Dry Cationic Friction Reducers: New Alternative for High TDS Slickwater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linping Ke ◽  
Josselyne Chano ◽  
Melissa Weston ◽  
Hong Sun ◽  
Dong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
North America ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Thermal Testing ◽  
Scale Inhibitor ◽  
Core Flow ◽  
Self Cleaning

Abstract Currently, well stimulation in North America has evolved almost entirely to slickwater fracturing with friction reducers (FRs). Some parts of North America are notorious for their poor water quality, so wells are commonly treated using high total dissolved solids (TDS)-containing flow-back or produced water. Cationic FRs are usually applied in these systems due to their tolerance to multivalent cations in such waters. Additionally, dry friction reducers have gained momentum for better economics and logistics. In this paper, a dry cationic FR is systematically studied with respect to its "on the fly" hydration capability, friction reduction, mechanical stability, compatibility with other anionic chemical additives, and thermal stability in different levels of TDS brines. The cationic FR solution was subjected to varying shearing rates to understand its hydration capability, friction reduction, and mechanical stability. Its compatibility with anionic additives, such as a scale inhibitor, was also tested in a laboratory friction loop. Thermal stability of the cationic FR solution was studied at 150°F using a viscometer and Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (MALLS) method to obtain molecular weight information. The charge characteristics of the cationic FR, indicative of self-degradation properties, with exposure to heat, were also studied. Potential formation damage of the FR solution was evaluated with core flow tests in the absence of oxidizing breakers. Friction reduction and hydration tests show that the FR performs well in high TDS waters, even at low temperature, reaching its peak performance rapidly. The cationic FR possesses high mechanical stability even after being exposed to high pumping rates in the friction loop. It is well known that cationic FRs are not compatible with polyanionic scale inhibitors; in this study, a compatible scale inhibitor, SI-1, is identified. Additionally, there has historically been hesitation to use such cationic materials due to concerns of formation compatibility with negatively charged source rocks or flocculation in water treatment plants. Thermal testing with cationic FRs reveals that the material degrades to anionic without the aid of any other additive, which is confirmed by the fact that addition of polycationic additive, C1, caused coacervation in the heat-treated sample. As a result, concerns over effects of rock wettability or incompatibility with water treatment additives can be alleviated. No anionic FRs undergo similar change of the ionic charge. Thermal testing with cationic FR solutions also shows a significant viscosity drop, surprisingly without pronounced molecular weight loss (via MALLS). However, core flow testing of cationic FR fluids shows good regained permeability, even without breakers, further confirming self-cleaning capability. The degradation mechanism of these FRs will be shown. The self-cleaning capability of the dry cationic FR, even at relatively low bottomhole temperature (BHT), in combination with its high salt-tolerance, makes it an excellent friction reducer for multiple applications, especially with low quality water.

Facile Fabrication of Durable Superhydrophobic Aluminum Alloy Surfaces by HS-WEDM and Chemical Modification

NANO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoyu Sun ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Jiliang Mo ◽  
Yajia Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Alloy Surface ◽  
Sliding Angle ◽  
Self Cleaning ◽  
Aluminum Alloy Surface

Durable superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces were prepared through a facile method: combining high-speed wire electrical discharge machining and chemical modification. Three types of pulse width were selected to machine the aluminum alloy surfaces with different levels of surface roughness. The effect of immersion time in perfluorooctanoic acid on the wettability of the aluminum alloy surfaces was examined. The contact angle of the superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces was [Formula: see text], and the sliding angle was [Formula: see text]. After sanding with coarse sandpaper, the aluminum alloy surfaces still exhibited superhydrophobicity with a stroke of 450[Formula: see text]cm, indicating good mechanical durability. The prepared superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surface heated for 2[Formula: see text]h within the 190–240∘C temperature range showed favorable thermal stability. In addition, the superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surface exhibited self-cleaning property. Therefore, the superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surface prepared by using the simple mass production method showed good mechanical stability, thermal stability, and self-cleaning property, as well as broad application potential.

scholarly journals Mechanical Behavior of Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite: Effect of Processing Parameters

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Hamid Ait Said ◽  
Hassan Noukrati ◽  
Hicham Ben Youcef ◽  
Ayoub Bayoussef ◽  
Hassane Oudadesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Composite Effect ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
The Impact

Three-dimensional hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HA-CS) composites were formulated via solid-liquid technic and freeze-drying. The prepared composites had an apatitic nature, which was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction and Infrared spectroscopy analyses. The impact of the solid/liquid (S/L) ratio and the content and the molecular weight of the polymer on the composite mechanical strength was investigated. An increase in the S/L ratio from 0.5 to 1 resulted in an increase in the compressive strength for HA-CSL (CS low molecular weight: CSL) from 0.08 ± 0.02 to 1.95 ± 0.39 MPa and from 0.3 ± 0.06 to 2.40 ± 0.51 MPa for the HA-CSM (CS medium molecular weight: CSM). Moreover, the increase in the amount (1 to 5 wt%) and the molecular weight of the polymer increased the mechanical strength of the composite. The highest compressive strength value (up to 2.40 ± 0.51 MPa) was obtained for HA-CSM (5 wt% of CS) formulated at an S/L of 1. The dissolution tests of the HA-CS composites confirmed their cohesion and mechanical stability in an aqueous solution. Both polymer and apatite are assumed to work together, giving the synergism needed to make effective cylindrical composites, and could serve as a promising candidate for bone repair in the orthopedic field.

scholarly journals Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Modeling Study of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWP)/Graphene Nanocomposite

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1597
Author(s):  
Iman Jafari ◽  
Mohamadreza Shakiba ◽  
Fatemeh Khosravi ◽  
Seeram Ramakrishna ◽  
Ehsan Abasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Graphene Nanosheets ◽  
Thermal Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Graphene Nanocomposites ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

The incorporation of nanofillers such as graphene into polymers has shown significant improvements in mechanical characteristics, thermal stability, and conductivity of resulting polymeric nanocomposites. To this aim, the influence of incorporation of graphene nanosheets into ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) on the thermal behavior and degradation kinetics of UHMWPE/graphene nanocomposites was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that graphene nanosheets were uniformly spread throughout the UHMWPE’s molecular chains. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data posited that the morphology of dispersed graphene sheets in UHMWPE was exfoliated. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies identified a more pronounced increase in melting temperatures and latent heat of fusions in nanocomposites compared to UHMWPE at lower concentrations of graphene. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) revealed that UHMWPE’s thermal stability has been improved via incorporating graphene nanosheets. Further, degradation kinetics of neat polymer and nanocomposites have been modeled using equations such as Friedman, Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW), Kissinger, and Augis and Bennett’s. The "Model-Fitting Method” showed that the auto-catalytic nth-order mechanism provided a highly consistent and appropriate fit to describe the degradation mechanism of UHMWPE and its graphene nanocomposites. In addition, the calculated activation energy (Ea) of thermal degradation was enhanced by an increase in graphene concentration up to 2.1 wt.%, followed by a decrease in higher graphene content.

scholarly journals Physicochemical characteristics of chitosan from swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) shells prepared by subcritical water pretreatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gengxin Hao ◽  
Yanyu Hu ◽  
Linfan Shi ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Aixiu Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Portunus Trituberculatus ◽  
Swimming Crab ◽  
Water Pretreatment ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

AbstractThe physicochemical properties of chitosan obtained from the shells of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) and prepared via subcritical water pretreatment were examined. At the deacetylation temperature of 90 °C, the yield, ash content, and molecular weight of chitosan in the shells prepared via subcritical water pretreatment were 12.2%, 0.6%, and 1187.2 kDa, respectively. These values were lower than those of shells prepared via sodium hydroxide pretreatment. At the deacetylation temperature of 120 °C, a similar trend was observed in chitosan molecular weight, but differences in chitosan yield and ash content were not remarkable. At the same deacetylation temperature, the structures of chitosan prepared via sodium hydroxide and subcritical water pretreatments were not substantially different. However, the compactness and thermal stability of chitosan prepared via sodium hydroxide pretreatment was lower than those of chitosan prepared via subcritical water pretreatment. Compared with the chitosan prepared by sodium hydroxide pretreatment, the chitosan prepared by subcritical water pretreatment was easier to use in preparing oligosaccharides, including (GlcN)2, via enzymatic hydrolysis with chitosanase. Results suggested that subcritical water pretreatment can be potentially used for the pretreatment of crustacean shells. The residues obtained via this method can be utilized to prepare chitosan.

scholarly journals Mechanical and thermal stability of retained austenite in plastically deformed bainite-based TRIP-aided medium-Mn steels

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kozłowska ◽  
Adam Grajcar ◽  
Aleksandra Janik ◽  
Krzysztof Radwański ◽  
Ulrich Krupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

AbstractAdvanced medium-Mn sheet steels show an opportunity for the development of cost-effective and light-weight automotive parts with improved safety and optimized environmental performance. These steels utilize the strain-induced martensitic transformation of metastable retained austenite to improve the strength–ductility balance. The improvement of mechanical performance is related to the tailored thermal and mechanical stabilities of retained austenite. The mechanical stability of retained austenite was estimated in static tensile tests over a wide temperature range from 20 °C to 200 °C. The thermal stability of retained austenite during heating at elevated temperatures was assessed by means of dilatometry. The phase composition and microstructure evolution were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was shown that the retained austenite stability shows a pronounced temperature dependence and is also stimulated by the manganese addition in a 3–5% range.

The effect of methyl and methoxy substituents on dianilines for a thermosetting polyimide system

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 801-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J La Scala ◽  
Greg Yandek ◽  
Jason Lamb ◽  
Craig M Paquette ◽  
William S Eck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Methyl Substituent ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Methoxy Substituent ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

4,4′-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is widely used in high-temperature polyimide resins, including polymerization of monomer reactants-15. The toxicity of MDA significantly limits the manufacturability using this resin. Modifying the substitution and electronics of MDA could allow for the reduction of toxicity while maintaining the high-performing properties of the materials derived from the modified MDA. The addition of a single methyl substituent, methoxy substituent, location of these substituents, and location of the amine relative to the phenolic bridge were modified as were other non-aniline diamines. Various anilines were condensed with paraformaldehyde under acidic conditions to yield dianilines. These dianilines and diamines were reacted with nadic anhydride and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride in methanol to form the polyamic acid oligomers and heated at elevated temperature to form polyimide oligomers. It was found that the molecular weight of the oligomers derived from MDA alternatives was generally lower than that of MDA oligomers resulting in lower glass transition temperatures ( T gs) and degradation temperatures. Additionally, methoxy substituents further reduce the T g of the polymers versus methyl substituents and reduce the thermal stability of the resin. Methyl-substituted alternatives produced polyimides with similar T gs and degradation temperatures. The toxicity of the MDA alternatives was examined. Although a few were identified with reduced toxicities, the alternatives with properties similar to that of MDA also had high toxicities.

Ice-active substances associated with Antarctic freshwater and terrestrial photosynthetic organisms

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Raymond ◽  
Christian H. Fritsen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
North America ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Dry Valleys ◽  
Cyanobacterial Mats ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
Eukaryotic Algae ◽  
Dialysis Membranes ◽  
Active Substances

Macromolecular substances that cause pitting and other modifications of growing ice crystals were found to be associated with cyanobacterial mats, eukaryotic algae and mosses from Ross Island and the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Ice-pitting activities were largely retained by dialysis membranes with molecular weight cut-offs of up to 300 kDa. Unlike most aqueous solutes, the ice-active molecules were not excluded from the ice phase during freezing. The ice-pitting activities of each of the samples tested was destroyed by exposure to temperatures between 45 and 65°C, suggesting that they have a protein component. Ice-active substances were not found in cyanobacteria or mosses from temperate climates, but ice-activity was found to be associated with mosses from cold habitats in North America. Although the function of the ice-active substances is not known, their apparent confinement to cold environments suggests that they have a cryoprotective role.

The Application of Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor to Circulating Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2591-2594
Author(s):  
Jia Guo Ren ◽  
Qian Qian Wu
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Scale Inhibitor ◽  
Circulating Water

According to the requirements of the circulating water treatment, a corrosion and scale inhibitor which compounded several single corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitor was prepared, resulting in simplifying the process of operation, improving the concentration ratio of circulating water from 2.2 to 2.8, reducing the sewage volume, and decreasing the corrosion rate and cohesion rate. Therefore, the economic efficiency of the power plant gets greatly improved.

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