scholarly journals AGRO-ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CROP PROTECTION IN CHILI-BASED AGRIBUSINESS IN CENTRAL JAVA

Agriekonomika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Joko Mariyono
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Central Java

<p><em>Chili is an important cash crop in Indonesia. This study is to analyze socio-economic aspect of chili production in three selected communities of three districts —Magelang, Brebes, and Rembang— that represent distinct agroecosystems of chili cultivation within Central Java province. This study uses quantitative descriptive methods. Data were compiled from a series of surveys in 2010-2011. The results of analyses were presented in table and graphical forms to compare and contrast selected relevant variables associated with crop protection. The results show that yield loss due to pests and diseases was considerable, and some of these problems were becoming difficult to control. The economic losses varied, which depended on many factors. The potential yield loss could reach 100 percent. Among the eight major insect pests reported by farmers during the dry season, thrips, mites, and whitefly infestations were most severe. Likewise, among five diseases noted by farmers, the three most important—anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici), gemini-viruses, and Phytophthora—were more serious than the others. During the wet season, risk of anthracnose was very high; in the dry season, risk of yield lost to gemini-viruses and Phytophthora was high. Within a province, the severe outbreaks of insect pests and diseases varied across locations and seasons. Farmers applied control measure using pesticides and other alternative controls. However, the problem still persisted. There is a crucial need to solve the problems by enhancing farmers’ knowledge and involving research institutions focusing on crop protection strategy.</em></p>

scholarly journals Identification and Management of Pests and Diseases of Garden Crops in Santa, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Konje C. N. ◽  
Abdulai A. N. ◽  
Achiri Denis Tange ◽  
Nsobinenyui D. ◽  
Tarla D. N. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Agrotis Ipsilon ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Black Cutworm ◽  
North West ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region

Aims: This work sought to identify the pests and diseases that hinder successful gardening and the pesticides used to manage these pests and their frequencies of application. Place and Duration of Study: This work was carried out in the Santa Area of the North West Region of Cameroon. It was conducted from June 2013 to February 2014. Methodology: The study was carried out on six farms in Santa, a Sub-division in Mezam Division of the North West Region of Cameroon. On each of these farms, an area of 20 x 20 m was mapped and the plants therein observed. Insect pests, diseases and the pesticides used for their mitigation were identified at each growth stage. Results: The main diseases identified were clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) and late blight (Phythophthora infestans) while Aphids (Myzus persicae S.), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) fruit worms (Helicoverpa amigera), Cutworms, fruitfly (Dacus punctatifrons) and grasshoppers (Zonocerus variegatus) were the prominent insect pests. The most applied pesticides were Cypermethrine and Dimethoate against insects, and Mancozeb and Maneb against fungi. Conclusion: From this study the most prominent pest of cabbage was the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), which affected the early growing stage. The main disease that affected tomato was blight, seen in both seasons but its severity was greater in the rainy season.  Insect pests were a major problem in the dry season causing high economic losses than in the wet season.

scholarly journals A Way Forward to Combat Insect Pest in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
MP Ali ◽  
B Nessa ◽  
MT Khatun ◽  
MU Salam ◽  
MS Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Management Options

The damage caused by insect pest is the continual factor for the reduction of rice production. To date, 232 rice insect pest species are identified in Bangladesh and more than 100 species of insects are considered pests in rice production systems globally, but only about 20 - 33 species can cause significant economic loss. The major goal of this study is to explore all the possible ways of developed and proposed technologies for rice insect pests management and minimize economic losses. Insect pests cause 20% average yield loss in Asia where more than 90% of the world's rice is produced. In Bangladesh, outbreak of several insects such as rice hispa, leafroller, gallmidge, stem borers and brown planthopper (BPH) occurs as severe forms. Based on previous reports, yield loss can reach upto 62% in an outbreak situation due to hispa infestation. However, BPH can cause 44% yield loss in severe infestested field. To overcome the outbreaks in odd years and to keep the loss upto 5%, it is necessary to take some preventive measures such as planting of resistant or tolerant variety, stop insecticide spraying at early establishment of rice, establish early warning and forecasting system, avoid cultivation of susceptible variety and following crop rotation. Subsequent quick management options such as insecticidal treatment for specific insect pest should also be broadcasted through variety of information systems. Advanced genomic tool can be used to develop genetically modified insect and plants for sustainable pest management. In addition, to stipulate farmers not use insecticides at early crop stgae and minimize general annualized loss, some interventions including training rice farmers, regular field monitoring, digitalization in correct insect pests identification and their management (example; BRRI rice doctor mobile app), and demonstration in farmers field. Each technology itself solely or combination of two or more or all the packages can combat the insect pests, save natural enemies, harvest expected yield and contribute to safe food production in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice J. 25 (1) : 1-22, 2021

scholarly journals INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WEEDS IN A PERENNIAL CROP:THE EXAMPLE OF CRANBERRIES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1163g-1163
Author(s):  
M.J. Else
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Perennial Crops ◽  
Over Time

In Integrated Pest Management (IPM), the costs of a control measure are compared to the potential for economic losses caused by a pest, with control measures being recommended only when expected costs of losses exceed costs of control. IPM models have been developed largely for insect pests, which multiply rapidly and for which timely population assessments are thus essential. Weed pests, on the other hand, multiply slowly. In the case of perennial crops, weeds may not reach populations sufficient to warrant control under conventional IPM criteria for many years. It is proposed that IPM concepts be adapted to weedy pests of perennial crops by creating models in which the long-term costs and consequences of both weeds and weed control measures are considered. These models would take into account expected increases in control costs and decreases in effectiveness of control measures over time and as a consequence consider some weeds to have effective thresholds at or near zero.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and forecasting of insect-pests and diseases for value-added agro-advisory

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
AMRENDER KUMAR ◽  
A. K. JAIN ◽  
B. K. BHATTACHARYA ◽  
VINOD KUMAR ◽  
A. K. MISHRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Machine Learning Approach

Models are means to capture, condense and organize knowledge. These are expressions, which represent relationship between various components of a system. A well-tested weather-based model can be an effective scientific tool for forewarning insect-pests and diseases in advance so that timely plant protection measures could be taken up. Various types of techniques have been developed for the purpose. The simplest technique forms the class of thumb rules, which are based on experience. Though these do not have much scientific background but are extensively used to provide quick forewarning of the menace. Another tool in practice is regression model that represents relationship between two or more variables so that one variable can be predicted from the other (s). Linear and non-linear regression models have been widely used in studying relationship of insect-pests and diseases with time and weather variables (as such or in some transformed forms). With the advent of computers more sophisticated techniques such as simulation modelling and machine learning approach such as decision tree induction algorithms, genetic algorithms, neural networks, rough sets, etc. have been explored. A number of simulation models have been developed all over the world for quantifying effects of various factors including weather on agriculture.  These may provide a good forecast but require detailed data base, which may not be available. Machine learning approach has recently received some attention. As opposed to traditional model-based methods, machine learning approach is self adaptive methods in that there are a few a priori assumptions about the models for problem(s) under study. This technique learns more from examples and captures subtle functional relationships among the data even if the underlying relationships are unknown or hard to describe.  This modelling approach with ability to learn from experience is very useful for many practical problems provided enough data are available. Remotely sensed data can provide useful information relating to area under the crop and also the condition thereof. It has certain advantages over land use statistics due to multi-spectral, synoptic and repetitive coverage. An attempt has been made for accurate estimation of area affected by insect-pests and diseases in crops along with accurate assessment of damage due to the same are possible for providing compensation to farmers. In this study, an Integrated Decision Support System (IDSS) for Crop Protection Services is also discussed.  

scholarly journals Field Efficacy of a Combination of Seed Treatment and Foliar Spray against Pest Complex in Green Gram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.K. Chaudhari ◽  
V.B. Patel ◽  
M.P. Patel ◽  
A.S. Bhanvadiya
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Larval Population

Background: Pulses constitute the major source of dietary protein; therefore, it has ability to fulfil required protein recommended dietary allowance for vegetarian population of India. Pulse crop attack more than 200 insect pests and inflicting heavy damages at different growth stages that lead to significant economic losses to the farmers. The studies were conducted on green gram to find out the effective control measure of different crop stages against insect pests complex in green gram. Methods: The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and the consist 12 treatments with seed treatment and foliar sprays of insecticides at 50 per cent flowering stages then these treatments were replicated thrice at both years 2017 and 2018. Result: The experiments concluded that the reduction of sucking pests population like thrips, jassid and whitefly and larval population of Maruca vitrata and Helicoverpa armigera was found in seed treated with imidacloprid 48 FS and spray of flubendiamide at 50 per cent flowering stage in green gram with Rs. 10,678 net profit and 1:1.42 cost-benefit ratio.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE INDIRECT RISK OF NATURALLY OCCURING MERCURY AND CADMIUM THROUGH Mugil Sp. AND Geloina sp. CONSUMPTION IN SEGARA ANAKAN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Noegrohati
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Body ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Estuarine Ecosystem ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Indirect Risk

Estuarine ecosystem of Segara Anakan is located in south coast of Central Java, shielded from Indian Ocean by Nusakambangan island. The ecosystem of Segara Anakan estuary, Central Java, Indonesia, is influenced by fresh water inflow from Citanduy river basin and Indian sea water mostly by tidal actions through the western opening. The runoff materials continuously entering Segara Anakan from Citanduy catchment area, which geologically consist of weathering products of quarternary volcanic rocks from Galunggung mountain, West Java. Therefore various natural heavy metal contaminants are bound to the estuarine sediments, redistributed and accumulated within the ecosystem. In the present work, the effects of environmental stresses to mercury and cadmium abiotic distribution, and their availability to biotic ecosystems were studied, and consumers indirect risk assesment was carried out. In the laboratory scale studies on the distribution of mercury and cadmium in an estuarine simulation of water-field sediment, it was observed that the metal distribution coefficient decreases as the salinity and the acidity of the medium increases. Monitoring results confirmed that the highest levels of Hg and Cd in water and sediment samples were obtained in dry season. Consequently, the highest levels of Hg and Cd in biotic ecosystem, represented by Mugil sp. and Geloina sp., also obtained in dry season. The body burden of Hg in people of Segara Anakan villages, as indicated by the levels in hair and mother milk samples, taken at the end of the study (dry season 2004), were relatively low, but the levels of Cd in mother milk samples were significantly higher than that of control samples of Jogyakarta (P = 0.05). Consequently, the risk quotient for babies were exceeding the FAO/WHO PTWI. Based on the risk assessment carried out for babies and adults, at the present time it is advisable to consume Mugil sp. and Geloina sp., taken in wet season only and not in dry season. Keywords: mercury, cadmium, estuarine, risk, distribution

Control of insect pests by plant genetic engineering

1992 ◽  
Vol 99 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angharad M. R. Gatehouse ◽  
Vaughan A. Hilder ◽  
John A. Gatehouse
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Second World ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Crop protection against pests and diseases is of prime importance and plays a major role in agricultural production both in the Developed and Developing parts of the world.Although chemical pesticides have been in use for a long time it is only since the Second World War that a very heavy and almost exclusive reliance has been placed upon their use. This, in many cases, has resulted in the rapid build-up of resistance by insect pests to such compounds, as is illustrated by the rapidly developed resistance to the organochloride insecticides by the cotton bollworm, Heliothis virescens. Indeed, there are many examples of resistance in a major pest being observed within the first year of field use (Metcalf 1986). In some cases the indiscriminate application of pesticides has exacerbated the problem of insect herbivory where elimination of a wide range of predatory species along with the primary pests has resulted in secondary pests becoming primary pests themselves with even more devastating effects (Heinrichs & Mochida 1983).

Pesticide use in Indonesian vegetable farming and its determinants

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Mariyono ◽  
Apri Kuntariningsih ◽  
Tom Kompas
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Pesticide Exposures ◽  
Vegetable Farming

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse factors affecting the use of pesticides in intensive vegetable farming in Java, Indonesia. Evaluating such factors is expected to provide appropriate policies to reduce pesticides, and eventually, mitigates the adverse impacts of pesticides on human health and the environment. Design/methodology/approach Data were compiled from a farm survey of randomly selected 240 vegetable farmers in three regions of Java in 2014. A concept of economic threshold was employed to analyse the pesticide use determinants, which were estimated using econometric models. Findings Factors leading to the increase in the application of pesticides were the number of observed insect pests, prices of vegetables, use of local varieties, and use of mixed pesticides. Conversely, factors lowering the use of pesticides were the number of observed diseases, the cost of pesticides, and area planted to vegetables. The most important factor in influencing pesticide use was farmers’ perception on the correct prediction of yield losses associated with pests and diseases. Research limitations/implications The sample for this research is somewhat low and the analysis was based on one-year data of the quantity of pesticides in a formulation. Practical implications The use of pesticides can be reduced by training farmers on crop protection practices, which provide correct information on pests and diseases. Policies related to the price of pesticides would be ineffective, as farmers still highly relied on pesticides. These findings will be useful for reducing the use of pesticides in intensive vegetable farming in Indonesia, and in tropical countries in general. Originality/value Pesticides have two opposite properties: to increase income on the one side and to cause devastation of life on the other side. Because pesticides are generally less selectively toxic than would be desired, non-targets including humans and the environment must be protected from contamination by these agrochemicals. This study found the most important determinants for reducing pesticide exposures in Indonesian intensive farming.

Calneem: A commercial neem seed-based biopesticide for sustainable management of pests of vegetables in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
D. Obeng-Ofori
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Practical Utilization ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Environmentally Sound

The production of vegetable crops is a major agricultural activity of small and medium-scale farmers in Ghana and has a greatpotential to increase the income levels growers. However, vegetable production is constrained among other factors by attackby insect pests, diseases, nematodes and the declining soil fertility, necessitating the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers.Currently, the main method of controlling pests and diseases of vegetable crops is the use of synthetic pesticides. This paperexamines the environmental, food safety, health and other problems inherent in the dependency on conventional pesticidesto control crop pests in Ghana and advocates the need to develop a sustainable and environmentally sound alternative pestmanagement strategy using neem pesticides as the major component. Native to India and Burma, the neem tree, Azadirachataindica A. Juss was introduced to Africa earlier this century and is now well established in at least 78 countries, including Ghanawhere it has become an important source of fuel, lumber and biopesticides. Neem products are broad spectrum bio-pesticideswhich are effective against several pests of vegetables, food crops, fruit and other tree crops. Using the results of extensive fieldtrials conducted in two locations in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, the paper would demonstrate the practical utilization ofCalneem oil and Neem seed extract for sustainable protection of okra and cucumber against pest infestation in Ghana. It wouldalso show that neem pesticides are less harmful to some beneficial organisms in the vegetable agro-ecosystem such as certain antspecies, lady bird beetles, dragon flies and other predators. Practical challenges to widespread application of neem bio-pesticidesfor sustainable crop protection in Ghana are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Crop Protection Unmanned Aerial System Flight Speed, Height on Effective Spraying Width, Droplet Deposition and Penetration Rate, and Control Effect Analysis on Wheat Aphids, Powdery Mildew, and Head Blight

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Songchao Zhang ◽  
Baijing Qiu ◽  
Xinyu Xue ◽  
Tao Sun ◽  
Wei Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Deposition Uniformity ◽  
And Control

As a new type of crop protection machinery, the Crop Protection Unmanned Aerial System (CPUAS) has developed rapidly and been widely used in China; currently, how to use the CPUAS scientifically has become a top priority. However, the relationships between the operating parameters of the CPUAS and the effective spraying width (ESW), droplet distribution characteristics, and control effects of insect pests and diseases are not clear yet. Therefore, three levels of flight speed (FS) as 3, 4, and 5 m/s, three levels of flight height (FH) as 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m, and spraying volume 2.0 L/min experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of FS and FH on the ESW, droplet deposition uniformity (DDU), and droplet penetration rate (DPR) by using an electric single-rotor CPUAS CE20. Based on the obtained results, combined with the insect pests and diseases occurrence agronomic laws, the optimal operation parameters of the CPUAS were selected to control the wheat aphids, powdery mildew, and head blight. The results showed that the ESW of CE20 was not consistent, the maximum value was 5.78 m, and the minimum one was 2.51 m. The FS had a highly significant impact on ESW (p = 0.0033 < 0.01), while the FH and the interaction between FS and FH had no significant impact on ESW. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the droplet deposition were between 23.3% and 34.4%, which meant good deposition uniformity. The FH (p = 0.0019) and the interaction between FS and FH (p = 0.02) had significant impacts on the DDU. The control effects on aphids were 78.71% (1 day), 84.88% (3 days), and 90.42% (7 days), the control effects on powdery mildew were 77.17% (7 days) and 82.83% (14 days), and the control effect on head blight was 88.32% (20 days). This study proved that by the optimization of parameters and the combination of agronomy, good control effects for insect pests and diseases could be achieved by the CPUAS. The research results would provide some technical supports for CPUAS application.

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