scholarly journals Impact of preoperative immunonutrition on thrombocyte phagocytic activity and early postoperative outcomes in invasive gastric cancer patients.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Kamocki ◽  
Joanna Matowicka ◽  
Anna Jurczuk ◽  
Anna Milewska ◽  
Anna Kamocka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Postoperative Outcomes ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Background:The aim was to determine the phagocytic activity of thrombocytes in patients with gastric cancer and to assess the effect of oral and parenteral preoperative glutamine-based immunonutrition on nutritional status, thrombocyte phagocytic activity and early postoperative outcomes. Methods:Patients suffer from invasive gastric cancer had been treated with preoperative immunonutrition with glutamine and they were compared to patients without nutritional treatment. Nutritional status, percentage of weight loss and BMI were assessed. Levels of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, platelets and their phagocytic ability were measured twice. Postsurgical complications were assessed via Claven-Dindo classification. Results:Group I-20 patients with an oral glutamine, Group II-38 patients received an intravenous glutamine. Group III-25 patients did not receive preoperative immunonutrition. 47% patients Group I, 54% patients Group II and 33% patients Group III were malnourished. In Group I, percentage of phagocytizing platelet (%PhP) was 1.1 pre- and 1.2 postoperatively. Phagocytic index (PhI) was 1.0 and 1.1. In Group II, %PhP was 1.1 and 1.2. PhI was 1.0 and 1.1. In Group III %PhP was 1.0 and1.2. PhI was 1.0 and 1.1. An increase in triglyceride level was observed in both immunonutrition groups. There was a fall in total protein, albumin level in Group II. In Group III there was a decline in total protein, albumin and cholesterol level. Total platelet count, and PhI was increased in both immunonutrition groups. There was also a rise in %PhP in Group II. In Group III there was no change in blood plateles level, %PhP and PhI. Complications rate was 53% in Group I, 29 % in Group II, 40% in Group III. Conclusions:In invasive gastric cancer, laboratory nutritional parameters are significantly reduced, causing malnutrition in 45.7% of patients. Oral glutamine supplementation inhibited the postoperative decline in protein metabolism parameters, however, this did not affect the reduction of the percentage of postoperative complications. Glutamine used preoperatively significantly reduced the percentage of serious surgical complications, regardless of the way it was supplemented. Patients with invasive gastric cancer have a significant decrease in platelet phagocytic activity. Immunonutrition based on intravenous form of glutamine allows to improve the phagocytic activity of platelets.

scholarly journals Ethanolic Extract of Xestospongia Sp. Induces CD4+ and CD14 Cells Levels on Wistar Male Rat Infected with Staphylococcus aureus

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adryan Fristiohady ◽  
Wahyuni Wahyuni ◽  
Muhammad H Malaka ◽  
Dewiyanti Madu ◽  
Dayatriana Muthalib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Immunomodulator is a substance that increases or suppresses the immune response through the certain mechanism. The marine sponge Xestospongia sp. has immunomodulatory activity by increasing phagocytic activity. In addition, the phagocytic activity is affected by CD4+ and CD14 cells levels. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of Xestopongia sp. extract toward CD4+ and CD14 cells level in model rat. Animals were divided into 4 groups (n=5) and treated for 7 days, as follow: Group I (Ethanolic extract of Xestospongia sp. dose of 300 mg/KgBW); Group II (Ethanolic extract of Xestospongia sp. dose of 400 mg/KgBW); Group III (Phylantus niruri extract); and Group IV (0.5% Na CMC). On day 8, animals were infected with Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally. And the blood was collected by cardiac puncture and assayed with ELISA kit CD4 (elabscience®) and ELISA kit CD14 (elabscience®). Ethanolic extract of Xestospongia sp. provided high levels of both CD4+ and CD14 cells (Group II) compared to baseline (Group IV)  (p<0.05). Group I provided similar activity to group III (p>0.05) and Group II provided significant activity with higher levels of CD4+ and CD14 cells compared to group III (p<0.05). In conclusion, both doses of Xestospongia sp. extract provide activity as immunomodulator by increasing CD4+ and CD14 cells levels, yet dose of 400 mg/KgBw provides the higher immunomodulatory activity.

Hepatoprotective effect of Anacyclus pyrethrum Linn. against antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afreen Usmani ◽  
Md. Mujahid ◽  
Mohammad Khushtar ◽  
Hefazat H. Siddiqui ◽  
Md. Azizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effect ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Relative Liver Weight ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Serum Glutamate

Abstract: Traditional remedies employ herbal drugs for the treatment of liver ailments and hepatoprotection. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of “extract of: Group I rats (normal control) received vehicle (1 % CMC), while group II rats (hepatotoxic control) isoniazid (INH) plus rifampicin (RIF) each 50 mg/kg/day po, for 28 days. Group III, IV and V rats were administered with APE 200, APE 400 and silymarin 100 mg/kg/day po, respectively, for 28 days. Concurrently, hepatotoxicity was tried to induce by coadministration of INH and RIF each 50 mg/kg/day po for 28 days in group III, IV and V rats. After 24 h of the last dosing, blood was obtained under light anesthesia and the rats were killed. Hepatoprotective effect was assessed by liver weight, relative liver weight and biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum bilirubin, cholesterol, total protein and albumin levels.: Group IV rats showed significant (p<0.01) decrease in SGPT, SGOT, ALP, LDH, cholesterol, serum bilirubin, liver weight and relative liver weight Levels, while significant (p<0.01) increase in final body weight (b. wt.), total protein and albumin levels as compared to group II rats. Hepatoprotective effect of APE 400 mg/kg/day was comparable to that of silymarin 100 mg/kg/day and the hepatic marker levels were also restored. Hepatoprotective effect of APE was well supported by the histopathological results.: Hydroalcoholic APE root possesses hepatoprotective activity as it exhibited the protective effect against INH plus RIF-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy using microencapsulated pancreatin preparations in the correction of nutritional status in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a prospective observational study

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
T V Bideeva ◽  
I V Maev ◽  
Yu A Kucheryavyy ◽  
D N Andreev ◽  
Yu S Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Pancreatic Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Group I ◽  
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy ◽  
Group Ii

Aim. The goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) using microencapsulated pancreatin preparations for the correction of nutritional status in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and associated exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Materials and methods. The study included 58 patients with CP who were divided into two groups depending on the results of a laboratory assessment of indicators of nutritional status: group I (n=30) consisted of patients with CP and signs of EPI (according to low elastase test values) without deviations in nutritional status; Group II (n=28) consisted of patients with CP with a EPI and an abnormal nutritional status. In both groups, patients during the entire observation period (8-12 months) received PERT using microencapsulated pancreatin preparations at a dose adjusted for the severity of permanent residence permit. Before and after the PERT course, the dynamics of anthropometric [body weight, body mass index (BMI)] and laboratory indicators of nutritional status (total protein, albumin, vitamins D and B12, transferrin, iron and magnesium) were evaluated. Results. After the completion of PERT, a significant tendency towards an increase in BMI in patients was noted in both groups. In group I, this indicator increased from 21.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) 19.80-23.92] kg/m2 to 22.15 (95% CI 20.31-23.86) kg/m2, and in II group - from 19.22 (95% CI 18.33-21.99) kg/m2 to 22.0 (95% CI 19.97-24.08) kg/m2. At the same time, the duration of PERT (months) significantly correlated with the dynamics of the patient’s body weight (r=0.4679; 95% CI 0.2384-0.6479, p=0.0002). When assessing laboratory markers of nutritional status after PERT, a general tendency was found to increase the levels of total protein, albumin, vitamin D, magnesium, transferrin, and iron in both groups, however, statistically significant differences in the dynamics were observed mainly in group II patients. So, the level of total protein in group II increased from 69.05 (95% CI 65.6717-70.9000) g/l to 72.8 (95% CI 71.1358-74.9000) g/l, vitamin D - from 10.6 (95% CI 32.8397-38.9603) ng/ml to 17.1 (95% CI 12.0166-23.6232) ng/ml, magnesium - from 0.72 ( 95% CI 0.6892-0.7825) mmol/L to 0.795 (95% CI 0.7692-0.8800) mmol/L, and transferrin from 2.91 (95% CI 2.1800-3.3656 ) g/l to 2.92 (95% CI 2.4000-3.5200) g/l. Conclusion. A prospective observational study demonstrated the effectiveness of PERT using microencapsulated pancreatin preparations in the correction of nutritional status in patients with CP.

scholarly journals CONDITION OF FAGOCYTOSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS WITH PERIODONTITIS DUE TO MODIFIED REACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-404
Author(s):  
Oleksandr V. Avdeev ◽  
Roksana O. Drevnitska ◽  
Alina B. Boykiv ◽  
Oksana Ya. Vydoinyk
Keyword(s):  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Group I ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation

Introduction: Taking into account the patho-immune mechanisms of formation of inflammatory process in periodontium, there is a necessity for in-depth study of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases from the position of changes in the reactivity of the organism. The aim: Carrying out a comparative estimation of phagocytic activity of leukocytes of animals with inflammation in periodontium with altered reactivity. Materials and methods: Experiments were performed on 30 white rats: Group I - 10 white rats with hypoergic reaction; Group ІІ - 10 white rats with hyperergic reaction; Group III - 10 white rats with normergic reaction - control group. Slaughter and blood sampling under thiopental anesthesia was performed 7 days after the beginning of the experiment. The percentage of phagocytic leukocytes - phagocytic index, phagocytic number were determined and the index of phagocytic activity was calculated. Results: The phagocytic index (Fi,%) decreased by 2,09 times (p <0,05) at hypoergic, it increased by 1,37 times (p <0,05) at hyperergic; the index of phagocytic activity (IFA) decreased by 1.96 times at hypoergic (p <0.05); growth was 1.94 times (p <0.05) in the hyperergic group of animals. In both experimental groups, the phagocyte number (Fu) increased by 6.25% and 41.7%, with hypoergic and hyperergic, respectively. Conclusions: Different directions of changes of the phagocytic activity were observed: increase of these parameters at hyperergic and decrease at hypoergic. An increase in phagocyte number was likely to indicate some autonomy of the process of phagocytosis and independence from the reactivity of the organism.

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Thymus vulgaris Ethanolic Leaf Extract Combination with Partially Purified Lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 625-630
Author(s):  
Ali M Al-Dahbi ◽  
Ihsan Dhari Awad
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

The current study was carried out to study a high injection dose of the ethanolic extract thymus vulgaris leaf (500 ug /Kg) against the immune response combination with partially purified extracted Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) from Proteus mirablis.Study groups were included four groups; Group I :treated with normal saline. Group II : treated with LPS antigen, Group III: injected subcutaneously ((500 ug /Kg) from ethanolic extract thymus vulgaris, group IV : injected subcutaneously (500 ug /Kg) from ethanolic extract thymus vulgaris leaf and LPS antigen, the immunological assays were measured through the phagocytic activity as (non specific immunity) after day 8 by using the phagocytic activity index.After day I4 the lymphocyte proliferations was estimated by MTT index. For delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction,the result was measured at 24, 48 and 72 hours after LPS antigens injection.While for Humoral immune response, after day 21 and day 28 the antibody production was estimated by indirect immunoflourescent and by Gel electrophoreses.The results were showed no significant difference in the NBT index between Groups but noticed Group III had a value lower than Group II, While the MTT results were revealed, Group IV had the highest value. In the other side of the study the DTH results showed Group IV had the highest value after 48 hr with significant differences (P≤0.05), in addition, the humoral immune response results were consisted gel electrophoresis and indirect immunoflourescent results showed after day 21 and day 28 Group IV had the highest value. The results was showed the ethanolic extract thymus in a high concentration combination with LPS from P. mirabilis had effects on the immune response particularly Humoral immune response and Cellular immune response but still act as anti inflammatory role as revealed in many previous studies.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОЙ РЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ КОРОВ ЧЕРНО-ПЕСТРОЙ ПОРОДЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ УРОВНЯ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Yu.M. SMIRNOVA ◽  
A.V. PLATONOV ◽  
Т.В. СЕДУНОВА ◽  
А.Г. КУДРИН
Keyword(s):  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Service Period

Изучили влияние уровня продуктивности коров на показатели естественной резистентности организма на 3 группах коров черно-пестрой породы, разделенных по уровню удоя за предыдущую лактацию методом сбалансированных групп. I группа включала животных с продуктивностью до 6000 кг, II от 6001 до 8000, III от 8001 кг и более. Был проведен анализ продуктивных и воспроизводительных качеств коров, а также изучены морфо-биохимические и иммунологические показатели крови, где определяли содержание общего белка, его фракций, фагоцитарную активность нейтрофилов. Установили, положительную взаимосвязь между продуктивностью животных за предыдущую лактацию и уровнем продуктивности за 100 дней последующей лактации. Наблюдается удлинение сервис-периода от 94 до 110 дней и количества доз на оплодотворение животных от 1,3 до 1,8. Рост молочной продуктивности влечет за собой снижение поглотительной способности нейтрофилов (фагоцитарное число, фагоцитарный индекс и фагоцитарная активность). У животных III группы в сухостойный период, и в период раздоя установлено снижение фагоцитарного числа по сравнению с показателями коров I и II групп. Во II группе отмечается наибольшее количество фагоцитирующих нейтрофилов к общему числу подсчитанных (23,67). Увеличение молочной продуктивности приводит к снижению содержания -глобулинов в крови сухостойных коров. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об обратной связи между естественной резистентностью организма и уровнем молочной продуктивности коров.We analyzed the influence of cows productivity level on indicators of organisms natural resistances in 3 groups of black pied cattle, divided according to the level of yield accumulated during previous lactation, through the method of balanced groups. Group I included animals with productivity level up to 600 kg, II from 6.001 kg to 8000 kg, III from 8001 kg and more. The analysis of productive and reproducible qualities of cows was conducted. Also, we studied morpho-biochemical and immunological parameters of blood, which determined the content of total protein, its fractions, phagocytic activity of neutrophils. We established a positive relationship between the productivity of animals during the previous lactation and the level of productivity during 100 days of subsequent lactation. There is an extension of the service period from 94 to 110 days and the number of doses for animals fertilization increased from 1.3 to 1.8. The growth of milk productivity entails a decrease in the absorption capacity of neutrophils (phagocytic number, phagocytic index, and phagocytic activity). Among animals of group III, during the dry and milking periods, a decrease, in comparison with the indicators of cows from groups I and II, of the phagocytic number was found. In group II, there is a highest number of phagocytic neutrophils in relation to its counted total number (23.67). The increase of milk productivity leads to a decrease of -globulins in the blood of dry cows. Obtained data indicate an inverse relationship between the natural resistance of the organism and the level of cows milk productivity.

scholarly journals The Impact of Blood Flow Rate and Duration of Dialysis Session on Nutritional Status in Hemodialysis Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Nur Samsu ◽  
Fatmawati Fatmawati ◽  
Aurora Permatasari ◽  
Kartin Kartin ◽  
Wahyu Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Class A ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dialysis Time

BACKGROUND: Blood flow rate (BFR) and time of dialysis are important determinants of dialysis adequacy. This study aimed to determine the impact of higher BFR and longer dialysis time on nutritional status in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: Real-world evidence (RWE) studies of 3 HD units in different hospitals that differ in BFR and/or dialysis time. Group I, HD 5 hr and BFR 200-250 mL/min; group II, HD 4 hr and BFR 270-320 mL/min, and group III, HD 4 hr and BFR 200-250 mL/min. All HD units use the same dialysate flow and dialysis frequency. Nutritional status was assessed using a 3-point scale Subjective Global Assessment. RESULTS: A total of 233 chronic HD patients were included, mean of age was 52 &plusmn; 12.9 years, 46.5% were male. There are 69.5% on SGA class A, 27.5% on SGA class B, and 3% on SGA class C. The proportion of SGA class A in group II was highest compared to group II and III (93.5% vs 79.0% vs 32.1% (p &lt;0.05). There was no SGA class C in group II, whereas 2.4% in group I and 7.4% in group III. In group II there was lower interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and less use of anti-hypertensive drugs compared to group III (p &lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that higher BFR and longer dialysis time are associated with better nutritional status in chronic HD patients. A higher BFR seems to have a more substantial impact compared to a longer dialysis time. Keywords: blood flow rate, dialysis time, subjective global assessment, nutritional status

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Activity of Callyspongia sp. Extract Towards Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Levels in Staphylococcus aureus –Induced Wistar Male Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9311-9317
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Wistar Male Rats

The IFN-γ and TNF-α are cytokines that involved in the phagocytic activity, and Callypsongia sp. increases phagocytic activity; thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of Callspongia sp. extract toward IFN-γ and TNF-α levels in Staphylococcus aureus-induced Wistar male rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n=5) and treated orally for 7 d as follows: Group I (extract dose of 300 mg/kgBW); Group II (extract dose of 400 mg/kgBW); Group III (Phylantii extract); and Group IV (0.5% NaCMC). On day 8, animals were infected with Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally and left for 1h. Blood was collected and assayed with ELISA Kit for IFN-γ and TNF-α. Data collected were then statistically analyzed using SPSS. According to results obtained, the Callyspongia sp. extract effect in both IFN-γ and TNF-α is significantly different from Group IV as the negative control (p<0.05). Callyspongia sp. extract provided similar potency between Group I and Group III (p>0.05), yet Group II provided higher activity in increasing IFN-γ levels. In contrast, Callyspongia sp. provided similar activity between Group I, Group II, and Group III to increase TNF-α levels (p>0.05). Therefore, we concluded that Callyspongia sp. extract increases both INF-γ and TNF-α, responsible for the phagocytic activity.

scholarly journals Nutritional status and energy expenditure in elderly patients with recent hip fracture during a 2-month follow-up

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Paillaud ◽  
Phuong-Nhi Bories ◽  
Jean-Claude Le Parco ◽  
Bernard Campillo
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

A 2-month follow-up of nutritional status was performed in forty elderly patients with recent hip fracture. Patients were nutritionally assessed on admission to our rehabilitation unit (day 0), then monthly (day 30, day 60) by measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE), anthropometric, impedance and biological variables. Patients were defined as undernourished (n 13) or normally nourished (n 27) on the basis of mid-arm circumference (MAC) and triceps skinfold thickness (TST) measurements. Seven patients recovered a walking autonomy and were discharged from the hospital before day 30 (group I) whereas thirteen patients were discharged after day 30 (group II); twenty patients remained in the study at day 60 (group III). MAC and TST decreased in normally nourished patients from group III throughout the study whereas they did not change in group II or in undernourished patients from group III. REE values in relation to fat-free mass were increased compared with normal values and were similar in the three groups on day 0; they did not change during the study. Daily energy intake in relation to body weight was higher in group I and increased in group II and in undernourished patients from group III throughout the study. In contrast, it was below the recommended value at day 0 and it did not significantly improve in normally nourished patients from group III. Serum albumin, transthyretin and transferrin levels on day 0 were below reference intervals in the three groups. Albumin levels increased in group III throughout the study. Inflammatory proteins decreased in groups II and III, with C-reactive protein levels returning to normal values in group II by day 30 and in group III at day 60, while orosomucoid levels did not become completely normal over this period. Our findings indicate no improvement in nutritional status in undernourished patients after surgery for recent hip fracture, despite an adequate energy intake. An insufficient spontaneous energy intake for normally nourished patients was associated with a delayed favourable outcome resulting in a prolonged duration of hospitalization. A hypermetabolic state persisted during the 3 months after surgery.

Ultrastructural Lesions Produced by Alcohol and Sucrose in the Heart and Liver of C57BL Mice

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
K.K. SEKHRI ◽  
C.S. ALEXANDER ◽  
H.T. NAGASAWA
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
C57bl Mice ◽  
Group Ii

C57BL male mice (Jackson Lab., Bar Harbor, Maine) weighing about 18 gms were randomly divided into three groups: group I was fed sweetened liquid alcohol diet (modified Schenkl) in which 36% of the calories were derived from alcohol; group II was maintained on a similar diet but alcohol was isocalorically substituted by sucrose; group III was fed regular mouse chow ad lib for five months. Liver and heart tissues were fixed in 2.5% cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon-araldite.

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