cannot be explained, with Islam only and Sunni Islam in particular. The third type of intellectuals is the abdals that are the intellectuals of the TurkmenYörük, who are the main oppressed class of the society. These three types of intellectuals can be explained with the concept of organic intellectuals. Otman Baba is the best example to describe the organic intellectual of Turkmen-Yoruks. Sheikh Bedreddin was unfortunately attributed to his place. Another phenomenon is the continued existence of the Ottoman sovereign to continue to block the period of the Republic of Turkey intellectuals. I define these intellectuals with the concept of “sedimentary intellectuals”.

scholarly journals Geopolitic determinants of the foreign policy positioning of Serbia at the beginning of the 21st century

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-422
Author(s):  
Dusan Prorokovic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political System ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Global Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Republic

The foreign policy positioning of the state is a process influenced by at least three indicators: the geographical position, the structure of the world political system (character of the current international relations) and historical experiences. All three of these indicators are related to the phenomenon of spatial (geographical) distribution of the power of key actors of international politics, at the regional or global level, today or in the past. Therefore, we can consider them as geopolitical determinants, In this article, we will present and analyze the geopolitical determinants that are related to all three indicators. The article consists of five parts. The first introductory part is dedicated to explaining what foreign political positioning means and what foreign policy is. The second part deals with geopolitical determinants that affect the country's foreign policy. The third part is devoted to the analysis of geopolitical determinants related to three indicators of the foreign policy positioning of the Republic of Serbia. The fourth part describes the current foreign policy of the Republic of Serbia and compares it with the findings from the third part of the paper. The fifth part is the final conclusion. The theoretical framework of this research is neorealism.

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