scholarly journals HUMIC ACID CRACKING BY ACTIVATED CLAY CATALYSTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF ITS PRODUCTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Rina Twinasty ◽  
Taufiqur Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Pore Radius ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Liquid Smoke

Humic acid is a compound of colloidal,amorphous, and complex aromatic polymerwith functional groups of -COOH (carboxyl), -OH (phenol), and C = O (carbonyl). The presence of these functional groups provides a rationale for assuming that humic acids have a potential to produce phenolic, carboxylic and carbonylic compounds through cracking process. In this study the cracking was done by isolating humic acids from peat soil, and facilitated by a clay catalyst which had been activated. Humic acids were isolated by extracting the acids from the peat with NaOH and HCl. The characterization of humic acids included the determination of the ash content by gravimetric method and the analysis of the functional groups of humic acids by Infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The clay to be activated was shaped into two forms, pellets and 20-40 mesh granules. The clay was activated by immersing it in HCl and NH4NO3, and then calcined. The characterization of catalysts included the determination of acidity and the Si/Al ratio gravimetrically, as well as the analysis of the pore volume, maximum pore radius, surface area and average pore radius by Surface Area Analyzer NOVA-1000. Humic acid cracking was performed by a fixed-bed reactor system at a temperature of 400°C. The Liquid smoke, the product of cracking, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS to determine the number of compounds and major compounds contained in the liquid smoke. The results show that the isolated humic acid had ash content of 9.10%. Activated clay had acidity and Si/Al ratio higher than the clay before actifated. Based on the analyses of GC and GC-MS it can be found out that the major compounds contained in liquid smoke, the product of humic acid cracking with 20-40 mesh catalyst at a temperature of 400°C were phenolic compounds (74.56%), and no carboxylic and carbonylic compounds as the major compounds. The activated clay can be used as the catalyst for humic acid cracking.

scholarly journals INTERCALATION OF OLYGOMER OF HYDROXYL-CHROMIUM INTO NATURAL KAOLINITE

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Rodiansono Rodiansono ◽  
Reda Ariyantie ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Radius ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Basal Spacing ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
N2 Sorption

Preparation of a kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite and characterization of its physico-chemical properties were conducted. The olygomer hydroxyl-chromium was prepared by adding Na2CO3 to 0.1 M chromium nitrate solution (ratio OH/Cr = 2) and then dried at 110 oC and 400 oC for 4 h. Characterization of kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite includes determination of acidity, functional groups, basal spacing, and surface area (BET-N2 sorption analyzer). The result showed that intercalation of hydroxyl chromium resulted in the decreasing of basal spacing but increased the specific surface area of kaolin. Drying of the intercalated kaolin at 400 oC decreased surface area, total volume pore and pore radius. FT-IR spectra showed that hydroxyl-chromium detected at wavelength of 2925 and 2855 cm-1.   Keywords: natural kaolin, intercalation, olygomer hydroxyl-chromium, kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite

scholarly journals EKSTRAKSI DAN PENENTUAN GUGUS FUNGSI ASAM HUMAT DARI PUPUK KOTORAN SAPI

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Nurlina Nurlina ◽  
Intan Syahbanu ◽  
Mirna Tersiana Tamnasi ◽  
Chyntia Nabela ◽  
Maria Desi Furnata
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Total Acidity ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Absorption Method ◽  
Aromatic Components

Cow manure fertilizer was used as raw material for the extraction of humic acid in this research. The aim of this research were  extraction of humic acid from cow manure fertilizer, characterization of functional groups based on FTIR spectra, and determination of humic acid functional groups. Humic acid extraction from cow manure used 0.050 M; 0.100 M; 0.250 M dan 0.500 M KOH solution. A cow manure fertilizer were shaken with KOH solution for 1; 2; 4 and 6 h. The quantitative determination of oxygen-containing functional groups of humic acid was conducted by titrimetri. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of  –OH group and N-H stretching (bands 3361.46 cm-1); C-H aliphatic for CH2, CH3 (2946.52 cm-1 and 1442.24 cm-1); C=C aromatic components (1626.48 cm-1); COO- symmetric stretching (1521.71 cm-1); C-O stretching from –COOH (1229.74 cm-1). Total acidity value was 500 cmole.kg-1 (Baryta Absorption Method); carboxyl groups content was 250 cmole.kg-1 (Ca-Acetate Method); and phenol (OH) concentration was 250 cmole.kg-1. It can be concluded that humic acid successfully extracted from cow manure fertilizer using 0.250 KOH solution as extractant for 2 h, which has  yield of 4.486% humic acid.

scholarly journals Measuring specific surface area of snow by near-infrared photography

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (179) ◽  
pp. 558-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margret Matzl ◽  
Martin Schneebeli
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Snow Stratigraphy ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractThe specific surface area (SSA) is considered an essential microstructural parameter for the characterization of snow. Photography in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum is sensitive to the SSA. We calculated the snow reflectance from calibrated NIR images of snow-pit walls and measured the SSA of samples obtained at the same locations. This new method is used to map the snow stratigraphy. The correlation between reflectance and SSA was found to be 90%. Calibrated NIR photography allows quantitative determination of SSA and its spatial variation in a snow profile in two dimensions within an uncertainty of 15%. In an image covering 0.5–1.0 m2, even layers of 1mm thickness can be documented and measured. Spatial maps of SSA are an important tool in initializing and validating physical and chemical models of the snowpack.

STUDY PORE CHARACTERIZATION OF γ-ALUMINA – ACTIVATED CARBON COMPOSITE MADE OF CASSAVA PEELS (Manihot esculenta Cranz)

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Hartini Hartini ◽  
Yuniawan Hidayat ◽  
Mudjijono Mudjijono
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Industrial Standards ◽  
Cassava Peels ◽  
Made In

<p>A composite of γ-alumina and activated carbon made of cassava peels was studied in terms of its pore structures and its properties. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction and structure, as well as the character and pore size of γ-alumina – activated carbon composite.</p><p>Carbon made of cassava peels was activated by H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and its activities were tested according to the Indonesian Industrial Standards (SII). The addition of activated carbon into γ-alumina made in variations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % w/w, of the total weight of 10 grams. The composite of γ-alumina - activated carbon was characterized by FTIR, SAA (Surface Area Analyzer), XRD, and determination of Hysteresis Loop composites.</p>The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes intermolecular interactions between –O-H groups form rehydrated hydrogen bonds in the composite is greater. The structure of γ-alumina in the composites remain intact although the percentage of activated carbon in composite is large. The total pore volume and surface area using the BET method of the composite decreases with increasing activated carbon percentage. The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes size of mesoporous composites decreased with the characteristic of a composite formed is closer to the activated carbon.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS DAN SELEKTIVITAS KATALIS Ni/H5NZA TERHADAP HIDRORENGKAH METIL OLEAT MENJADI SENYAWA HIDROKARBON FRAKSI PENDEK

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Ratno Budiyanto ◽  
Donatus Setyawan ◽  
Novita Andarini
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Stream Velocity ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Wet Impregnation ◽  
Hydrocracking Process ◽  
Short Fraction

It has conducted on the activity and selectivity of Ni/H5NZA catalyst toward the hydrocracking of oleat methyl catalytic becomes short fraction hydrocarbon compounds with the variation of Ni concentration such as 1%, 2% and 3% (% w/w) for oleat methyl catalytic hydrocracking becomes short fraction hydrocarbon compounds (C5-C11 hydrocarbon). The catalyst is prepared by wet impregnation method, then followed by calcinations at 500oC, oxidation at 400oC and reduction at 500oC, each of them are followed by a stream of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen with ± 5mL/second in stream velocity. The characterization of catalyst includes the determination of Si/Al ratio, Ni metal that were impregnated by using AAS instrument, and the acid determination by using gravimetric method. The hydrocracking process is done in flow-fixed bed reactor at 500oC; the catalyst are heated at first and followed by the reactants which are heated in pyrolysis reactor up to it change into vapor, then they are moved into the hydrocracking reactor. The liquid from hydrocracking process is collected and analyzed by using Gas of Chromatography (GC) and Gas of Chromatography-Mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The characterization results showed in general that Si/Al ratio decreases after being impregnated by Ni metal. The amount of Ni metal almost reach a half of early Ni concentration which is impregnated. On the other hands, the acid amount of catalyst after being impregnated by Ni metal rise higher than those before being impregnated by Ni metal. The research showed that the activity and selectivity of Ni-2%/H5NZA catalyst is better in hydrocracking hydrocarbon compounds which are shorter. The activity of Ni-2%/H5NZA catalyst reaches 91.3041%. Meanwhile the selectivity is more selective in creating the hydrocarbon compounds with C5-C11 chain and more lead to the formation of alkane and alkene. Keywords: methyloleate, catalyst, Ni/H5NZ,hydrocracking

scholarly journals Identification of the Secondary Metabolites and Characterization of Lagerstroemia Loudonii T. & B.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fahrauk Faramayuda ◽  
Faizal Hermanto ◽  
Ari Sri Windyaswari ◽  
Soraya Riyanti ◽  
Viola Aditya Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening

Bungur  (Lagerstroemia loudonii T. B) is a type of plant widely grown in Indonesia and can be found in teak forests, mixed forests, and is found as ornamental plants or protective trees on the roadside. In the fruit section, Lagerstroemia loudonii is used as antituberculous and antimalarial. On the bark, the part is used as antidiarrheal. Based on some parts of the Lagerstroemia loudonii  plants' activity data, this plant has the potential to be developed into traditional medicine. Standardized traditional medicine material is necessary to identify efficacious compounds and characterization in some parts of Lagerstroemia loudonii. The purpose of this research is to develop Lagerstroemia loudonii into traditional herbal medicine or standardized herbal medicine. Identification of efficacious compounds and characterization of crude leaf drugs, bark, stems, and fruit of Lagerstroemia loudonii. The phytochemical screening phase of the crude drugs of leaves, bark, stems, and fruit ofLagerstroemia loudonii against includes examining alkaloids, flavonoids,  quinones, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, steroids and triterpenes, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The determination of the characteristics of raw material carried out includes nonspecific parameters. Nonspecific parameters are the determination of total ash content, water-soluble ash content, acid insoluble ash content. each experiment was carried out three times and calculated the average yield and deviation.  Identification results of the class of efficacious compounds in some parts of the Lagerstroemia loudonii  plant are on the leaves and fruits containing alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, tannins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids as well as steroids and triterpenoids. At the bark and stem, the bark contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, tannins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. Characterization results of Lagerstroemia loudonii  leaf extract total ash content 4.45 ± 0.30% w/w, water-soluble ash content 4.08 ± 0.27% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 0.59 ± 0.06% w/w, the extract specific gravity was 0.59 ± 0.063. Lagerstroemia loudonii  stem bark extract, total ash content 1.94 ± 0.12% w/w, water-soluble ash content 1.47 ± 0.03% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 0.24 ± 0.02% w/w, the extract specific gravity is 0.82 ± 0.01. Lagerstroemia loudonii  stem extract, total ash content3.18 ± 0.16% w/w, water-soluble ash content 2.36 ± 0.38% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 0.43 ± 0.07% w/w, extract specific grafity 0.81 ± 0.01. Lagerstroemia loudonii  fruit extract, total ash content 11.45 ± 1.16%w/w, water-soluble ash content 10.1 ± 1.49% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 1.46 ± 0.88% w/w,extract specific grafity 0.81 ± 0.01. Based on phytochemical screening data and the characterization of bungur plants potential to be developed into raw materials for traditional medicineKeywords: Lagerstroemia loudonii, secondary metabolite, raw material characterization

scholarly journals Determination of the Entire Stent Surface Area by a New Analytical Method

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5633
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Ricardo Bernhardt ◽  
Markus Kästner ◽  
Natalia Beshchasna ◽  
Gianaurelio Cuniberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Laser Material Processing ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Stent Surface

Stenting is a widely used treatment procedure for coronary artery disease around the world. Stents have a complex geometry, which makes the characterization of their corrosion difficult due to the absence of a mathematical model to calculate the entire stent surface area (ESSA). Therefore, corrosion experiments with stents are mostly based on qualitative analysis. Additionally, the quantitative analysis of corrosion is conducted with simpler samples made of stent material instead of stents, in most cases. At present, several methods are available to calculate the stent outer surface area (SOSA), whereas no model exists for the calculation of the ESSA. This paper presents a novel mathematical model for the calculation of the ESSA using the SOSA as one of the main parameters. The ESSA of seven magnesium alloy stents (MeKo Laser Material Processing GmbH, Sarstedt, Germany) were calculated using the developed model. The calculated SOSA and ESSA for all stents are 33.34%(±0.26%) and 111.86 mm (±0.85 mm), respectively. The model is validated by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), with a difference of 12.34% (±0.46%). The value of corrosion rates calculated using the ESSA computed with the developed model will be 12.34% (±0.46%) less than that of using ESSA obtained by micro-CT.

Characterization of a humic gel synthesized from an activated epoxy silica gel

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Barbot ◽  
K. Czerwinski ◽  
Gunnar Buckau ◽  
J. I. Kim ◽  
Valérie Moulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Column Experiments ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Silica Gel Particles ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Covalently Bound

SummaryPurified humic acid has been covalently bound on activated epoxy silica gel particles. Determination of physical properties and chemical properties was conducted in order to characterize the material at different stages of the preparation. FTIR spectra and the PEC of the surface bound humic acid is very similar to that of humic acid starting material. This shows that the humic acid was not deteriorated during the surface binding process. This humic gel can be used as an analogue for sediment associated humic acid, with the advantage that covalently bound humic acid does not desorb, and thus allows for simple species separation between non-complexed and humic bound metal ions in batch and column experiments.

Study on Surface Tension and Displacement Efficiency of Ionic Liquid Surfactants Containing Amine Functional Groups

2014 ◽  
Vol 484-485 ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Xiu Li Zhao ◽  
Chang Bao Zhang ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Guo Qiao Li ◽  
Da Liu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Oil Displacement ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer

Description is given to preparation of three ionic liquid surfactants containing amine functional groups, characterization of their functional groups using the infrared spectrometer, determination of their surface tension and the oil displacement test in this paper to investigate the effect of alkane branch chains with different carbon numbers on the surface tension and the displacement efficiency. The result shows that, the surfactants exhibit the structural characteristic of the ionic liquid as the characteristic absorption peaks occur on C-N and C-H of the imidazole rings at the wave numbers of 1338cm-1, 1234cm-1, 1465cm-1 and 3142cm-1, respectively. The surface tension isothermal curves and the oil displacement test proved that the ionic liquid imidazole surfactants with shorter-chain groups are more active on surface, with the minimal surface tension up to 32.5 mN/m, and led to higher displacement efficiency, increasing by 3.3% at the concentration of 1000mg/L compared with the water flooding.

Preparation of graphene oxide–fullerene/phosphotungstic acid films and their application as sensor for the determination of cis-jasmone

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 9220-9227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Gan ◽  
Chengguo Hu ◽  
Shengshui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Surface Functionalization ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Large Specific Surface Area

Recent progress in nanotechnology has promoted research in the surface functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets owing to their large specific surface area and abundant functional groups.

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