scholarly journals PRODUKSI BIOETANOL DARI ALKALI-PRETREATMENT JERAMI PADI DENGAN PROSES SIMULTANEOUS SACHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION (SSF)

Konversi ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Iryanti Fatyasari Nata ◽  
Jody Hartoto Prayogo ◽  
Toni Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Alkali Pretreatment ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sacharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Ssf Process ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstrak- Jerami padi merupakan limbah pertanian yang mengandung 39% selulosa dan 27,5% hemiselulosa, jika dihidrolisis jerami padi dapat dikonversi menjadi gula sederhana selanjutnya difermentasi menjadi bioetanol.  Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pretreatment jerami padi dan kondisi operasi (jumlah enzim selulase dan Saccharomyces cereviseae) dalam produksi bioetanol dengan proses Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation (SSF). Proses delignifikasi dilakukan dengan cara merendam jerami padi yang sudah dihaluskan dengan 2% NaOH (w/v) pada suhu 85oC selama 1 jam. Jerami padi dikeringkan setelah pretreatmen yang sebelumnya dicuci sampai pH filtratnya netral. Selanjutnya jerami padi kering digunakan sebagai substrat dalam SSF dengan menggunakan enzim selulase (20, 30 dan 40 FPU) dan S. Cerevisiae ( 2, 4 dan 6 ose) selama 3 hari dalam acetate buffer pH 5 serta penentuan konsentrasi etanol menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC). Dengan analisis Scanning Electrom Microscope (SEM) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), struktur permukaan yang rapi dan diselimuti oleh lignin menjadi kasar dan pecah yang diiringi dengan peningkatan struktur kristal sebesar 33,24% dari jerami padi setelah pretreatment dengan NaOH. Kadar bioetanol yang dihasilkan untuk 20 FPU, 30 FPU dan 40 FPU dengan kandungan S.Cerevisiae 2 ose berturut-turut adalah 0,45%, 0,44% dan 0,43%.  Dari variasi jumlah S. Cerevisiae 2,4 dan 6 ose dengan enzim selulase 20 FPU menghasikan bioetanol sebesar 0,45%, 0,46% dan 1,07%.  Kadar bioetanol yang dihasilkan dengan substrat yang di pretreatment dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi bioetanol sebesar 82,2% pada kondisi SSF yang sama. Pretreatment terhadap substrat memberikan efek terhadap produk SSF karena dengan penghilangan lignin akan memaksimalkan kerja enzime selulase mengkonversi sellulosa menjadi glukosa.  Kata Kunci : Jerami padi, delignifikasi, bioetanol, SSFAbstract- Rice straw is an agricultural waste which contains 39% cellulose and 27.5% hemicelluloses. Rice straw can be converted into bio ethanol by Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation (SSF) process.  The aims of this research are to investigate the influence of rice straw pretreatment and operation condition (number of cellulose enzyme and Saccharomyces cereviseae) for bioethanol production. The bioethanol conversion was devided by 2 steps, there were delignification and SSF. Delignification process was done by soak rice straw in NaOH 2% heated at temperature 85 oC for 1 hour then washed with water. The pretreatment rice straw was used as substrate in SSF. SSF was conducted in the presence of cellulase enzyme (20, 30, and 40 FPU) and Sacharomyces Cerevisiae (2,4 and 6 ose) for 3 days. The bioethanol concentration produced for 20 FPU, 30 FPU, and 40 FPU in 2 ose S.careviseae are 0,45%, 0,44%, and 0,43%  respectively. The addition number of Saccharomyces cereviseae was gave high concentration of bioethanol. The result shown that bioethanol concentration of 2 ose, 4 ose and 6 ose are 0,45%, 0,46% and 1,07%, respectively. In the same concentration of enzyme (20 FPU) which pretreatment and non pretretament substrate was increased of bioethanol concentration up to 82,2%. The pretretment process was broken the structure of lignin and made enzyme easy to attached cellulose and converted to glucose. Keywords : Rice straw, delignification, bioethanol, SSF

Cytomembrane Preservation in Tissue Dehydrated Only With Glutaraldehyde and Epon 812 Resin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Pease
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Unpublished Study ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sectioned Material

A previous study demonstrated that tissue could be successfully infiltrated with 50% glutaraldehyde, and then subsequently polymerized with urea to create an embedment which retained cytomembrane lipids in sectioned material. As a result, the 180-190 Å periodicity characteristic of fresh, mammalian myelin was preserved in sections, as was a brilliant birefringence, and the capacity to bind OsO4 vapor in the hydrophobic bilayers. An associated (unpublished) study, carried out in co-operation with Drs. C.K. Akers and D.F. Parsons, demonstrated that the high concentration of glutaraldehyde (and urea) did not significantly alter the X-ray diffraction pattern of aldehyde-fixed, myelin. Thus, by itself, 50% glutaraldehyde has little effect upon cytomembrane systems and can be used with confidence for the first stages of dehydration.

scholarly journals Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2 Anode for Electrochemical Degradation of Pollutants in Pharmaceutical Wastewater: Optimization and Degradation Performances

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Guozhen Zhang ◽  
Xingxing Huang ◽  
Jinye Ma ◽  
Fuping Wu ◽  
Tianhong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Oxide Coating ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dimensionally Stable Anodes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Cod Removal Rate

Electrochemical oxidation technology is an effective technique to treat high-concentration wastewater, which can directly oxidize refractory pollutants into simple inorganic compounds such as H2O and CO2. In this work, two-dimensionally stable anodes, Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2, have been developed in order to degrade organic pollutants from pharmaceutical wastewater. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the oxide coating was successfully fabricated on the Ti plate surface. Electrocatalytic oxidation conditions of high concentration pharmaceutical wastewater was discussed and optimized, and the best results showed that the COD removal rate was 95.92% with the energy consumption was 58.09 kW·h/kgCOD under the electrode distance of 3 cm, current density of 8 mA/cm2, initial pH of 2, and air flow of 18 L/min.

scholarly journals Leaching Titaniferous Magnetite Concentrate by Alkaline Aqueous Solution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Guo ◽  
Shaoyan Wang ◽  
Renfeng Song ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Alkali Concentration ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iron Concentrate ◽  
Titaniferous Magnetite ◽  
Magnetite Concentrate ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractLeaching titaniferous magnetite concentrate with alkali solution of high concentration under high temperature and high pressure was utilized to improve the grade of iron in iron concentrate and the grade of TiO2 in titanium tailings. The titaniferous magnetite concentrate in use contained 12.67% TiO2 and 54.01% Fe. The thermodynamics of the possible reactions and the kinetics of leaching process were analyzed. It was found that decomposing FeTiO3 with NaOH aqueous solution could be carried out spontaneously and the reaction rate was mainly controlled by internal diffusion. The effects of water usage, alkali concentration, reaction time, and temperature on the leaching procedure were inspected, and the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. After NaOH leaching and magnetic separation, the concentrate, with Fe purity of 65.98% and Fe recovery of 82.46%, and the tailings, with TiO2 purity of 32.09% and TiO2 recovery of 80.79%, were obtained, respectively.

Isolation and characterization of lignocellulosic fiber from jute bast by the organic solvent degumming system: an alkali-free method

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110154
Author(s):  
Zhihui Qin ◽  
Shuyuan Zhao ◽  
Liu Liu ◽  
Zhaohe Shi ◽  
Longdi Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Standards ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fibers ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fiber ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Alkali Consumption ◽  
Scanning Electron

Degumming is the dominant method for insolating lignocellulosic fibers in textile applications. Traditional alkaline degumming (TAL), as a common method, requires a high-concentration alkali and has been a severe challenge to the environment. In the research reported here, the possibility of innovative jute degumming by organic solvents 1-2 propylene glycol and a combination of additive green oxygen (GO-OS) was studied. The results revealed that fibers could be extracted by this system (under condition of 0.9% GO-OS, 180°C, 120 min), and obtained fibers with higher breaking tenacity (7.1 cN/dtex), yield (65.7%), breaking elongation (2.87%) and residual gum (11.7%), which all meet the requirement of the relevant Chinese Textile National Standards. Notably, the required reaction time (120 min) of the GO-OS system was 180 min shorter than that of the TAL method. Furthermore, the modifications introduced by the degumming effect on physicochemical aspects were characterized and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This study provides a promising degumming method for separating jute lignocellulose without acid and alkali consumption.

Development of Ternary Concrete Utilizing Agricultural Waste Material

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Kumari ◽  
Dhirendra Singhal ◽  
Rinku Walia ◽  
Ajay Rathee
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Maize Cob

Abstract The present project proposes to utilize rice husk and maize cob husk ash in the cement to mitigate the adverse impact of cement on environment and to enhance the disposal of waste in a sustainable manner. Ternary concrete / MR concrete was prepared by using rise husk and maize cob ash with cement. For the present project, five concrete mixes MR-0 (Control mix), MR-1 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-2 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-5%), MR-3 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-4 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%) were prepared. M35 concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 for low slump values 0-25mm. The purpose is to find the optimum replacement level of cement in M35 grade ternary concrete for I – Shaped paver blocks.In order to study the effects of these additions, micro-structural and structural properties test of concretes have been conducted. The crystalline properties of control mix and modified concrete are analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that 10% Rice husk ash and 5% maize cob ash replaced with cement produce a desirable quality of ternary concrete mix having good compressive strength. The results of SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of both concrete were different, showing porous structure at 7 days age and become unsymmetrical with the addition of ashes. After 28 day age, the control mix contained more quantity of ettringite and became denser than ternary concrete. XRD analysis revealed the presence of portlandite in large quantity in controlled mix concrete while MR concrete had the partially hydrated particle of alite.

Hydrogen Interaction with Defects in ZnO

2012 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 228-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Lukáč ◽  
Jakub Čížek ◽  
Marián Vlček ◽  
Ivan Procházka ◽  
Martin Vlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy ◽  
Nuclear Reaction Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Hydrogen Interaction ◽  
Induced Stresses ◽  
Zno Crystal

In the present work hydrothermally grown ZnO single crystals were electrochemically charged with hydrogen. The influence of hydrogen on ZnO microstructure was investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) using synchrotron radiation. Hydrogen concentration in the samples was determined by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). It was found that a high concentration of hydrogen can be introduced into ZnO by electrochemical loading. At low concentrations, absorbed hydrogen causes elastic volume expansion of ZnO crystal. At higher concentration, hydrogen-induced stresses exceed the yield stress in ZnO and plastic deformation of the crystal takes place leading to formation of a defected subsurface layer in the crystals.

scholarly journals Effect of LiNO3 on Expansion of Alkali–Silica Reaction in Rock Prisms and Concrete Microbars Prepared by Sandstone

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxin Liu ◽  
Lanqing Yu ◽  
Min Deng
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkali Silica Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Scanning Electron

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of LiNO3 on the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) expansion of reactive sandstone and the mechanism through which this occurs. This paper presents the results from tests carried out on rock prisms and concrete microbars prepared by sandstone and LiNO3. The findings show that LiNO3 does not decrease the expansion of these samples unless the molar ratio of [Li]/[Na + K] exceeds 1.66, and the expansion is greatly increased when its concentration is below this critical concentration. The expansion stress test proves that Li2SiO3 is obviously expansive. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results indicate that LiNO3 reacts with the microcrystalline quartz inside sandstone, inhibiting the formation of ASR gel, and the formation of Li2SiO3 causes larger expansion. A high concentration of LiNO3 might inhibit the ASR reaction in the early stages, and the formation of Li2SiO3 causes expansion and cracks in concrete after a long period of time.

scholarly journals Nanosheets of CuCo2O4 As a High-Performance Electrocatalyst in Urea Oxidation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Zequine ◽  
Fangzhou Wang ◽  
Xianglin Li ◽  
Deepa Guragain ◽  
S.R. Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nickel Foam ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electroactive Material

The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is a possible solution to solve the world’s energy crisis. Fuel cells have been used in the UOR to generate hydrogen with a lower potential compared to water splitting, decreasing the costs of energy production. Urea is abundantly present in agricultural waste and in industrial and human wastewater. Besides generating hydrogen, this reaction provides a pathway to eliminate urea, which is a hazard in the environment and to people’s health. In this study, nanosheets of CuCo2O4 grown on nickel foam were synthesized as an electrocatalyst for urea oxidation to generate hydrogen as a green fuel. The synthesized electrocatalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electroactivity of CuCo2O4 towards the oxidation of urea in alkaline solution was evaluated using electrochemical measurements. Nanosheets of CuCo2O4 grown on nickel foam required the potential of 1.36 V in 1 M KOH with 0.33 M urea to deliver a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The CuCo2O4 electrode was electrochemically stable for over 15 h of continuous measurements. The high catalytic activities for the hydrogen evolution reaction make the CuCo2O4 electrode a bifunctional catalyst and a promising electroactive material for hydrogen production. The two-electrode electrolyzer demanded a potential of 1.45 V, which was 260 mV less than that for the urea-free counterpart. Our study suggests that the CuCo2O4 electrode can be a promising material as an efficient UOR catalyst for fuel cells to generate hydrogen at a low cost.

scholarly journals Production of Acetyl Cellulose from Agricultural Waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2725-2728
Author(s):  
S.D. Yuwono ◽  
D.A. Iryani ◽  
C. Gusti ◽  
Suharto ◽  
Buhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

In Indonesia especially in Lampung Province, there are a lot of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as an organic material waste. OPEFB is relatively inexpensive lignocellulose material as raw material of cellulose acetate or acetyl cellulose. In a business to bigger added value out of these natural renewable materials, the production of the acetyl cellulose was performed well by the acetylation of cellulose from OPEFB using different methods. These were extensively characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the acetyl cellulose resulted showed similar properties to cotton acetyl cellulose. Degree of substitution of the resultant acetyl cellulose from different methods was improved from 1.86 to 2.60.

A Novel Synthesis of CaWO4:Eu3+ Flower Like Microcrystals in Ethanol/Water Mixed System and Characterization

2012 ◽  
Vol 531-532 ◽  
pp. 512-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Qing Chen ◽  
Joo Hyun Lee ◽  
Sung Wook Park ◽  
Byung Kee Moon ◽  
Byung Chun Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Photoluminescence Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xrd Patterns

In this paper, we report a successful synthesis of CaWO4:Eu3+ phosphor via an ethanol assisted hydrothermal process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) were used to investigate the growth of the products. The water and ethanol volume ratio is found to have extraordinary effect on the particle size and morphological appearance. Flower like ~ 1µm superstructures can be obtained with mixed solution of w/e of 50/50 at 120 °C hydrothermal sysnthesis for 12 h. High concentration of ethanol in aqueous solution was discovered to have a tendency in limiting the interaction between the small particles for crystallization. Temperature and time experiments were also performed to further investigate the growth mechanism of the ethanol assisted hydrothermal process. The photoluminescence properties of flower like CaWO4:Eu3+ has also been investigated.

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