scholarly journals Prerequisites for evolution of fertility and reproductive behavior: world and Russian experience

POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Oxana Rudneva ◽  
Alexandr Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Natural Reproduction ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Demographic Policy

Depopulation of the population and decrease in fertility is an urgent problem of modern Russia and the world. However, birth rate is not the main factor determining decline in country's population. At present, fertility, as a biological factor, acquires a social content and is regulated by a set of social, religious and other norms. There is an active trend of reducing the number of children in families across the world. If in 1960 a woman had an average of 5 children during her life, by 2019 the figure was half as low—2.4. The main reasons are development of the scientific and social progress, changes in the economic system, decline in mortality (including infant), women's involvement in the economy along with the spread of education for women, increasing maternal age at first birth. The countries with increasing economic and social development have faced the threat of depopulation. In Russia, as in many economically developed countries, total fertility rate is lower than the level of natural reproduction of a generation. The number of such countries has grown from 13 in 1970 to 123 in 2018, with a total population of 3.97 billion people or 51.7% of humanity. Pronatalist measures are prevailing in the Russian demographic policy. The main demographic danger for Russia is not low birth rate, but high level of mortality (including from external causes), low life expectancy (especially for men), high level of morbidity (including "social" diseases) and others. Innovative technologic development is an important factor determining the State policy along with reduction in the birth rate. The economy will not need many workers. It is necessary to strengthen automation and robotization of production facilities. Thus, the priority of the future demographic policy should not be the number of people, but the quality of human capital.

scholarly journals Nutrition and cancer – global and African perspectives: a focused update

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Nutritional Transition ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lower Income Countries

The burden of cancer worldwide is predicted to almost double by 2030 to nearly 23 million cases annually. The great majority of this increase is expected to occur in less economically developed countries, where access to expensive medical, surgical and radiotherapeutic interventions is likely to be limited to a small proportion of the population. This emphasises the need for preventive measures, as outlined in the declaration from the United Nations 2011 High Level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases. The rise in incidence is proposed to follow from increasing numbers of people reaching middle and older ages, together with increasing urbanisation of the population with a nutritional transition from traditional diets to a more globalised ‘Western’ pattern, with a decrease in physical activity. This is also expected to effect a change in the pattern of cancers from a predominantly smoking and infection dominated one, to a smoking and obesity dominated one. The World Cancer Research Fund estimates that about a quarter to a third of the commonest cancers are attributable to excess body weight, physical inactivity and poor diet, making this the most common cause of cancers after smoking. These cancers are potentially preventable, but knowledge of the causes of cancer has not led to effective policies to prevent the export of a ‘Western’ pattern of cancers in lower income countries such as many in Africa.

Health care of Cyprus

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
On This Island ◽  
The World ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
High Level

In terms of its efficiency and accessibility, the health care of Cyprus is not inferior in many ways to the systems of medical care in a number of developed countries of the world. By placing the main emphasis on the organization of preventive care, the Cypriots were able to achieve quite a high level of life expectancy — 85 years for women and 81 years for men. Due to its excellent geographical position and mild climate, the country has a special attraction in terms of medical tourism, the most popular areas of which are plastic cosmetology, dentistry, and reproductive medicine. Foreigners who come for medical services have the opportunity not only to improve their health, but also to have a wonderful rest, enjoy Mediterranean cuisine, golden sandy beaches and blessed sunshine. Fortunately, nature provides all the opportunities for this — scientists say that at least 300 days a year are sunny on this island.

Determinants of fertility in Russian families

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (6) ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
Kamilya Sakhbetdinova
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Sociocultural Attitudes ◽  
The Family ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Demographic Policy

Competent demographic policy implies an understanding by the state of the economic, social, and demographic processes taking place in society. In earlier Russian and foreign studies, the authors found a number of fertility factors, however, the direction of influence of such determinants could be opposite. Aware of the special influence of sociocultural attitudes and values of the population on the number of children in a family, the author made an attempt to identify the determinants of fertility based on an empirical study of the World Values Survey. Using statistical and econometric methods, models that reflect the determinants of fertility in modern Russia were constructed. This work revealed a positive effect on the birth rate of religiosity, traditional views and the importance of the family for the respondent. Inversely related to the number of children in a family such factors as the level of education of the population and the value of leisure.

Objectives and Review of the International Milk Fluoridation Program

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Pakhomo
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
National Level ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

The WHO Global Oral Data Bank (GODB) demonstrates wide varieties of dental caries levels. During the last 10 years, dental caries prevalence in many countries has decreased from very high and high to moderate and low levels. However, there also are countries where dental caries has increased from very low and low to a moderate level. In total in 1993, of the 158 countries for which the WHO GODB has data available, 16 countries indicate a very low level (69 - low, 53 - moderate, 17 - high), and only three a very high level of dental caries. Very high levels of dental caries have been recorded in Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Uruguay. All these data, based on the weighted mean of DMF in 12-year-old children, have been obtained from national surveys or collected from published papers on oral health surveys conducted in selected areas of the countries. Very often, these papers indicated an increase (or decrease) in dental caries in people living in different areas of a particular country; however, the DMF weighted mean at the national level is still without change. One of the most populated countries in the world, China, shows clear evidence from several recent epidemiological studies that the level of dental caries in the urban population is persistently increasing. Dental caries still remains one of the most common diseases affecting a substantial number of children and adults around the world. There is evidence that water or

scholarly journals Human factor in the strategy of sustainable leadership of PJSC Gazprom

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-224
Author(s):  
Nina M. Baranova ◽  
Sergey N. Larin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Sustainable Leadership ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Near Future ◽  
World Ranking

Gazproms human capital (as HDI) is one of the most important resources of the corporation, which ensures its competitive strength in the Russian and international energy market. One of the main goals of PJSC Gazprom is the formation of a highly professional, responsible and cohesive team that effectively develops projects and solves a variety of tasks not only at the corporate level, but the country and the world. Therefore, the assessment of PJSC Gazprom staff readiness for the competition of the corporation in the domestic and external markets is relevant. Modeling the level of development of the enterprises human capital, based on the example of Gazprom corporation, according to certain indicators, determining their role in the development and competitiveness of the organization. To conduct the study, the works of scientists were analyzed, official data of the annual reports on the activities of PJSC Gazprom in the field of sustainable development for 2000-2018 were used. In order to assess the readiness of the corporation's human capital to sustainable development of the enterprise, a regression analysis and an econometric study were carried out using the MS Excel and Eviews10 application software packages. As a result of the study, it was found that a positive corporate human capital has a significant impact on competitiveness and an increase in the companys value and the constructed model for assessing companys human capital, based on the example of PJSC Gazprom, enables to make a forecast for the near future. Russia has occupied 49 place in the World Ranking (HDI = 0.824) in 2019 in terms of the level of development of the human capital according to the World Bank and has got into a very high level of development. Despite this fact, Russian HDI in World Ranking occupies only 46% against 70% of developed countries. World Bank experts claims, it will take Russia about 100 years to catch up with developed countries on this indicator. Russia does not have that kind of time, so the country has actively joined on every front. Obviously, the human capital of each corporation makes a certain contribution to changing the human capital of the country in one direction or another, and the human capital of PJSC Gazprom is able to significantly increase this indicator.

Induced abortion in today’s world

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-347
Author(s):  
Eremenegildo Spaziante
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Induced Abortion ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Induced Abortions ◽  
Per Capita

The Author has examined the recent statistics concerning the legally induced abortion, registered in 25 selected countries in the world. From a total population of 997 millions inhabitants, the cases of induced abortions were 6,126,000 during the year 1996. A formal decrease of 20% was recorded yearly between 1994 and 1996. The changes were not similar for all the examined countries. The most intensive decrease was registered in the countries with previous highest incidence, especially those with experience of Soviet system or Marxian ideology. The study reports the comparison of the abortive phenomenon with the birth rate, the infant mortality, the socio-economic conditions. Invers correlation come in evidence between induced abortiveness rates and the “human development index” (UNDP), especially with the cultural level and the Goss National Product (GNP) per capita. The Author supposes that in the more developed countries the decrease of registered abortiveness was related also to a larger use of contraceptive means. In the less developed countries of the ex-Soviet system, the attenuation of incidence of induced abortion can be connected with a mitigation of public power to coercive birth control. The A. suggests te working hypothesis that a large seeking f induced abortion, especially if repeated, is not only a consequence of economical and cultural misery, but also an important factor of moral, social, and economic depression. In the changing world induced abortion is still a persistent form of misery.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF THE OUTFLOW OF HUMAN CAPITAL FROM UKRAINE: EDUCATIONAL ASPECT

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
S. M. CHIMISHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
Educational Aspect

The article deals with the problematic issues of the outflow of human capital, ie people with acquired education, work experience, ideas, etc., in the context of reforming the higher education system in Ukraine. The concept of human development, which has emerged in the world over the last 20-25 years, considers human development as the main goal and criterion for social progress. Considering one of the human rights - free movement and choice of place of residence - this concept is crucial in shaping international migration flows in the modern world. The level of economic and social development of the individual country and the world as a whole depends on the distribution of the population by countries and on the quality of human capital. Therefore, the migration policy of many countries is aimed at selecting the highest quality human capital through labor migration: employment quotas are formed for the purpose of attracting either the intellectual potential or representatives of the most rare professions. The educational aspect of human capital discussed in the article is the quality and accessibility of higher education, its ability to meet the demands of modern business and to become a factor in maintaining quality human capital in Ukraine. Ukraine is now in the process of an active outflow of human capital, including young people, who are choosing places of education to other countries. Among the reasons for this situation is the desire of Ukrainian youth to secure employment abroad, since the level of wages abroad far exceeds the level of wages in Ukraine. The issue of human capital outflows is multidimensional, so the solution to the problem must be complex. Together with the reform of the education system in Ukraine, all spheres of public life should be reformed, taking into account the experience of the European countries and the most developed countries of the world.

scholarly journals Economic Security Management of Insurance Services Market of Ukraine: The Theoretical Aspects and Practical Recommendations

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (523) ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
R. V. Kobko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Change ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The article is aimed at defining the theoretical aspects of managing the economic security of the insurance services market of Ukraine, searching for ways to develop special practical recommendations to solve the outlined problem. In the context of transformational changes and globalization metamorphoses, the issue of ensuring a high level of economic security of the insurance services market in Ukraine is one of the priorities. The article discusses the risk factors influencing the provision of a high level of economic security of the insurance services market of Ukraine, analyzes the mechanisms for managing the economic security of the insurance services market. Particular attention is paid to the characterization of models of the State regulation of economic security of the insurance services market of the countries of the world, which helps to form the main emphasis on the state of development of the insurance services market of Ukraine. The practice of developed countries of the world indicates the inadmissibility of such a mechanism for ensuring economic balance as insurance premiums, and the need to focus on the formation of insurance reserves. Based on the practice of the developed countries of the world, it is advisable to summarize the mechanisms for ensuring the economic security of the insurance services market as a single system, monitoring of which will ensure systematic economic development, quick managerial decisions in transformational conditions and attraction of investment funds for long-term strategic planning. In addition, the article draws a parallel between ensuring a high level of economic security of the insurance services market and the development of the Ukrainian economy in the context of a rapid change in external influence factors, involving priority mechanisms for ensuring the long-term investment development of the country. The main directions of improvement of the State regulation of economic security of insurance services market are proposed.

WHY MATERNAL CAPITAL DOESN’T WORK

Vestnik NSUEM ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 235-244
Author(s):  
N. I. Ovechkina
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Demographic Policy

In Russia, in 2007, the Concept of Demographic Policy for the period up to 2025 was developed and approved. One of the key tasks is to increase the birth rate of the population. The measures taken to stimulate the birth rate of the second and subsequent children in the family do not bring the desired result. By 2019, the birth rate in the country again fell to the «pre-reform» level. The article is devoted to the description of the main theories that explain the current situation with the birth rate not only in Russia, but also in the world as a whole: A. Smith’s feedback paradox, the theory of social  capillarity by A. Dumont, Caldwell’s theory of flows of goods. The concept of reproductive behavior is considered.

Information Technology and Economic Development in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
Muhammed Karatas ◽  
Selahattin Bekmez
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Technological Gap ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Within last decades, there were very high level of increase of information technology production. This production successfully speeds up technological changes in only developed countries. Such a situation results use of existing knowledge as input in production of new knowledge in monopoly of developed countries. Developing countries are, however, still struggling with their own socio-politic and/or socio-economic problems. This process create a bigger technological gap between developed and developing countries. One of the reasons for that is lack of physical and human capital in developing countries. This is common problem in the world and necessary precautions should be taken in timely manner. This study discusses the problematic issues of information technology creation in both developed and developing countries and suggest some solutions.

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