scholarly journals Monitoring of Fuel Height Gauge at IoT-Based Gas Stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuril Alawi ◽  
Indah Sulistiyowati
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Boundary Surface ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Height Gauge ◽  
Ultrasound Sensor ◽  
Gas Station ◽  
Cylindrical Reservoir

The increasing number of motor vehicles has been increasing the fuel demands, especially the demands for ‘pertalite’ (product of fuel) and ‘pertamax’ (product of fuel) fuels. These fuels are usually placed in a cylindrical reservoir at an SPBU (gas station) that is located below the ground surface. To find out the remaining volume of BBM (fuel), gas station attendants usually check it manually by dipping the meter stick to the bottom of the reservoir. Then, the boundary surface of the fuel is used as a reference in reading the meter value. Because it was considered to be an ineffective measurement, an Android-based electronic media was created to make it easier. This tool uses the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to detect the fuel height level in the reservoir. To show the results, the Blynk application is applied for the user interface. To support the IoT (internet of things) system, NodeMCU is used that is included with the WIFI module so that it can be connected to the internet. Based on the tests that have been done, the HC-SR04 ultrasound sensor has good accuracy and can monitor the height levels of fuel in real-time.

scholarly journals Documenting the Purchase of Fuels and Lubricants by the Enterprise

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Olena Koba ◽  
Lyudmyla Svystun
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Stationary Points ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Payment Cards ◽  
Document Flow ◽  
Gas Station ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Form Information

The order of documentation of operations on receipt of fuels and lubricants to the enterprise as a result of their acquisition through stationary points on production sites and through third-party gas stations with various forms of calculations is defined. It is found that companies receive fuel and lubricants on the basis of agreements concluded with gas stations, which indicate the brand, type of fuel, its price, the moment of transfer of ownership, method of receipt, place of receipt of fuel. It is established that the implementation and reflection in the accounting of the purchase of fuels and lubricants is influenced by the method of refueling – through gas stations or stationary points at the production sites of the enterprise. Documenting the refueling of motor vehicles through stationary points at the production sites of the enterprise is similar to the registration of the movement of inventories. Documenting the refueling of motor vehicles through gas stations depends on the type of payment (cash or non-cash) and their form (information, coupons, fuel cards). It is reported when purchasing fuel and lubricants by cashless payment without the use of coupons for the release of fuel at the gas station. The peculiarity of the release of fuel on coupons is the restriction of their validity for a certain period. It is established that the modern means of payment for purchased fuel are liter and cash fuel cards, as well as bank payment cards. The authors developed document flow schemes for operations on the receipt of fuel and lubricants when refueling vehicles through stationary points at the production sites of the enterprise and through third-party gas stations in the case of information, coupons, fuel cash and liter cards can be used to improve the accounting of fuel and lubricants at the enterprise.

Urban Impacts of Mobile Fuel Delivery Service

2020 ◽  
pp. 036119812097541
Author(s):  
Andrea Broaddus
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Urban Impacts ◽  
Fuel Delivery ◽  
Declining Demand ◽  
Multiple Vehicles ◽  
Gas Station

Mobile fuel delivery (MFD) uses a fueling truck to fill up personal and commercial fleet vehicles while they are parked overnight. This study used a sample data set provided by a San Francisco Bay Area company to explore the potential impacts on vehicle miles traveled (VMT), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and traffic congestion. An analysis of vehicle travel associated with gas station trips was conducted to establish a basis for comparison. Future scenarios comparing the potential impacts of scaled-up MFD services in 2030 were also developed. The study concluded that MFD services compared favorably to gas stations in relation to environmental and traffic benefits in the longer term, even though personal fueling trips tended to generate low VMT. Benefits stemmed from efficiencies achieved by fueling multiple vehicles per delivery trip, replacing car share vehicle fueling trips, and removing trips from the network during peak hours. This analysis estimated that total annual CO2 emissions associated with fuel delivery operations in the Bay Area were 76 metric tons, which is less than a typical gas station with 97 metric tons. Under assumptions of declining demand for gasoline and significantly fewer gas stations, and with highly efficient optimized operations, mobile delivery could gain up to 5% market share for gas and not add additional VMT over the business as usual scenario.

scholarly journals PEMAKAIAN BAHAN BAKAR GAS MENJADI ALTERNATIF BAGI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR BERBAHAN BAKAR PREMIUM

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Indartono Indartono
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Selection Of

Indartono, in paper use of alternative fuel gas for a motor vehicle fuel oil explain that in many ways energy efficiency can also be more than just preservation. Energy efficiency is an attempt to reduce the use of petroleum materials and the selection of alternative fuels. Improved energy efficiency is also an environmental demands, because it can reduce air pollution, acid rain control the incidence and protect the earth from global warming, which may occur due to buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. One of the alternative fuel is CNG. In motor vehicles, CNG usage advantages include lower price, the exhaust gas is cleaner burning results and the potential source is still very large. Keywords: energy efficiency, fuel, CNG

scholarly journals Vertical distribution of particle-phase dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in the urban boundary layer based on the 325-meter tower in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanyu Zhao ◽  
Hong Ren ◽  
Kimitaka Kawamura ◽  
Huiyun Du ◽  
Xueshun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Motor Vehicles

Abstract. Vertical distribution of dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids, α-dicarbonyls, and other organic tracer compounds in fine aerosols (PM2.5) was investigated from the ground surface (8 m) to 260 m at a 325-meter meteorological tower in Beijing in the summer of 2015. Results showed that the concentrations of oxalic acid (C2), the predominant diacid, were more abundant at 120 m (210 ± 154 ng m−3) and 260 m (220 ± 140 ng m−3) than those at the ground level (160 ± 90 ng m−3). Concentrations of phthalic acid (Ph) decreased with the increase of heights, demonstrating that the vehicular exhausts at the ground surface was the main contributor. Positive correlations were noteworthy for C2/total diacids with mass ratios of C2 to main oxoacids (Pyr, ωC2) and α-dicarbonyls (Gly, MeGly) in polluted days (0.42 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.65), especially at the ground level. In clean days, the ratios of carbon content in oxalic acid to water soluble organic carbon (C2-C/WSOC) showed larger values at 120 m and 260 m than those at the ground surface. However, in polluted days, the C2-C/WSOC ratio mainly reached its maximum at the ground level. These phenomena may indicate the enhanced contribution of aqueous-phase oxidation to oxalic acid in polluted days. Combined with the influence of wind field, total diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls decreased by 22 %–58 % under the control on anthropogenic activities during the 2015 Victory Parade period. Furthermore, the PMF results showed that the secondary formation routes (secondary sulfate formation and secondary nitrate formation) were the dominant contributors (37–44 %) to organic acids, followed by biomass burning (25–30 %) and motor vehicles (18–24 %). In this study, the organic acids at the ground level were largely associated with local traffic emissions, while the long-range atmospheric transport followed by photochemical aging contributed more to diacids and related compounds in the boundary layer over Beijing than the ground surface.

Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics: Fire Safety Awareness for Gas Station in Dense Urban Areas With Wind Effects

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Wind Effect ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Gas Station

Consequent to a big gas station fire in Macau and another recent one affected by a nearby explosion in a fireworks factory in China, there are concerns on the fire safety issues of gas stations in urban areas. Those two incidents were not too terrible but the situation would be much worse if there was strong wind, especially in a dense urban area where buildings are closely built together. There are many gas stations built within residential areas in Hong Kong. Wind-induced air movement is a transient phenomenon which depends not only on the wind speeds measured at some designated sites, but is also strongly affected by the surrounding environment. For a gas station located adjacent to a taller building, turbulent effects due to incident wind fields would be important. This is not just a safety problem of the gas station, nor for any single building. A risk management system should be worked out by the Authority in the estate district, suburb, or even the whole city. The problem must be considered carefully for cities with dense population and numerous highrise buildings. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a suitable tool for hazard assessment on the spreading of smoke and heat. In this paper, the wind-induced air flow in a gas station fire next to a building was studied by CFD. The CFD simulator selected is the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) version 3.01. Acoustic filtering technique was applied to remove the flow with high Mach number and large-eddy simulations (LES) were applied to model smaller turbulent scales. Different scenarios on the gas station position, building height and distance away from a vertical wall of the building were simulated. Wind effect was simulated by taking the incident air flow as a parabolic boundary layer. The results are very useful for working out risk management in case of accidents. Note that smoke or even flame will spread by following the wind-induced air motion.

Observations on the Physical Aspects of Resistance to Skidding on Dry Roads and Particularly on Wet Roads

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1425-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Knauerhase
Keyword(s):  
Great Influence ◽  
Boundary Surface ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vector Diagram ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
The Road ◽  
Wet Friction ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Wetting Power

Abstract To ensure safety from skidding, attention has up to now been devoted to building rough surface roads, to the development of the proper vehicle construction with respect to this feature, and to the factor most directly involved, the tires. Special attention has been directed in connection with this latter phase to a much more open tread patterning and to the effect of decreasing tire inflation, both of which affect the life of the tire adversely. These steps neglected to take advantage of the physical effect of adhesion, which, without lowering the durability, now makes possible an enhanced contribution to the cohesive friction by the profile grooves which are of necessity retained to keep the weight down. The goal is, therefore, to provide the smooth surfaces of the tread pattern that come in contact with the road with the greatest possible physical gripping power, or adhesion. After illustrating the interfacial magnitudes with the help of a vector diagram, we shall survey the laws of boundary surface adhesion. Here the great influence of the liquid involved in wet friction becomes clear and the particularly favorable interfacial tension property of water can be assessed. Since skidding can occur only at the interfaces : rubber-water, or water-road, the requirement is as follows : both the greatest possible wetting power between rubber and water, and also between water and road surface, that is, hydrophilic properties in the rubber and hydrophilic road surfaces, in order to reduce the danger of skidding. Good insurance against skidding requires hydrophilic rubber and a hydrophilic road surface, for a tire that has been developed to be nonskidding holds on a hydrophilic road surface and skids on a hydrophobic road surface. A hydrophobic tire, on the other hand, skids on any wet road. Although considerable advances have been made with respect to safety from skidding since rubber tires were first developed for motor vehicles, with increase of speeds this problem demands our attention to a greater and greater degree. Safety from skidding can result only from the combined efforts of road and car builders, tire makers, and the chemists and physicists of all three groups.

A Note on Radionuclide Transport by Gas Bubbles

1996 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivars Neretnieks ◽  
Märta-Lena Ernstson
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Escape Rate ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Buffer Material ◽  
Bubble Transport

ABSTRACTIn a repository for spent nuclear fuel, gas generated by corrosion of the iron in the canister may form small bubbles that will escape and rise to the ground surface. Colloidal particles may attach to the surface of the bubbles and be carried by them. If the colloids are supplied by the montmorillonite clay of the buffer material surrounding the canister, the clay can be carried away. Nuclides sorbed in the clay can be carried with the bubbles. We have estimated the carrying capacity of the gas of the clay particles and the escape rate of nuclides carried by the gas bubbles. The latter is also compared to the escape rate by the conventional escape mechanisms from the near field. We have further estimated the detachment of the nuclides from the clay and their sorption onto the fracture surfaces of the rock as well as their uptake by diffusion into the rock matrix along the bubble transport paths.The present paper is speculative and uses some hypothetical assumptions. Although the processes that are modelled are known to exist there is not enough known of several of them to quantify them accurately. The carrying capacity of the gas used in the calculations is an upper bound and probably very much exaggerated. Even so, the consequences are minor for the release of radionuclides.

Study on Locating a Master Station of Gas Station

2014 ◽  
Vol 505-506 ◽  
pp. 894-897
Author(s):  
Bing Su ◽  
Na Jia ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Xin Feng Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Safety Hazard ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Master Station ◽  
Gas Station

Gas station has a potential safety hazard, which would affect lives and property security of residents around it, once an accident occurs, it needs to be rescued immediately. We focus on locating a master station of gas station from the perspective of rescue, add a class of decision points (rescue points) and take rescue costs after the accident into consideration. The model for location is established, and show genetic algorithm for computing it. This provides a theoretical basis for relevant departments planning gas stations location.

scholarly journals Relevance of Marketing Strategies for Gas Stations in China – An Analysis Using SPSS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oil Industry ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
China National Petroleum Corporation ◽  
Car Wash ◽  
Gas Station ◽  
Offshore Oil

This study aims to find out the relevance of marketing strategies for gas stations in China. According to IBISWorld, the companies holding the largest market shares in China’s gas station industry include China Petrochemical Corporation, China National Petroleum Corporation, Sinochem Corporation, China National Offshore Oil Corporation, and BP (China) Holdings Limited. Marketing has changed over the past several years. Similarly, gas station marketing is all about more customers, greater sales, and higher profits. Technology provides many different marketing tools to see more fresh faces at the door, increase repeat sales, and improve profits. Word-of-mouth advertising should be encouraged, especially when contests are being held. The prizes from these contests may include car essentials, free coffee, free car wash, or coupons to be used at convenience stores. Customers who have won these contests would surely go around advertising the particular gas station, ultimately bringing in more customers. Other than that, managers can boost the sales volume through radio promotions as well. This study also aims to give future businessmen and women some ideas on how to deal with different kinds of strategies when it comes to marketing, especially in China in hope to cater and prove to the people of China the possibility of promoting businesses, such as the oil industry.

scholarly journals Resistance to PPE Using by Gas Station Attendants

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
Ananda Vieira de Lima Almeida ◽  
Vitor Erick Cardoso Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Gas Station ◽  
The City ◽  
Contemporary Context

The discussion about the use, or not, of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by gas station attendants has been growing, in the contemporary context, due to the expansive increase in the consequences generated by the absence of this essential equipment at gas stations. The present study highlighted the importance of raising awareness among the attendants regarding their working conditions, mainly due to the high exposure to toxic compounds. At this core, resistance to use PPE by these workers comesfrom sociocultural issues that notoriously influence the conditionsimposed by this service. In this logic, the case study, determined by the book of Research Methodology by Marconi and Lakatos (2003), thistheme is based on data collection at gasstationsin the city of Salvador- BA, in 2021, to highlight the situations faced by these professionals and, consequently, the impacts on their quality of life and health. The resistance to the use of this equipment harms the present and future well-being of the attendants.

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