scholarly journals GLEJAK WIELOPOSTACIOWY – POSTĘP WIEDZY NA TEMAT PATOGENEZY NOWOTWORU

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Wańkowicz ◽  
Przemysław Nowacki
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Current State ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stage Process

Glioblastoma multiforme is a particularly malignant form of primary brain tumor. This cancer represents 12–15% of all brain tumors. Despite advances in neurosurgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the average survival rate is only from 12.1 to 14.6 months. Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by its diverse histological and cellular features. Like other malignant tumours, it is formed in a multi -stage process of somatic cell transformations, accumulating several genetic disorders. The last decade was a period of particular interest in stem cells. These cells have so far been identified in a variety of primary tumours in the brain. They are probably responsible for the recurrence and progression of cancer. Given the current state of knowledge, it is likely that modifications to the previously used morphological classification of tumours of the CNS will be made by the WHO, as well as the extension of its molecular criteria. In particular, such strategies are awaited for Glioblastoma multiforme – the most malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system, with so far very poor prognosis.

Dynamic LIMIDS

2012 ◽  
pp. 164-189
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Díez ◽  
Marcel A. J. van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Markov Property ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Influence Diagrams ◽  
Limited Memory ◽  
Current State ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Decision Support Models ◽  
New Type ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Over Time

One of the objectives of artificial intelligence is to build decision-support models for systems that evolve over time and include several types of uncertainty. Dynamic limited-memory influence diagrams (DLIMIDs) are a new type of model proposed recently for this kind of problems. DLIMIDs are similar to other models in assuming a multi-stage process that satisfies the Markov property, i.e., that the future is independent of the past given the current state. The main difference with those models is the restriction of limited memory, which means that the decision maker must make a choice based only on recent observations, but this limitation can be circumvented by the use of memory variables. We present several algorithms for evaluating DLIMIDs, show a real-world model for a medical problem, and compare DLIMIDs with related formalisms, such as LIMIDs, dynamic influence diagrams, and POMDPs.

Glioblastoma multiforme metastasis outside the central nervous system: Three case reports and possible mechanisms of escape.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13035-e13035
Author(s):  
Edwin Boelke ◽  
Christiane Matuschek ◽  
Lawrence E. Ginsberg ◽  
Sujit S. Prabhu ◽  
Wilfried Budach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Diffuse Glioma ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Central Nervous System

e13035 Background: Primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumor incidence is approximately 19 per 100,000 individuals per year in the United States (US) compared with 7 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The most common intra-axial tumor is gliomas, which account for 32% of all primary CNS tumors and 80% of all malignant tumors of the CNS.The most common diffuse glioma is grade 4 astrocytoma (glioblastoma, GBM), which makes up 54% of diffuse glial tumors. GBM is also the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis.GBM metastases outside the CNS are rare, so therapeutic experience with these types of tumors is limited. Methods: Herein, we present 3 GBM patients with extra-CNS metastasis. Results: One patient developed GBM metastasis in the lung and pleura 5 years after his GBM diagnosis had been confirmed. Another patient who underwent resection of the primary GBM developed disease that extended through the sphenoid to involve the orbit and skull and subsequently invaded the parotid gland and neck nodes 1 year after diagnosis. A third patient developed GBM metastasis in the skull and L5 vertebra 2 years after her primary brain tumor had been resected. Conclusions: The exact mechanism of GBM metastasis outside the central nervous system is not well understood but likely involves the invasion of structures such as bone, lymphatics, and vasculature, especially veins. Above-average survival time and repeated surgical intervention may place GBM patients at higher risk for these unusual metastases.

Bracken and cancer

1982 ◽  
Vol 81 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. H. Jarrett
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisThere is a high incidence of cancer in beef cows in certain sharply localised geographic calf-rearing areas in Britain and also in cattle in several other parts of the world. The tumours occur on farms which are highly infested with bracken fern and which have a history of bracken poisoning. Bracken is known to cause intestinal and bladder cancer in rats and recently the flavonol, quercetin, has been shown to be a mitogen and to be carcinogenic in rats. Bracken contains large amounts of quercetin. In addition the animals have a high incidence of papillomas of the alimentary tract and these transform to malignant tumours. A new and unique papilloma virus has been isolated from these tumours. Studies using genetic engineering and DNA hybridisation techniques have shown that both alimentary and urinary bladder tumours contain viral DNA sequences. The relationship between bracken, quercetin and viral DNA sequences is under investigation both in cattle and at the molecular biology level as two possible stages in a multi-stage process in the aetiology of a high incidence naturally occurring cancer.

scholarly journals ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ГОСТРОЇ ТОКСИЧНОСТІ ПОХІДНИХ 1,2,4-ТРІАЗОЛУ, ЩО МІСТЯТЬ В СВОЄМУ СКЛАДІ ЯДРО 1Н-ТЕТРАЗОЛУ

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Фролова Ю. С. ◽  
Каплаушенко А. Г.
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biologically Active Compounds ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Preclinical Trials ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Derivatives Of

The design of new drugs is a rather complex and multi-stage process. The modeling and creation of new biologically active compounds are one of the stages of this operation. One of the important stages of preclinical trials is the study of acute toxicity of newly synthesized compounds. Great interest in this branch is nitrogen-containing heterocycles, namely 1,2,4-triazole and their derivatives.Therefore, the purpose of our work is to study acute toxicity among new derivatives of 5-(1H-tetrazole-1-yl)-4-R-3-thio(amino)-1,2,4-triazole. The study of acute toxicity was carried out by the method of V. B. Prozorovsky on the white nonlinear rats.As a result of the experiments, acute toxicity of the 41 synthesized compounds was determined. The value of the LD50 of new derivatives of 5-(1H-tetrazole-1-yl)-4-R-3-thio(amino)-1,2,4-triazole is in the range of 357-1060 mg/kg, and according to the classification of Sidorov I. K. belong to IV and V toxicity classes.

scholarly journals Altered Elemental Distribution in Male Rat Brain Tissue as a Predictor of Glioblastoma Multiforme Growth—Studies Using SR-XRF Microscopy

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Karolina Planeta ◽  
Zuzanna Setkowicz ◽  
Mateusz Czyzycki ◽  
Natalia Janik-Olchawa ◽  
Damian Ryszawy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Glioma Growth

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a particularly malignant primary brain tumor. Despite enormous advances in the surgical treatment of cancer, radio- and chemotherapy, the average survival of patients suffering from this cancer does not usually exceed several months. For obvious ethical reasons, the search and testing of the new drugs and therapies of GBM cannot be carried out on humans, and for this purpose, animal models of the disease are most often used. However, to assess the efficacy and safety of the therapy basing on these models, a deep knowledge of the pathological changes associated with tumor development in the animal brain is necessary. Therefore, as part of our study, the synchrotron radiation-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy was applied for multi-elemental micro-imaging of the rat brain in which glioblastoma develops. Elemental changes occurring in animals after the implantation of two human glioma cell lines as well as the cells taken directly from a patient suffering from GBM were compared. Both the extent and intensity of elemental changes strongly correlated with the regions of glioma growth. The obtained results showed that the observation of elemental anomalies accompanying tumor development within an animal’s brain might facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis and progress of GBM and also determine potential biomarkers of its extension. The tumors appearing in a rat’s brain were characterized by an increased accumulation of Fe and Se, whilst the tissue directly surrounding the tumor presented a higher accumulation of Cu. Furthermore, the results of the study allow us to consider Se as a potential elemental marker of GBM progression.

The current state of the legislative implementation of criminal law policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Ostrohliad
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
Current State ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Legal Technology ◽  
Logical Semantic

Purpose. The aim of the work is to consider the novelties of the legislative work, which provide for the concept and classification of criminal offenses in accordance with the current edition of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the draft of the new Code developed by the working group and put up for public discussion. Point out the gaps in the current legislation and the need to revise individual rules of the project in this aspect. The methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of appropriate conclusions and recommendations. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, system-structural, logical-normative, comparative-historical. Results In the course of the study, it was determined that despite the fact that the amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine came into force in July of this year, their perfection, in terms of legal technology, raises many objections. On the basis of a comparative study, it was determined that the Draft Criminal Code of Ukraine needs further revision taking into account the opinions of experts in the process of public discussion. Originality. In the course of the study, it was established that the classification of criminal offenses proposed in the new edition of the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not stand up to criticism, since other elements of the classification appear in subsequent articles, which are not covered by the existing one. The draft Code, using a qualitatively new approach to this issue, retains the elements of the previous classification and has no practical significance in law enforcement. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making activities to improve the norms of the current Criminal Code, to classify criminal offenses, as well as to further improve the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine.

REFLECTION OF THE CURRENT STATE OF PUBLICISTIC JOURNALISM GENRES IN THE SLOVAK MEDIA ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Kvetanová
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Media Theory ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Current State ◽  
Journalistic Practice ◽  
Opinion Journalism

The submitted study addresses the topic of the current state of the opinion journalism and its genres in the Slovak periodical press. The author draws attention to the question of classification of the opinion journalism of a rational and emotional type from the genre categorization point of view and, simultaneously, reflects on its application in the present journalistic practice. This brings a certain rate of confrontation between the defined theoretical premises and their subsequent practical (non-)implementation. The main objective of the study is to clarify the presence of genres of analytical and literary opinion journalism stated by media theory in the environment of the Slovak periodicals. Presentation of the basic terminological axis and the related explication of journalism genres included in the opinion journalism constitute the secondary objectives of the paper. For the purposes of achieving the set objectives, the author uses methods of logical analysis of text in combination with discourse analysis. Similarly, she predicts the evident presence of the phenomenon of hybridization in the Slovak journalistic practice.

Recent Advances on Glioblastoma Multiforme and Nano-drug Carriers: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 5862-5874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Liao ◽  
Shengnuo Fan ◽  
Yuqiu Zheng ◽  
Shaowei Liao ◽  
Ying Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Nano Drug Delivery ◽  
New Development

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent glioma with a poor prognosis. The mainstay treatment for GBM is chemotherapy, but the average survival of GBM remains unsatisfactory due to therapeutic resistance. Poor permeability restricted by the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and the presence of Glioblastoma Stem Cells (GSCs) remain as two problems for chemotherapy. Recently, nanocarriers have attracted much attention in the research of GBM, owing to their advantages in self-assembly, biosafety, release controllability, and BBB penetrability, making them promising candidates for GBM treatment. This article aims to review the biologic signatures of BBB and GSCs, as well as the new development of nano-drug delivery systems to facilitate our understanding of targeted treatment for GBM.

scholarly journals The Skeletal Muscle Emerges as a New Disease Target in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Oihane Pikatza-Menoio ◽  
Amaia Elicegui ◽  
Xabier Bengoetxea ◽  
Neia Naldaiz-Gastesi ◽  
Adolfo López de Munain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) and severe muscle atrophy without effective treatment. Most research on ALS has been focused on the study of MNs and supporting cells of the central nervous system. Strikingly, the recent observations of pathological changes in muscle occurring before disease onset and independent from MN degeneration have bolstered the interest for the study of muscle tissue as a potential target for delivery of therapies for ALS. Skeletal muscle has just been described as a tissue with an important secretory function that is toxic to MNs in the context of ALS. Moreover, a fine-tuning balance between biosynthetic and atrophic pathways is necessary to induce myogenesis for muscle tissue repair. Compromising this response due to primary metabolic abnormalities in the muscle could trigger defective muscle regeneration and neuromuscular junction restoration, with deleterious consequences for MNs and thereby hastening the development of ALS. However, it remains puzzling how backward signaling from the muscle could impinge on MN death. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the current state-of-the-art of the role of the skeletal muscle in ALS, highlighting its contribution to the neurodegeneration in ALS through backward-signaling processes as a newly uncovered mechanism for a peripheral etiopathogenesis of the disease.

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