AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA NANOEMULSI MINYAK BIJI PALA  (Antimicrobial Activity of Nutmeg Oil Nanoemulsion)

Minyak biji pala mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Senyawa bioaktif umumnya bersifat tidak stabil sehingga mudah mengalami penurunan aktivitas biologisnya. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan stabilitasnya adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi nano. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendapatkan formulasi nanoemulsi minyak biji pala dengan ukuran droplet partikel <300 nm sebagai bahan antimikroba, (2) mendapatkan formulasi nanoemulsi yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terbaik terhadap mikroba E.coli, S.aureus dan S.cereviseae. Proses nanoemulsi minyak biji pala dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat High Pressure Homogenizer pada tekanan 20000 psi atau 137,931 KPa dengan 5 siklus. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap 12 formulasi yang diperoleh dari kombinasi antara tiga konsentrasi minyak (5%, 10% dan 15%) dan dua jenis surfaktan (tween 20 dan tween 80) dengan tiga tingkat konsentrasi (10%, 15% dan 20% dari massa minyak biji pala). Pengujian aktivitas antikmikroba dilakukan dengan metode difusi sumur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formulasi nanoemulsi minyak biji pala yang diperoleh memiliki ukuran droplet partikel 104,80-161,15 nm.. Konsentrasi minyak biji pala berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap zona penghambatan pertumbuhan mikroba. Nanoemulsi minyak biji pala dengan formulasi konsentrasi minyak biji pala 15% dan jenis surfaktan Tween 80 dengan konsentrasi 20% dari massa minyak (M15S20T80) memberikan efek penghambatan terbaik pada E.coli (11,25 mm), S.aureus (13,06 mm) dan S.cereviseae (11,4 mm).Kata kunci :minyak biji pala, surfaktan, nanoemulsi, antimikroba, penghambatanEnglish Version AbstractNutmeg oil contained bioactive compounds which had antimicrobial activities. Generally, bioactive compounds have a limited stability, so that they undergo biological activity degradation easily. One of ways to increase its stability is using nanotechnology. This research was aimed (1) to obtain nutmeg oil nanoemulsion formulation which having particle size <300 nm as antimicrobial agent, (2) to obtain nanoemulsion formulation which having the best antimicrobial activity toward E.coli, S.aureus and S.cereviseae. Processing of nanoemulsion was conducted using High Pressure Homogenizer at 20000 psi or 137,931 Kpa and 5 cycles. Observation was conducted to 12 nanoemulsion formulation which was gained from combination between concentration of nutmeg oil (5%, 10%, 15%) and types of surfactant (tween 20 and tween 80) with 3 level concentration (10%, 15% and 20% from nutmeg oil mass). Antimicrobial testing was conducted using agar well diffusion method. The result showed that formulation of nutmeg oil nanoemulsion having particle size 104,80-161,15 nm. Nutmeg oil concentration had significantly effect in inhibition zone of microbes growth. Formulation of nutmeg oil nanoemulsion with 15% nutmeg oil and surfactant tween 80 as much as 20% of nutmeg oil mass gave the best growth inhibition on E.coli (11,25 mm), S.aureus (13,06 mm) dan S.cereviseae (11,4 mm).Keywords :nutmeg oil, nanoemulsion, antimicrobial, inhibition

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AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAUN JAMBU BIJI DARI BEBERAPA KULTIVAR TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 DENGAN HOLE-PLATE DIFFUSION METHOD

Journal of Biological Researches ◽

10.23869/bphjbr.9.1.200310 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 49-51

Author(s):

Farida Lanawati Darsono ◽

Stephanie Devi Artemisia

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Activity Test

A study has been performed on the antimicrobial activities of jambu biji (Psidium guajava Linn) leaves from several cultivars (red, white and yellow cultivar) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 representing the Gram positive bacteria. The reason for conducting this research is that the leaves of jambu biji are frequently used in traditional medicine as a remedy against diarrhoea. The hole-plate diffusion method was used for conducting the antimicrobial activity test with antibiotics (Ampicilline trihidrat) as reference standards. The extracts of jambu biji for each cultivar were obtained by reflux with ethanol 96 percent. The concentrations of the extracts applied to the holes were 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent w/v, the extracts were reconstituted with tween 80 and ethanol 96 percent. Based on the result of the study, it can be concluded that the extract of jambu biji from each cultivar with the concentration of 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent w/v showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The result obtained statictically evaluated using Anava Factorial 3x3 and furthery tested for significancy (a = 0.05). Based on the results of study, it can be concluded that the extract of jambu biji leaves from red cultivar, white cultivar and yellow cultivar showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

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Antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles of Gossypium hirsutum leaves extract

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.30574/gscbps.2021.15.3.0156 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 189-198

Author(s):

Laxman S Vijapur ◽

Y Srinivas ◽

Anita R Desai ◽

Jayadev N Hiremath ◽

Channayya I Swami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Particle Size ◽

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Colour Change ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Diffusion Method

Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using silver nitrate and Gossypium hirsutum leaves extracts by varying the different concentration of aqueous & ethanolic extract. The Gossypium hirsutum leaves extract was containing phytoconstituents like carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Formation of Silver Nano Particles was primarily confirmed by colour change of yellow to brownish color. Silver nanoparticle with phytochemicals was confirmed by UV-Visible spectra by observing peak absorption of aqueous and ethanolic SNP at 430.0 nm and 416.0 nm respectively. Dynamic light scattering of the prepared formulations revealed all the formulation were within nano range, The particle size of SNP were in between 282.1nm to 205.7nm& zeta potential -38.66mV to -4.80mv for aqueous extract & particle size of SNP for ethanolic extract were in between 201.7nm to 156.1nm & zeta potential -29.95mV to -25.36mv.SEM showed the bio synthesized SNP were found to be spherical with rough surface & agglomerated. Antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized SNP was evaluated by means of inhibition zone analysis through well diffusion method, where SNP biosynthesized from aqueous and ethanolic extracts of G.hirsutum showed good antimicrobial activity against studied microorganisms.

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Comparative Evaluation of Methods Commonly Used to Determine Antimicrobial Susceptibility to Plant Extracts and Phenolic Compounds

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/91.6.1423 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 1423-1429 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Thea King ◽

Gary Dykes ◽

Ruth Kristianti

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Plant Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Zone Size ◽

Logarithmic Relationship

Abstract A comparison was made to evaluate the ability of the most commonly used qualitative agar diffusion methods and a quantitative broth dilution assay to determine the antimicrobial activity of a plant extract and a variety of phenolic compounds. A disc and well diffusion technique and a microtiter broth microdilution (MBM) assay were used as antimicrobial susceptibility tests of a plant extract and several phenolic compounds against 7 bacterial species. In both the well and disc diffusion assays, the level of reproducibility was poor and a linear or logarithmic relationship did not exist between inhibition zone size and the concentration of the agents. The MBM method produced the most consistent results and allowed the determination of the relative sensitivities of each species and the relative antimicrobial activities of each agent. This study demonstrated that when a diffusion method is used, multiple concentrations of the agent must be assayed to ensure that a relationship exists between the concentration of the agent and inhibition zone size. When a relationship does not exist, antimicrobial activity should be determined by a quantitative dilution technique.

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Enhancing recovery of bioactive compounds from Cosmos caudatus leaves via ultrasonic extraction

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96623-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Norliza Abdul Latiff ◽

Pei Ying Ong ◽

Siti Nor Azlina Abd Rashid ◽

Luqman Chuah Abdullah ◽

Nor Amaiza Mohd Amin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Ultrasonic Method ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Ultrasonic Extraction ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Liquid Ratio ◽

Cosmos Caudatus

AbstractCosmos caudatus (C. caudatus) is a medicinal plant that is high in bioactive compounds such as phenolics. In this study, an ultrasound extraction method was used to optimise the extraction of bioactive compounds from C. caudatus leaves. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to obtain the optimum extraction parameters which is solid–liquid ratio (10–30 g/mL), particle size (180–850 µm) and extraction time (20–30 min) for maximal quercitrin and total phenolic content (TPC) yields. Analysis of antimicrobial activity was performed against two human pathogenic microbes: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) by the agar well diffusion method. The optimal ultrasonic extraction condition was as follow: solvent-liquid ratio of 1:28 (g/mL), particle size of 485 µm, and duration of 30 min, respectively. Remarkably, extraction using ultrasonic method had recovered more bioactive content and antioxidant activity than the Soxhlet method. The extract also exhibited good antimicrobial activities. Due to the above findings, the ultrasonic extraction was found to be suitable to improve recovery extraction of quercitrin and TPC from C. caudatus leaves. It also opens the possibility that the plant extract can be used for functional food and antimicrobial agents in various applications.

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Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts from red globe and Valenci Algerian varieties

Acta periodica technologica ◽

10.2298/apt2051137l ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 137-147

Author(s):

Khadidja Labri ◽

Houria Moghrani ◽

Affaf Kord ◽

Ahmed Doukara ◽

Abdelkrim Gueffai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Seed Extracts

Until now, there is no documentation concerning the composition, biological and pharmaceutical activities of Algerian grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds. The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of grape seed extracts (GSEs) from the Algerian Red globe and Valenci varieties. The total polyphenols content (TPC) in the GSEs was evaluated by spectrophotometry, it was 398.01 ? 18.12 mg GAE/g GSEs and 335.11 ? 11.44 mg GAE/g GSEs for the Red globe and Valenci varieties respectively. The antioxidant activity of GSEs was also evaluated by spectrophotometry on stable free radicals of DPPH. The IC50 for the Red globe variety was 4 ? 0.2 ?g/ml, while for the Valenci variety it was 4.6 ? 0.36 ?g/ml. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the disk diffusion method. Both extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the eight studied strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella sp., Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium sp., and Candida albicans. The extracts produced a clear inhibition zone for all the tested strains. Inhibition diameters greater than 19 mm were registered. The obtained results in this study indicate the differences between the Red globe and Valenci varieties, in terms of polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in Algerian GSEs.

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The Antimicrobial Effect Of Virgin Coconut Oil On Oral Pathogen

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v16i2.1109 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nur Ainatul Mardia Bt Mohamad Nasir ◽

Zurainie Bt Abllah ◽

Intan Azura Bt Shahdan ◽

Anil Azura Bt Jalaludin

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil

Introduction: As time progressed, our diet changed to include the types of foods that will promote decay and so dental caries became a widespread and serious concern. Dental caries had been reported adding to the significantly high number of oral health problem worldwide, causing a burden to health care system. Despite the existing of prevention courses, the numbers did not appear to decrease. Originated from natural resources, virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been proposed as an alternative treatment as it has been reported to demonstrate antimicrobial activity on various bacteria. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate whether VCO has antimicrobial effects on certain, selected cariogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Crude extract of VCO was prepared by using a natural method of fermentation. The composition of VCO were screened using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS). The antimicrobial activities of VCO were evaluated against three selected oral pathogens; Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei and Candida albicans using disc diffusion method. The inhibitory activities of VCO were determined by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone. The antimicrobial activities were further tested using broth micro-dilution technique to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The inhibition zone was observed on Candida albicans plate, however no inhibitions were observed on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei plates. The MIC and MBC results were inconsistent in 3 duplication that have been done for all the bacteria. Conclusion(s): VCO demonstrated potential antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans but not on Streptococcus mutans and Lactbacillus casei.

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Enhancement of Antibacterial Activity of Orange Oil in Pectin Thin Film by Microemulsion

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano8070545 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 545 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Pensak Jantrawut ◽

Kasidech Boonsermsukcharoen ◽

Kanyanut Thipnan ◽

Tanpong Chaiwarit ◽

Kyu-Mok Hwang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Orange Oil ◽

Ternary Phase Diagrams ◽

Control Film ◽

Agar Disc

The purpose of this study was to prepare orange oil microemulsion (ME) and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of film containing orange oil ME. First, surfactants and co-surfactants were screened on their efficiency to form ME using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The influences of surfactant and co-surfactant mass ratios were studied and optimized ME-loaded-films were prepared. Then, films containing orange oil ME were characterized by SEM and texture analyzer, and then evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes using an agar disc diffusion method. The results showed that Tween 80 as surfactant and propylene glycol as co-surfactant at a 1:1 ratio possessed the maximum ME area. Three ME formulations of ME 20, ME 25, and ME 30, which consisted of 20, 25, and 30% w/v of orange oil were prepared, respectively. All ME formulations showed particle sizes of about 60.26–80.00 nm, with broad a polydispersity index of 0.42. The orange oil ME films exhibited higher elastic values than the control. The diameters of inhibition zones for FME 20, FME 25, and FME 30 against P. acnes were 13.64, 15.18, and 16.10 mm, respectively. Only the FME 30 had an antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with 8.32 mm of inhibition zone. Contrarily, the control film had no antimicrobial activity against both bacteria. In conclusion, the present study found that the antibacterial activity of orange oil in pectin thin film could be enhanced by preparing orange oil as an ME before loading into pectin thin film.

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Biocidal Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Bis-Quaternary Onium Salts of Poly(aspartate-co-succinimide)

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13010023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Mohamed H. El-Newehy ◽

Meera Moydeen A. ◽

Ali K. Aldalbahi ◽

Badr M. Thamer ◽

Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Real Problem ◽

Water Soluble Polymers ◽

E Coli ◽

Onium Salts

Microbial multidrug resistance presents a real problem to human health. Therefore, water-soluble polymers based on poly(aspartate-co-succinimide) were synthesized via reaction of poly(aspartate-co-succinimide) with bis-quaternary ammonium or quaternary salts. The resultant copolymers were characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, TGA, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and elemental microanalysis. Antimicrobial activities of the new onium salts were investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi, and the fungi; Candida albicans,Aspergillus niger, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus flavus by agar diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was studied in terms of inhibition zone diameters, in addition to the estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the prepared compounds. A. niger and E. coli were the most affected microorganisms among the tested microorganisms with an inhibition zone of 19–21 (mm) in case of biocides, (V) and (VII). The obtained results showed that the quaternary onium salts have higher activity compared to the aspartate copolymer with MIC concentrations of 25 mg/mL for (VII) and (V) and 50 mg/mL for (VI) and (IV).

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FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LAFUTIDINE NANOSUSPENSION FOR ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2018v10i2.23075 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noor Mohammed Dawood ◽

Shaimaa Nazar Abdal-hammid ◽

Ahmed Abbas Hussien

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Fourier Transforms ◽

Oral Drug Delivery ◽

In Vitro Release ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Oral Drug ◽

Tween 20 ◽

Dissolution Profile ◽

Particle Size Reduction

Objective: The objective of this study was to prepare nanosuspension of a practical water insoluble antiulcer drug which is lafutidine to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate with studying the effect of different formulation variables to obtain the best formula with appropriate physical properties and higher dissolution rate.Methods: Nanosuspension of lafutidine was prepared using solvent anti-solvent precipitation method using Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90(PVP K-90) as the stabilizer. Ten formulations were prepared to show the effect of different variables in which two formulations showed the effect of stabilizer type, three formulations showed the effect of stabilizer concentration, two formulations showed the effect of combination of polymer with surfactant such as tween 80, three formulations show the effect of stirring speed and three formulations prepare to show the effect of addition of co-surfactant such as tween 20. All these formulations are evaluated for their particle size and entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. The selected one was evaluated for zeta potential, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, saturation solubility and stability study.Results: The formulations (F3-F10) were in the nano size. The optimum concentration of the stabilizer was in the formulation when the drug: polymer: surfactant ratio 1:4:4 and the optimum stirring speed was 1500 rpm. Dramatic effect on the particle size reduction was found by the addition of co-surfactant (tween 20) in formulation F7 that has a particle size 15.89±1.8 nm. The selected formula F7 showed an enhanced dissolution profile (10 min) compared to the pure drug at all-time intervals.Conclusion: The results show that the formulation that contains drug: PVP-K90: tween 80: tween 20 in ratio 1:4:2:2 is the best one and can be utilized to formulate lafutidine nanosuspension.

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Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of bioactive compounds produced from endophytic fungi of Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana) in Nepal

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.23250.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 379 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dhurva Prasad Gauchan ◽

Pratistha Kandel ◽

Astha Tuladhar ◽

Ashesh Acharya ◽

Upendra Kadel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dry Extract ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽

Fungal Extracts ◽

Taxus Wallichiana

Background: Endophytic fungi are largely underexplored in the discovery of natural bioactive products though being rich sources of novel compounds with promising pharmaceutical potential. In this study, Taxus wallichiana, which has huge medicinal value, was investigated for its endophytic diversity and capability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites by analyzing antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Methods: The endophytes were identified by ITS-PCR using genomic DNA samples. The secondary metabolites were extracted by solvent extraction method using ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography, Total Phenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and DPPH assay, and the antimicrobial activity was analyzed by agar-well diffusion method. Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of the fungal extracts. Results: Out of 16 different Taxus trees sampled from different locations of Dhorpatan, 13 distinctive endophytic fungi were isolated and grouped into 9 different genera: Bjerkandera, Trichoderma, Preussia, Botrytis, Arthrinium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Sporormiella and Daldinia. The ethyl acetate extracts isolated from three endophytic fungi: Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Alternaria brassicae showed significant TPC values of 204±6.144, 312.3±2.147 and 152.7±4.958µg GAE/mg of dry extract, respectively, and TFC values of 177.9±2.911, 644.1±4.202 and 96.38±3.851µg RE/mg of dry extract, respectively. Furthermore, these three extracts showed a dose dependent radical scavenging activity with IC50 concentration of 22.85, 22.15 and 23.001 µg/ml, respectively. The extracts of C. cladosporioides and A. brassicae also showed promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250μg/ml for all bacteria. Both the samples showed cytotoxic property against shrimp nauplii with LC50 of 104.2 and 125.9µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: The crude fungal extracts obtained from endophytes: A. alternata, C. cladosporioides and A. brassicae upon purification and further identification of the bioactive compounds can be a fascinating source for novel pharmaceutical agents.

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