scholarly journals Healthy Cattle Microbiome and Dysbiosis in Diseased Phenotypes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Khalil ◽  
Aamina Batool ◽  
Sania Arif
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Uterine Diseases ◽  
Cattle Health

: Cattle farming is an ancient practice, with roots in the early Neolithic era that has retained its status in the food industry today, with global beef market revenue amounting to $385.7B, as of 2018. Hence, cattle maintenance is naturally essential to cater to nutritional requirements of modern civilization. This extensive review aims to provide a holistic overview of cattle microbiome, analysing the native microbial composition within respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, and skin. The dysbiosis associated with various diseases such as bovine respiratory disease, bovine digital dermatitis, mastitis, Johne's disease, uterine diseases (metritis and endometritis) and metabolic disorders (ruminal acidosis and ketosis) has been discussed. Moreover, various non-antibiotic microbial therapies including phage therapy, prebiotics and probiotics have been examined as potential means to reduce disease-associated dysbiosis. In general, this review highlights the importance of the microbiome in maintenance of health in cattle and its potential in alleviating bovine diseases, with an aim to enhance cattle health and production.

scholarly journals Reproductive Tract Infections in Dairy Cows: Can Probiotics Curb Down the Incidence Rate?

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-64
Author(s):  
Eduardo Barahona Rosales ◽  
Burim N. Ametaj
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Uterine Health ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Uterine Diseases

Postpartum uterine diseases are common in dairy cows and are a great concern for the dairy industry as they are associated with various consequences, including lower fertility, lower milk yield, and an overall negative impact on the host health. An infected uterus is a source of bacterial compounds and cytokines that spill into the systemic circulation, spreading inflammation to other organs. In this review article, we discuss a short overview of the anatomy of the reproductive tract of dairy cows and several infectious diseases of the uterus including metritis, endometritis, and pyometra. Additionally, we discuss the microbiome of the reproductive tract in health and during uterine diseases. As well, diagnostic criteria for metritis and endometritis and contributing factors for increased susceptibility to metritis infection are important topics of this review. To better understand how the uterus and reproductive tract respond to bacterial pathogens, a section of this review is dedicated to immunity of the reproductive tract. Both the innate and adaptive immunity systems are also discussed. We conclude the review with a factual discussion about the current treatments of uterine diseases and the new developments in the area of application of probiotics for uterine health. Mechanisms of actions of probiotics are discussed in detail and also some applications to prevent uterine infections in dairy cows are discussed.

scholarly journals Potential diagnostic methods and nutritional changes to combat bovine respiratory disease in receiving cattle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Cooper Daniel Martin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Cattle Health

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) accounts for up to 70 percent of health disruptions and $500 million in associated medical costs and production losses, thus receiving considerable attention from cattle health personnel in production and research alike. Experiments were conducted in 2 studies to investigate aspects of nutrition and animal health in receiving cattle. Blood chemistry and immune components of sick and healthy cattle, along with feed intake, growth, and feed efficiency were evaluated for methods potentially useful in BRD diagnosis or offsetting performance losses. Intake, blood chemistry analysis, and immune proteins known as acute phase proteins provided patterns with possible complementarity for more accurate objective BRD diagnosis. Feed efficiency was improved by supplementing amino acids to exceed nutrient requirements. Utilizing these findings could provide incremental improvements in the current stalemate against BRD, improving both beef industry profitability and animal welfare.

scholarly journals Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the gut microbiome: Are bacteria responsible for fatty liver?

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (6) ◽  
pp. 408-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien S Dong ◽  
Jonathan P Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Over the last several years, a growing body of literature has linked the gut microbiome to human health and diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This paper will review the current literature investigating the influence of diets associated with metabolic disorders on the microbiome and how those changes promote susceptibility to metabolic disorders. It will then focus in-depth on the role of the gut microbiome in NAFLD. The review will highlight associations of microbial composition and function with progression of NAFLD in patients and discuss potential mechanisms that link the gut microbiome to NAFLD. Finally, it will address limitations of existing studies along with future directions for microbiome research in NAFLD, including potential microbe-related treatments. Impact statement This invited minireview for the upcoming thematic issue on the microbiome addresses the role of the microbiome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The incidence of NAFLD has increased greatly in recent years in parallel with the rise in obesity and is now believed to have a population prevalence of 20–40%. It is anticipated to soon become the primary cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, and unfortunately, there are few treatment options. Therefore, there is a critical need for improved understanding of NAFLD pathophysiology to provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we have reviewed evidence from human and animal model studies that have associated microbiome composition and microbial metabolites with development and progression of NAFLD. We have also discussed proposed mechanisms by which the microbiome could contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis and addressed future directions for this field.

Uterine microbiome—low biomass and high expectations†

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 1102-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iolanda Garcia-Grau ◽  
Carlos Simon ◽  
Inmaculada Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Downstream Analysis ◽  
Uterine Diseases ◽  
Human Fetal Development ◽  
Infertile Patients

AbstractThe existence of different bacterial communities throughout the female reproductive tract has challenged the traditional view of human fetal development as a sterile event. There is still no consensus on what physiological microbiota exists in the upper reproductive tract of the vast majority of women who are not in periods of infection or pregnancy, and the role of bacteria that colonize the upper reproductive tract in uterine diseases or pregnancy outcomes is not well established. Despite published studies and advances in uterine microbiome sequencing, some study aspects—such as study design, sampling method, DNA extraction, sequencing methods, downstream analysis, and assignment of taxa—have not yet been improved and standardized. It is time to further investigate the uterine microbiome to increase our understanding of the female reproductive tract and to develop more personalized reproductive therapies, highlighting the potential importance of using microbiological assessment in infertile patients.

scholarly journals The Complex Diseases of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Canines: Where to Next?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Lynch ◽  
Karla J. Helbig
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Anatomic Locations ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Insight Into

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a pathogenic bacterium of concern within the veterinary sector and is involved in numerous infections in canines, including topical infections such as canine pyoderma and otitis externa, as well as systemic infections within the urinary, respiratory and reproductive tract. The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) within such infections is a growing concern. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the involvement of S. pseudintermedius in canine disease pathology to gain better insight into novel treatment avenues. Here, we review the literature focused on S. pseudintermedius infection in multiple anatomic locations in dogs and the role of MRSP in treatment outcomes at these niches. Multiple novel treatment avenues for MRSP have been pioneered in recent years and these are discussed with a specific focus on vaccines and phage therapy as potential therapeutic options. Whilst both undertakings are in their infancy, phage therapy is versatile and has shown high success in both animal and human medical use. It is clear that further research is required to combat the growing problems associated with MRSP in canines.

scholarly journals Cervicovaginal microbiota and women’s health outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Ciara J Bryant ◽  
Catherine Burke ◽  
Wilhelmina M Huston
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria

The human cervicovaginal microbiome has an important role in the health and homoeostasis of the female reproductive tract. A eubiotic microbiome is typically dominated with lactic acid producing bacteria and is categorised into five community state types. Issues arise when the microbiome becomes dysbiotic, with the microbial composition shifting to contain a greater relative abundance of strict and facultative anaerobes. This shift will lead to several adverse changes in the vaginal environment including compromised epithelial cells, cell death, inflammation, and greater susceptibility to infection. These changes are associated with various adverse outcomes including infections, preterm birth, and infertility. In this review, we discuss how the cervicovaginal microbiome influences these outcomes and possible future directions of treatment and research.

scholarly journals Molecular and Pathophysiological Links between Metabolic Disorders and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9139
Author(s):  
Chang-Kee Hyun
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Despite considerable epidemiological evidence indicating comorbidity between metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as common pathophysiological features shared by these two categories of diseases, the relationship between their pathogenesis at molecular levels are not well described. Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a characteristic pathological feature of IBD, which also plays causal roles in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders. Increased intestinal permeability is associated with a pro-inflammatory response of the intestinal immune system, possibly leading to the development of both diseases. In addition, dysregulated interactions between the gut microbiota and the host immunity have been found to contribute to immune-mediated disorders including the two diseases. In connection with disrupted gut microbial composition, alterations in gut microbiota-derived metabolites have also been shown to be closely related to the pathogeneses of both diseases. Focusing on these prominent pathophysiological features observed in both metabolic disorders and IBD, this review highlights and summarizes the molecular risk factors that may link between the pathogeneses of the two diseases, which is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying their comorbidity.

PSXII-7 Milk somatic cells monitoring in Russian Holstein cattle population as a base for determining genetic and genomic variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 252-252
Author(s):  
Irina Lashneva ◽  
Alexander A Sermyagin ◽  
Larisa P Ignatieva ◽  
Elena Gladyr ◽  
Alexander Ermilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Causal Genes ◽  
Cattle Health

Abstract Health traits in dairy cattle have crucial meaning to produce high quality milk. Despite of fertility problems and metabolic disorders in cows, the mastitis has a bigger economic losses influence to include it as selection criteria in cattle breeding. Somatic cell count (SCC) in that case are the good predictor for monitoring udder health cows under whole population level or separate herd. The aim of our study was to assess genetic and genomic components for SCC and their scores (SCS) using experimental dataset by seven herds with the subsequent QTL identification. For six-month observation the 5824 cows with 19786 test-day records were included into analysis. Then EBVs by offspring assessing of 139 genotyped Holstein sires were calculated trough TD Model (BLUPF90) and then it adopted as pseudo-phenotypes for GWAS. After quality control using Plink 1.90, we used ≈39K SNP (Illumina 50K). The average values for SCC and SCS were 351±7 thousands cells/ml and 2.86±0.02 score respectively. Heritability coefficients revealed low genetic variation for SCC – 0.119 and moderate for SCS – 0.211. Daily yield for cows with SCC >1000×103 cells/ml was low by -4.0 kg milk to compare individuals with SCC < 100×103 cells/ml. At the same time lactose content and freezing point were decreasing by 4.93 to 4.69% and -0.635 to -0.618°C. By Cattle QTLdb we identified some causal genes for SCC on BTA3 (ROR1), BTA9 (EZR), BTA13 (OSBPL2,DNAJC5,ZBTB46,MTG2), BTA14 (KHDRBS3) and BTA22 (RBMS3). But more relevant GWAS calls were found for SCS by BTA14 (KCNB2, ZFAT) as QTL associated to the milking speed that has unfavorable genetic correlation with clinical mastitis or SCS. Thereby, genes detected under experimental study, are the valuable and informative markers to implementation genomic selection methods for cattle health in creating Russian bulls’ reference population. The study was funded by RFBR within project No. 20-316-90050

scholarly journals The Effects of Gelatinized Wheat Starch and High Salt Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorder

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moon Ho Do ◽  
Hye-Bin Lee ◽  
Eunjung Lee ◽  
Ho-Young Park
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Gelatinized Starch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Starch Diet

Diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt-induced metabolic disorders and changes in gut microbiota have scarcely been studied. In this study, mice on wheat starch diets (WD) exhibited significantly higher body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT), and gut permeability compared to those on normal diet (ND). However, gelatinized wheat starch diet (GWD) and NaCl-supplemented gelatinized wheat starch diet (SGW) mice did not increase body and WAT weights or dyslipidemia, and maintained consistent colon pH at ND levels. WD mice showed higher levels of Desulfovibrio, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus and lower levels of Muribaculum compared to ND mice. However, GWD and SGW mice showed a significantly different gut microbial composition, such as a lower proportion of Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio, and higher proportion of Faecalibaculum and Muribaculum compared to WD mice. High starch diet-induced dysbiosis caused increase of lipid accumulation and inflammation-related proteins’ expression, thereby leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, GWD and SGW showed lower levels than that, and it might be due to the difference in the gut microbial composition compared to WD. Taken together, diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt induced mild metabolic disorders compared to native starch.

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