scholarly journals Revenue Generation Aspects That Influence Financial Sustainability of Public Water Utilities in Kenya: The Case of Homa Bay Water and Sewerage Company Limited

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Agwa Maryline Akinyi ◽  
Paul A. Odundo
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Revenue Generation ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Unaccounted For Water

Water sector reforms entrenched commercialization of water services and necessitated establishment of autonomous public utilities to cushion poor citizens from high market prices and guarantee access to water. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how well the utility prepared its revenue generation operations to achieve financial sustainability in the commercialized water market. A cross-sectional design, with mixed methods approach, was applied, and primary data sourced in mid-2017 from water officers, users and committee members. Quantitative analysis techniques included cross-tabulation with Chi square statistic, Relative Importance Index and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The results show that non-revenue water was the most important aspect of revenue generation influencing the utility’s financial sustainability (relative weight = 0.879); followed by efficiency of the billing system (relative weight = 0.866); efficiency of revenue collection (relative weight = 0.853); and unaccounted for water (relative weight = 0.790). A strong and significant concordance of views expressed by different respondents implied that the revenue generation pillar was not adequately set to enable the utility achieve financial sustainability in the commercialized water market (Kendall’s W= 0.893, χ2 = 71.222, df = 4 & ρ-value = 0.000). The study amplifies need for the utility to control non-revenue and unaccounted for water; forge active partnership with community administrative structures and groups for early detection and reporting of physical leakages, pilferage and defective metering equipment; among other measures.

scholarly journals Water Sector Reforms, Commercialization and Financial Sustainability of Public Water Utilities in Kenya: The Case of Homa Bay Water and Sewerage Company Limited

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Agwa Maryline Akinyi ◽  
Paul A. Odundo
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Company Limited

Reforms in the Kenyan water sector entrenched the aspect of commercialization, which subjected water services to market forces and necessitated establishment of autonomous public utilities, such as Homa Bay Water and Sewerage Company Limited, to improve cost recovery, efficiency and sustainability. This study focused on how commercialization, as an aspect of the reforms, influenced the utility’s financial sustainability. A cross-sectional design, with mixed methods approach, guided the study. Primary data were sourced in mid 2017, from water officers, water users and water committee members. Quantitative techniques included cross-tabulation with Chi square statistic, Relative Importance Index and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The results show that compliance of procurement activities to relevant legislations was the most important aspect influencing the utility’s financial sustainability (relative weight = 0.838); followed by effectiveness of internal audit in enforcing expenditure policies (relative weight = 0.825); and relevance of activities on which water revenues were spent (relative weight = 0.812). The analysis obtained a strong and significant concordance of respondents’ views regarding relationship between financial management practices and the utility’s financial sustainability (Kendall’s W= 0.862, x2= 64.491, df = 4 & p-value = 0.000). Consequently, ensuring that procurement activities are strictly guided by procurement laws is important for preventing irregularities and minimizing loss of financial resources; while strengthening capacity of the internal audit department and enhancing its independence, are crucial antecedents for the utility’s financial sustainability.

scholarly journals The higher reading interest of pregnant mother improves the utilization of MCH book

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
Apriliana Apriliana ◽  
Intan Mutiara Putri ◽  
Suyani Suyani ◽  
Istri Utami
Keyword(s):  
Health Centre ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Reading Interest ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

The utilization of MCH book could be defined to be an activity when a mother and her close relatives actively participate in reading, learning, comprehending the contents of MCH book, and implementing it in daily routine. This research aims to discover the correlation between the reading interest of pregnant mothers and the use of MCH book. This study has been approved by the research ethics committee of Yogyakarta ‘Aisyiyah University. This cross-sectional research was performed at the Community Health Centre of Mlati II Sleman Yogyakarta. Seventy-four pregnant mothers who owned MCH book were derived from incidental sampling technic. The retrieval of primary data used questioner method. The result of chi-square test states that pregnant mothers with higher reading interest will be utilizing the MCH book four times more effective compared to those with lower interest in reading (p-value: 0,005 and 95% CI: 1,488-10,902).

PERCENT OF BODY WEIGHT CARRIED BY SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THEIR BAGS IN A NIGERIAN SCHOOL

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olubusola Esther Johnson ◽  
Oluwatoyin Adenike Adeniji ◽  
Chidozie Emmanuel Mbada ◽  
Adebimpe Olayinka Obembe ◽  
Christopher Olusanjo Akosile
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nigerian School

Purpose: This study reports percent of bodyweight represented by school bags carried by students in Nigeria. Method: 381 secondary school students were randomly selected in this cross-sectional study. Informed consent and assents were obtained. Weights, heights and backpack weights (BPWT) were measured by blinded researchers. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Chi square and odds ratio, at 0.05 α-level. Results: The mean age, height weight and BMI of participants were 14.01±2.17 years, 1.56±0.11 m, 46.19±9.65 kg, 18.89±3.12 kg/m2, respectively. Average total weight of bags carried by participants was 4.48 kg, relative BPWT was 10.16%, and 65% carried bags on their back. There was no significant association between BPWT and back pain (X2 = 0.106. p = 0.744). The relative risks [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI)] of developing back pain among those that carry normal BPWT compared with those who carry above normal BPWT to school was (OR 0.805; CI 0.478–1.355), (OR 0.733; CI 0.295–1.817) and (OR 0.883; CI 0.454–1.718) for total, junior and senior secondary schools participants, respectively. Conclusion: Percent of body weights represented by the weights of bags carried by students in a Nigerian school fell between the recommended 10–15%. A 10% relative weight is recommended for secondary school students in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Yulaeka Yulaeka
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Chi Square Test

Anemia is a condition when the levels of hemoglobin and erythrocytes are lower than normal. The normal value of hemoglobin in women is 12 -16 g / dl with erythrocytes from 3.5 to 4.5 jt / mm3. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and Anemia of teenage girl. This research is analytic with cross sectional study design. The samples taken are 66 teenage girls, chosen by quote sampling. The data of this research used primary data obtained through checking up of body mass index and hemoglobin level. The data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis used Chi-square test. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between nutritional status and Anemia (p value 0.001).

scholarly journals The Relationship between Application of GERMAS (Community Movement) Hand Washing with Water and Soap Simultaneously with Diarrhea in Primary School Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Deno Harmanto ◽  
Nengke Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Community Movement

Diarrhea disease in Indonesia is still one of the endemic diseases and still often causes extraordinary events (outbreaks) in the community. This study aimed to study the relationship between the application of Germas (Community Movement) hands washing with running water and soap simultaneously with the occurrence of diarrhea in SDN 108 students in Seluma Regency. The type of research used was Analytical Survey using Cross Sectional design.. Samples  of  this study were 167 students in grades 4, 5, and 6 of  SDN 108 Seluma Regency. Sampling in this study used a Total Sampling technique. Data collection techniques in this study using primary data by interview using a questionnaire. The statistical test used is Chi-Square. The results showed that of 167 students, there were 113 students (67.7%) who did not experience diarrhea, 123 students (73.7%) had poor hands washing with and running water and soap, and there was a relationship between hands washing use soap and running water and soap with diarrhea. Keywords: diarrhea, germas,hands washing, soap

scholarly journals Hubungan antara perawatan payudara dengan pengeluaran colostrum pada kehamilan trimester III

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Lidia Widia
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Breast Care

The high number of pregnant women who do not breast care during pregnancy, after childbirth will then encountered problems that harm the mother and the baby. The aim of research to find out if there is a relationship between breast care expenditure colostrum in the third trimester of pregnancy. The research method using the analytic survey with cross sectional approach. The primary data obtained with tools questionnaire answered by all respondents amounted to 29 people. Sampling technique using total sampling, data analysis techniques using Chi-Square. The results of the analysis we found the majority of respondents do breast care, and the majority of respondents spending colostrum. P values obtained value 0,002 <0,05 so Ho rejected, so that there is a very close relationship between breast care expenditure colostrum in the third trimester of pregnancy. The conclusion of this study there is a very close relationship between breast care expenditure colostrum in the third trimester of pregnancy on Poskesdes Kampung Baru. Expected health workers provide counseling to pregnant women about breast care so that colostrum can get out.

scholarly journals Hubungan Karakteristik dan Kecerdasan Spiritual Perawat dengan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Layanan Spiritual Pasien Rawat Inap

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Nur Herawati ◽  
Emma Rachmawati ◽  
Mouhamad Bigwanto
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Intelligence ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Nurses in meeting spiritual service needs in patients are influenced by one of the factors namely spiritual intelligence. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between characteristics and nurse's spiritual intelligence by fulfilling the inpatient spiritual service needs in Banten Hospital in 2019. The study was conducted in Banten General Hospital in July-August 2019. This research was quantitative with a cross-sectional design by using a questionnaire as a primary data and using Chi-square test as the data analysis. The sample used all nurses in population with total sampling to 71 nurses. The results showed that respondents who fulfilled the needs of spiritual services were not as good as 37 respondents (52.1%). Bivariate results showed variables related to meeting spiritual service needs, namely the level of education (p value = 0.039), length of work (p value =0.042), and nurse spiritual intelligence (p value =0.022). Based on the results of this study it is suggested that there is a need for assistance or special mentors conducted by senior nurses to junior nurses (length of work ≤ 4 years). Because the results of this research prove that nurses who have a new length of work who have the opportunity to meet the needs of spiritual services are not good for patients. Keywords : Nurses, Spiritual Intelligence, Spiritual Service Needs.

scholarly journals Hubungan Status Sosial Ekonomi dengan Sindrom Metabolik Pada Pasien Rawat Jalan RSUD Labuang Baji Kota Makassar

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Septiyanti Septiyanti ◽  
Nurhaedar Jafar ◽  
Hendrayati Hendrayati
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

The increasing flow of globalization in all fields, technological and industrial developments have been many bring changes to people's behavior and lifestyle. Changes in food consumption patterns as well as reduced physical activity and environmental pollution also contribute to lifestyle changes. These changes have unconsciously influenced the epidemiological transition with the increasing cases of degenerative diseases. Along with these changes in human lifestyle, one of the problems that arise in the health sector is an increase in the incidence of metabolic syndrome. This study aims to determine the relationship of socioeconomic status with metabolic syndrome in outpatients at the Labuang Baji Makassar Hospital. This type of research is an analytic survey with a cross sectional approach. Sampling was done using accidental sampling technique with a sample size of 70 people. Data collection was carried out by collecting secondary data and primary data. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome patients were found to be highest at the age of 60-69 years. Most of the people with metabolic syndrome are women with retired jobs. The metabolic syndrome incidence increases with the high level of education.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Type and Frequency of Online Food Ordering With Obesity in Students of Medan Area University

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Laila Apriani Hasanah Harahap ◽  
Evawany Aritonang ◽  
Zulhaida Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Food Delivery ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Online food ordering is a food delivery service through applications that are obtained quickly and safely. This is related to obesity. This type of research uses a descriptive type of study, with a cross sectional study design. This research was conducted at Medan, Medan University with 83 samples taken using purposive sampling method. The data used are primary data obtained based on measurements of student weight and height, recall and food frequency are analyzed by chi- square test. The results of the study showed that there was a correlation between the frequency of online food ordering with obesity (p <0.001) and there was no correlation between the types of food and obesity (p = 0.099) in the students of Medan Area University. To deal with the problem of obesity, it is easy to get access to online food ordering.

scholarly journals Survey of Urinary Aflatoxin Levels Among Residents of Makueni County, Kenya: A Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Martin Buuri ◽  
Michael Gicheru ◽  
Joshua Mutiso ◽  
Festus Mulakoli
Keyword(s):  
Food Contamination ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Study Participants

Although fungi are known to be less pathogenic and mostly saprophytic in their nature as compared to other groups of microbes, those that produce aflatoxin have been associated with severe human disease. An example of such disease is Aflatoxicosis caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi of the species Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. They produce a mycotoxin substance that is carcinogenic to the human liver with severe outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine urinary aflatoxin levels among the residents of Makueni County, previously affected by Aflatoxicosis. This was a cross-sectional study that involved the use of primary data collected from 106 participants. The method for data collection included a structured questionnaire and the collection of the urine samples for aflatoxin M1 analysis at Bora Biotech Laboratories LTD. The urinary levels of AFM1 were detected by use of an ELISA kit. Data was entered in SPSS and analysed through Chi-Square for the association. The study participants, including both male and female, had an age of between 15 and 91 years and with an average age of 41±18. Out of the 106 study participants, n=68 (72%) were females and n=26 (28%) were males. Majority of the study participants were with a median age of 24 years old. AFM1 levels were detected in 99.1% % of all urine samples at a range of 25-2337 pg./ml. The mean and median concentration of AFM1 in urine was 637.6 ± 512.7and 525 pg./mL, respectively. The results of this study provide information on the current situation of aflatoxin exposure. From what is evident from our study a lot needs to be done to mitigate on the long-term effect of this high exposure.  Therefore, the study encourages the concerned ministry to have a broader focus on the extent of aflatoxin food contamination from this region plus other regions across the country.

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