scholarly journals Biological Contamination: A Serious Constraint in Large Scale Microalgae Biomass Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidhu Bhusan Makut ◽  
Saubhagya Manjari Samantaray
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Biological Contamination ◽  
Microalgae Culture ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Industrial Level

Microalgae biomass is a budding raw material for the origination of food, fuel, and other value-added products. However, bulk production of microalgal biomass at commercial level is a herculean task for the current microalgal mass production technologies due to the undesirable contaminations by biological pollutants. These contaminants hamstring the production of microalgae biomass by debilitating the growth of cultures, crumble the quality of biomass and sometimes may crash the whole culture. The best utilization of the microalgae biomass at industrial level could be attained by avoiding various possible biological contaminations in mass cultivation system, understanding the contamination mechanisms, and the complex interactions of algae with other microorganisms. This review explores the various types of biological pollutants, their possible mode of infection along with mechanisms, different controlling methods to maintain desired microalgae culture.

scholarly journals Design and Construction of Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Waste Coconut Shell for the Isolation of Pyroligneous Acid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Widi Astuti ◽  
Wara Dyah Pita Rengga ◽  
Dimas Rahadian Aji Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Pyroligneous Acid

As a country with a large amount of natural resources, Indonesia should be able to convert this material into more value added product. However, most of the natural resources were sold as a raw material. Process system engineering research center is one of the solution to overcome this problem by developing an integrated and systematic technology. Through this research center, output of the research can be scaled up for large scale production and also can be commercialized to increase the community welfare. One of natural resources which has not been optimally utilized is waste coconut shell (WCS). Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world with areal production of 3.88 ha and 3.2 million ton of coconut products. Several problems arefacedbycoconutagroindustry,i.e.thelackofcoconutbasedproductdiversification and also the large number of WCS. WCS is one of organic waste, however it is quite hard to be decomposed by the microorganism due to its hard texture. This problem may gave high potential in the environmental pollution. In this research, WCS is going to be used as a raw material for pyroligneous acid through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is a method that is usually used to convert a biomass waste sources into a valuable product through thermal decomposition process without the presence of oxygen. This process will produce solid (char), liquid (bio-oil, tar and pyroligneous acid) and gas. Pyroligneous acid is commonly obtained as a side product from the production of active carbon and to date it has not been utilized economically. In the other hand, pyroligneous acid can be used as an anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-biofilm and also as an anti inflammatory. This properties are available due to the presence of organic matter and phenolic compound in the pyroligneous acid. This characteristics showedthatpyroligneousacidishighlypotentialasrawmaterialindrugsandpharmacy industries. Pyrolysis process requires high temperature which has range between 500 – 600 ∘C. In this paper, it will be discussed a pyrolysis equipment design and productionofpyroligneousacidfromWCSbyusingmicrowave-assistedpyrolysis(MAP).

scholarly journals Microalgal Biomass Generation via Electroflotation: A Cost-Effective Dewatering Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 9053
Author(s):  
Jaison Jeevanandam ◽  
Mohd Razif Harun ◽  
Sie Yon Lau ◽  
Divine D. Sewu ◽  
Michael K. Danquah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Microalgae Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Agricultural Industries ◽  
Cell Densities

Microalgae are an excellent source of bioactive compounds for the production of a wide range of vital consumer products in the biofuel, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries, in addition to huge upstream benefits relating to carbon dioxide biosequestration and wastewater treatment. However, energy-efficient, cost-effective, and scalable microalgal technologies for commercial-scale applications are limited, and this has significantly impacted the full-scale implementation of microalgal biosystems for bioproduct development, phycoremediation, and biorefinery applications. Microalgae culture dewatering continues to be a major challenge to large-scale biomass generation, and this is primarily due to the low cell densities of microalgal cultures and the small hydrodynamic size of microalgal cells. With such biophysical characteristics, energy-intensive solid–liquid separation processes such as centrifugation and filtration are generally used for continuous generation of biomass in large-scale settings, making dewatering a major contributor to the microalgae bioprocess economics. This article analyzes the potential of electroflotation as a cost-effective dewatering process that can be integrated into microalgae bioprocesses for continuous biomass production. Electroflotation hinges on the generation of fine bubbles at the surface of an electrode system to entrain microalgal particulates to the surface. A modification of electroflotation, which combines electrocoagulation to catalyze the coalescence of microalgae cells before gaseous entrainment, is also discussed. A technoeconomic appraisal of the prospects of electroflotation compared with other dewatering technologies is presented.

scholarly journals Biodiesel: An Overview II

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Rezende ◽  
Ana Lúcia de Lima ◽  
Bárbara Silva ◽  
Claudio Mota ◽  
Ednildo Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Production Technologies

The crescent number of scientific articles published per year shows that research on biodiesel continues to play an important role to support the growing demand for this biofuel. The second edition of Biodiesel: An Overview presents the worldwide research in the last 15 years. Microalgae biomass is the most studied raw material alternative in this period and several studies have been carried out to develop basic heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Concerning to production technologies, supercritical conditions and intensification process have been extensively investigated. The development of new antioxidants additives has focused mainly on biomass-derived formulations and there are few studies on biocide candidates. In terms of pollutant emissions, in general, the studies showed that the addition of biodiesel generates lower concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), CO and n-alkanes pollutants, but carbonyl compounds, major ions and NOx are emitted in a higher concentration compared to pure diesel.

scholarly journals Integration of Algal Biofuels With Bioremediation Coupled Industrial Commodities Towards Cost-Effectiveness

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Kaur Nagi ◽  
Amritpreet Kaur Minhas ◽  
Suchitra Gaur ◽  
Priyanshu Jain ◽  
Shovon Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Algal Biofuel ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
By Products

Microalgae offer a great potential to contribute significantly as renewable fuels and documented as a promising platform for algae-based bio refineries. They provide solutions to mitigate the environmental concerns posed by conventional fuel sources; however, the production of microalgal biofuels in large scale production system encounters few technical challenges. High quantity of nutrients requirements and water cost constrain the scaling up microalgal biomass to large scale commercial production. Crop protection against biomass losses due to grazers or pathogens is another stumbling block in microalgal field cultivation. With our existing technologies, unless coupled with high-value or mid-value products, algal biofuel cannot reach the economic target. Many microalgal industries that started targeting biofuel in the last decade had now adopted parallel business plans focusing on algae by-products application as cosmetic supplements, nutraceuticals, oils, natural color, and animal feed. This review provides the current status and proposes a framework for key supply demand, challenges for cost-effective and sustainable use of water and nutrient. Emphasis is placed on the future industrial market status of value added by products of microalgal biomass. The cost factor for biorefinery process development needs to be addressed before its potential to be exploited for various value-added products with algal biofuel.

scholarly journals Microalgae Cultivation Technologies as an Opportunity for Bioenergetic System Development—Advantages and Limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9980
Author(s):  
Marcin Dębowski ◽  
Marcin Zieliński ◽  
Joanna Kazimierowicz ◽  
Natalia Kujawska ◽  
Szymon Talbierz
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
System Development ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Production Technologies

Microalgal biomass is currently considered as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for biofuel production (biohydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel) characterized by lower emissions of hazardous air pollutants than fossil fuels. Photobioreactors for microalgae growth can be exploited using many industrial and domestic wastes. It allows locating the commercial microalgal systems in areas that cannot be employed for agricultural purposes, i.e., near heating or wastewater treatment plants and other industrial facilities producing carbon dioxide and organic and nutrient compounds. Despite their high potential, the large-scale algal biomass production technologies are not popular because the systems for biomass production, separation, drainage, and conversion into energy carriers are difficult to explicitly assess and balance, considering the ecological and economical concerns. Most of the studies presented in the literature have been carried out on a small, laboratory scale. This significantly limits the possibility of obtaining reliable data for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of such solutions. Therefore, there is a need to verify the results in pilot-scale and the full technical-scale studies. This study summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of microalgal biomass production technologies for bioenergetic applications.

scholarly journals Harvesting of Microalgae by Flocculation

Fermentation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Branyikova ◽  
Gita Prochazkova ◽  
Tomas Potocar ◽  
Zuzana Jezkova ◽  
Tomas Branyik
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Surface Charges ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Negative Surface ◽  
Production Technologies

Due to increasing demands for microalgal biomass and products originating from microalgae, large-scale production systems are necessary. However, current microalgal production technologies are not cost-effective and are hindered by various bottlenecks, one of which is the harvesting of microalgal biomass. Cell separation is difficult because of the low sedimentation velocity of microalgae, their colloidal character with repelling negative surface charges, and low biomass concentrations in culture broths; therefore, large volumes need to be processed in order to concentrate the cells. Flocculation is considered to be one of the most suitable methods for harvesting microalgal biomass. This article provides an overview of flocculation methods suitable for microalgal harvesting, their mechanisms, advantages and drawbacks. Special attention is paid to the role of surface charge in the mechanism of flocculation. The novelty of the review lies in the interconnection between the context of technological applications and physico-chemical surface phenomena.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Larangan Ekspor Bahan Baku terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Rotan Indonesia

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Ashintya Damayati ◽  
Nachrowi Djalal Nachrowi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Firm Survival ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Good Industry ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Export Restriction

AbstractThis research analyzes the impacts of raw material export restriction on firm performance: value-added, labor, and productivity growth, as well as firm survival ability in the rattan-based final good industry in the 1995-2004 period, which are distinguished based on firm size. This study uses probit method for the survival model, and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) for the growth model. Data obtained from Medium and Large Scale Industries Statistics (ISIC 33131 and 33212). The result shows that export restriction can improve survival ability of the medium and large-sized firm, and have a positive impact on value-added and labor growth of the medium-sized firm.Keywords: Export Restriction on Rattan Raw Material, Firm Growth, Firm Survival, Rattan-Based Final Goods Industry AbstrakStudi ini membahas pengaruh dari kebijakan larangan ekspor bahan baku terhadap kinerja perusahaan: pertumbuhan nilai tambah, tenaga kerja, dan produktivitas, serta kemampuan bertahan perusahaan barang jadi rotan di dalam industri pada periode 1995-2004, yang dibedakan berdasarkan ukuran perusahaan. Studi ini menggunakan metode probit untuk model kemampuan bertahan perusahaan dan Ordinary Least Square (OLS) untuk model pertumbuhan. Data diperoleh dari Statistik Industri Besar dan Sedang (ISIC 33131 dan 33212). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan larangan ekspor bahan baku rotanmampu meningkatkan kemampuan bertahan perusahaan sedang maupun perusahaan besar, serta juga akan berdampak positif terhadap pertumbuhan tenaga kerja dan nilai tambah perusahaan sedang.Kata kunci: Industri Barang Jadi Rotan, Kemampuan Bertahan Perusahaan, Larangan Ekspor Bahan Baku Rotan, Pertumbuhan Perusahaan

scholarly journals A Simple Optimisation Model for Cotton Processing Activities in Pakistan

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-48
Author(s):  
Seemin Anwar Khan ◽  
S.M. Naseem
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Industrial Activity ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Optimisation Model

The importance of cotton and its products for the economy of Pakistan is obvious enough. Cotton is the main cash crop of Pakistan. In fact, it is one-fourth of the value of the major crops of Pakistan and provides income to about 5 million people. It is a raw material for the textile industry which is die single largest industrial activity accounting for 48 % of the value-added of the large-scale manufacturing and 27% of its employment. The value of the installed textile machinery complex is around 15% of the total industrial investment in the country. Exports of cotton and its products constitute about a half of the total export proceeds of Pakistan. The final products of cotton, cloth and garments also play an important part in planning for a better standard of living in Pakistan. After food and shelter,1 this is the most essential item of consumption and hence adequate domestic availability of cloth assumes an important role in public policy. Cotton and its products have also been a major

scholarly journals β-Galactosidases from a Sequence-Based Metagenome: Cloning, Expression, Purification and Characterization

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
María Florencia Eberhardt ◽  
José Matías Irazoqui ◽  
Ariel Fernando Amadio
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Catalytic Domains ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Cazy Database ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Value Added Products

Stabilization ponds are a common treatment technology for wastewater generated by dairy industries. Large proportions of cheese whey are thrown into these ponds, creating an environmental problem because of the large volume produced and the high biological and chemical oxygen demands. Due to its composition, mainly lactose and proteins, it can be considered as a raw material for value-added products, through physicochemical or enzymatic treatments. β-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) are lactose modifying enzymes that can transform lactose in free monomers, glucose and galactose, or galactooligosacharides. Here, the identification of novel genes encoding β-galactosidases, identified via whole-genome shotgun sequencing of the metagenome of dairy industries stabilization ponds is reported. The genes were selected based on the conservation of catalytic domains, comparing against the CAZy database, and focusing on families with β-galactosidases activity (GH1, GH2 and GH42). A total of 394 candidate genes were found, all belonging to bacterial species. From these candidates, 12 were selected to be cloned and expressed. A total of six enzymes were expressed, and five cleaved efficiently ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside and lactose. The activity levels of one of these novel β-galactosidase was higher than other enzymes reported from functional metagenomics screening and higher than the only enzyme reported from sequence-based metagenomics. A group of novel mesophilic β-galactosidases from diary stabilization ponds’ metagenomes was successfully identified, cloned and expressed. These novel enzymes provide alternatives for the production of value-added products from dairy industries’ by-products.

scholarly journals Multi-Country Scale Assessment of Available Energy Recovery Potential Using Micro-Hydropower in Drinking, Pressurised Irrigation and Wastewater Networks, Covering Part of the EU

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Djordje Mitrovic ◽  
Miguel Crespo Chacón ◽  
Aida Mérida García ◽  
Jorge García Morillo ◽  
Juan Antonio Rodríguez Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Scale Assessment

Studies have shown micro-hydropower (MHP) opportunities for energy recovery and CO2 reductions in the water sector. This paper conducts a large-scale assessment of this potential using a dataset amassed across six EU countries (Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Spain, and Portugal) for the drinking water, irrigation, and wastewater sectors. Extrapolating the collected data, the total annual MHP potential was estimated between 482.3 and 821.6 GWh, depending on the assumptions, divided among Ireland (15.5–32.2 GWh), Scotland (17.8–139.7 GWh), Northern Ireland (5.9–8.2 GWh), Wales (10.2–8.1 GWh), Spain (375.3–539.9 GWh), and Portugal (57.6–93.5 GWh) and distributed across the drinking water (43–67%), irrigation (51–30%), and wastewater (6–3%) sectors. The findings demonstrated reductions in energy consumption in water networks between 1.7 and 13.0%. Forty-five percent of the energy estimated from the analysed sites was associated with just 3% of their number, having a power output capacity >15 kW. This demonstrated that a significant proportion of energy could be exploited at a small number of sites, with a valuable contribution to net energy efficiency gains and CO2 emission reductions. This also demonstrates cost-effective, value-added, multi-country benefits to policy makers, establishing the case to incentivise MHP in water networks to help achieve the desired CO2 emissions reductions targets.

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