scholarly journals Targeting MicroRNAs in Cancer Gene Therapy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidan Ji ◽  
Bin Sun ◽  
Changqing Su
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Cancer Gene Therapy ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cancer Gene ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Multiple Molecules

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a kind of conserved small non-coding RNAs that participate in regulating gene expression by targeting multiple molecules. Early studies have shown that the expression of miRNAs changes significantly in different tumor tissues and cancer cell lines. It is well acknowledged that such variation is involved in almost all biological processes, including cell proliferation, mobility, survival and differentiation. Increasing experimental data indicate that miRNA dysregulation is a biomarker of several pathological conditions including cancer, and that miRNA can exert a causal role, as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, in different steps of the tumorigenic process. Anticancer therapies based on miRNAs are currently being developed with a goal to improve outcomes of cancer treatment. In our present study, we review the function of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and development, and discuss the latest clinical applications and strategies of therapy targeting miRNAs in cancer.

scholarly journals The long Non-coding RNA Orchestrator of Cancer Axis of Evil Insights into the Multiple Modes of Action of the H19 Gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Imad Matouk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
H19 Gene ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna ◽  
Shed Light

Increasing evidence has indicated that the non-coding RNA molecules play central roles in almost all biological processes and many pathological conditions including carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the pathological tumorigenic role of the first discovered long non-coding RNA gene called H19 and its pivotal contribution to the cancer axis of evil. H19 RNA utilizes a variety of mechanisms to perform its pathological function. Some key unanswered questions are presented by the end. Understanding the H19 RNA mechanisms of action will shed light into the class of long non-coding RNA which contains thousands of members mostly with unknown function and will help in delineating the pathological role played by at least some of them.

scholarly journals Circular RNA Foxo3: A Promising Cancer-Associated Biomarker

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianli Yang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Feng Zhao ◽  
Liuhua Zhou ◽  
Ruipeng Jia
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Downstream Gene Expression

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of novel non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Emerging evidence demonstrates that circRNAs play crucial roles in many biological processes by regulating linear RNA transcription, downstream gene expression and protein or peptide translation. Meanwhile, recent studies have suggested that circRNAs have the potential to be oncogenic or anti-oncogenic and play vital regulatory roles in the initiation and progression of tumors. Circular RNA Forkhead box O3 (circ-Foxo3, hsa_circ_0006404) is encoded by the human FOXO3 gene and is one of the most studied circular RNAs acting as a sponge for potential microRNAs (miRNAs) (Du et al., 2016). Previous studies have reported that circ-Foxo3 is involved in the development and tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers (bladder, gastric, acute lymphocytic leukemia, glioma, etc.). In this review, we summarize the current studies concerning circ-Foxo3 deregulation and the correlative mechanism in various human cancers. We also point out the potential clinical applications of this circRNA as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

scholarly journals Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Qiu ◽  
Peiyao Li ◽  
Zuping Zhang ◽  
Minghua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Phospholipid Vesicles ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Biological Phenotype ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Almost All

Exosomes are natural nanoscale bilayer phospholipid vesicles that can be secreted by almost all types of cells and are detected in almost all types of body fluids. Exosomes are effective mediators of cell–cell signaling communication because of their ability to carry and transfer a variety of bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs have also been found to exert strong effects on a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Many researchers have established that exosomes encapsulate bioactive non-coding RNAs that alter the biological phenotype of specific target cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. However, the mechanism by which the producer cells package non-coding RNAs into exosomes is not well understood. This review focuses on the current research on exosomal non-coding RNAs, including the biogenesis of exosomes, the possible mechanism of sorting non-coding RNAs, their biological functions, and their potential for clinical application in the future.

scholarly journals Gene Therapy in Cancer Treatment: Why Go Nano?

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Roma-Rodrigues ◽  
Lorenzo Rivas-García ◽  
Pedro V. Baptista ◽  
Alexandra R. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Cancer Gene Therapy ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Cancer Gene ◽  
Nanoscale Structures ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Novel Approaches

The proposal of gene therapy to tackle cancer development has been instrumental for the development of novel approaches and strategies to fight this disease, but the efficacy of the proposed strategies has still fallen short of delivering the full potential of gene therapy in the clinic. Despite the plethora of gene modulation approaches, e.g., gene silencing, antisense therapy, RNA interference, gene and genome editing, finding a way to efficiently deliver these effectors to the desired cell and tissue has been a challenge. Nanomedicine has put forward several innovative platforms to overcome this obstacle. Most of these platforms rely on the application of nanoscale structures, with particular focus on nanoparticles. Herein, we review the current trends on the use of nanoparticles designed for cancer gene therapy, including inorganic, organic, or biological (e.g., exosomes) variants, in clinical development and their progress towards clinical applications.

scholarly journals N6-methyladenine modification in noncoding RNAs and its function in cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Yang ◽  
Xiang Hu ◽  
Jinting Liu ◽  
Ruiqing Wang ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Rna Modification ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tumor Gene Expression ◽  
Tumor Gene

Abstract Non-coding RNAs are the main component of the extensive transcription results of the mammalian genome. They are not transcribed into proteins but play critical roles in regulating multiple biological processes and affecting cancer progression. m6A modification is one of the most abundant internal RNA modification of mammalian cells, and it involves almost all aspects of RNA metabolism. Recent research revealed tight correlations between m6A modification and ncRNAs and indicated the interaction between m6A and ncRNAs act a pivotal part in the development of cancer. The correlation between m6A modification and ncRNAs provides a new perspective for exploring the potential regulatory mechanism of tumor gene expression, and suggest that m6A modification and ncRNAs may be important prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for multiple cancers. In this review, we summarize the potential regulatory mechanisms between m6A methylation and ncRNAs, highlighting how their relationship affects biological functions in cancer.

scholarly journals Exosomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanasis Mitsis ◽  
Katerina Pierouli ◽  
Kalliopi Io Diakou ◽  
Eleni Papakonstantinou ◽  
Flora Bacopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Concise Information ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Extracellular vesicles have been the focus of a large number of studies in the past five years. Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, are of particularly high interest because they partake in a wide number of biological pathways.  Produced by a variety of cells, exosomes have an important role in both physiological and pathological conditions.  Exosome cargo heavily defines the vesicles' unique characteristics, and cargo with the most intriguing prospects in its' biomedical applications is the non-coding RNAs.  Non-coding RNAs, and specifically microRNAs are implicated in the regulation of many biological processes and have been associated with numerous diseases. Exosomes containing such important cargo can be used as biomarkers, therapeutic biomaterials, or even drug carriers. The potential media use of exosomes seems promising. However, some obstacles should be overcome before their clinical application.  Synthetic exosome-like biomolecules may be a solution, but their production is still in their beginning stages. This review provides concise information regarding the current trends in exosome studies.

scholarly journals Exosomes: Versatile Nano Mediators of Immune Regulation

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li ◽  
Wang ◽  
Peng ◽  
Huyan ◽  
Cacalano
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Novel Drug

One of many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are nanovesicle structures that are released by almost all living cells that can perform a wide range of critical biological functions. Exosomes play important roles in both normal and pathological conditions by regulating cell-cell communication in cancer, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, osteogenesis, and inflammation. Exosomes are stable in vivo and they can regulate biological processes by transferring lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and even entire signaling pathways through the circulation to cells at distal sites. Recent advances in the identification, production, and purification of exosomes have created opportunities to exploit these structures as novel drug delivery systems, modulators of cell signaling, mediators of antigen presentation, as well as biological targeting agents and diagnostic tools in cancer therapy. This review will examine the functions of immunocyte-derived exosomes and their roles in the immune response under physiological and pathological conditions. The use of immunocyte exosomes in immunotherapy and vaccine development is discussed.

scholarly journals Facts about Fats: New Insights into the Role of Lipids in Metabolism, Disease and Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6651
Author(s):  
Marco Segatto ◽  
Valentina Pallottini
Keyword(s):  
Biological Processes ◽  
Passive System ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Almost All

Although initially regarded as a passive system to store energy, lipids are now considered to play crucial, structural and functional roles in almost all the biological processes involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological conditions [...]

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