scholarly journals Unraveling the Bacterial Assisted Degradation Pathway of Morpholine- a Xenobiotic Micropollutant: A Sustainability for Zero Pollution Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupak Kumar ◽  
Suman Kapur ◽  
Srinivasa Rao Vulichi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Bacterial Isolate ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Chromophore Group ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bacterium Species ◽  
Metabolic Degradation

Abstract Biodegradation is the process by which chemicals both natural and xenobiotics are metabolized by microorganisms. Most naturally occurring chemical compounds are biodegradable while xenobiotic may be biodegradable, persistent or recalcitrant. Xenobiotic chemicals, because they are manmade and have developed recently, are present in the environment for comparatively shorter periods of time from its geological presence. This in turn means that the microbial communities present in these environments may not have evolved specific mechanisms for their degradation. Morpholine, a known xenobiotics micropollutant initially believes to be recalcitrant but later prove to be biodegradable by specific set of bacterium species most likely Mycobacterium and Pseudomonas sp in particular. However, the metabolic pathways involved in the successful biodegradation of morpholine stand challenging to establish because of its extreme water solubility and the lack of any chromophore group in morpholine which does not allow easy extraction process. Consequently, no tool for direct estimation of intermediates or metabolites of morpholine has been well reported and only indirect strategies have been developed like presence of microbial growth on intermediates, chemical/analytical assay for intermediate and ammonia measurements to elucidate the degradation pathway for zero pollution environment. In this present study degradation pathway has been ascertained by some selected bacterial isolate for their capacity to degrade morpholine. Based on the said analysis of culture filtrate, it has been revealed that the isolate namely Halobacillus utilizes glycolic route of the metabolic degradation pathway of morpholine and supports the fact that in presence of morpholine, one of two branches of morpholine biodegradation pathway namely ethanolamine and glycolate was was induced while the other branch was inhibited. Whatever the degradation pathway of morpholine exhibited by bacteria, ammonia is the end product of degradation which would be biochemically utilized by isolate.

The Application and Functional Progress of γ-Poly-Glutamic Acid in Food: A Mini-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (41) ◽  
pp. 5347-5352
Author(s):  
Guoliang Wang ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jingyuan Li ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Coating Material ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Naturally Occurring

γ-Poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring homo-polyamide produced by various strains of Bacillus. As a biopolymer substance, γ-PGA possesses a few predominant features containing good water solubility, biocompatibility, degradability and non-toxicity. Based on this, γ-PGA can be used in pharmaceutical, such as drug carrier/deliverer, vaccine adjuvant, and coating material for microencapsulation, etc. Moreover, it has also been applied in a broad range of industrial fields including food, medicine, bioremediation, cosmetics, and agriculture. Especially, γ-PGA is an extremely promising food ingredient. In this mini-review, our aim is to review the function and application progress of γ-PGA in the food industry: e.g., improving taste and flavor, enhancing physical property, and promoting health.

scholarly journals Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Using an Optimised Dual Extraction Process to Study Human Brain Cancer Cells and Tissues

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Alison Woodward ◽  
Alina Pandele ◽  
Salah Abdelrazig ◽  
Catherine A. Ortori ◽  
Iqbal Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Serum Starvation ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Dual Extraction

The integration of untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics from the same population of cells or tissue enhances the confidence in the identified metabolic pathways and understanding of the enzyme–metabolite relationship. Here, we optimised a simultaneous extraction method of metabolites/lipids and RNA from ependymoma cells (BXD-1425). Relative to established RNA (mirVana kit) or metabolite (sequential solvent addition and shaking) single extraction methods, four dual-extraction techniques were evaluated and compared (methanol:water:chloroform ratios): cryomill/mirVana (1:1:2); cryomill-wash/Econospin (5:1:2); rotation/phenol-chloroform (9:10:1); Sequential/mirVana (1:1:3). All methods extracted the same metabolites, yet rotation/phenol-chloroform did not extract lipids. Cryomill/mirVana and sequential/mirVana recovered the highest amounts of RNA, at 70 and 68% of that recovered with mirVana kit alone. sequential/mirVana, involving RNA extraction from the interphase of our established sequential solvent addition and shaking metabolomics-lipidomics extraction method, was the most efficient approach overall. Sequential/mirVana was applied to study a) the biological effect caused by acute serum starvation in BXD-1425 cells and b) primary ependymoma tumour tissue. We found (a) 64 differentially abundant metabolites and 28 differentially expressed metabolic genes, discovering four gene-metabolite interactions, and (b) all metabolites and 62% lipids were above the limit of detection, and RNA yield was sufficient for transcriptomics, in just 10 mg of tissue.

Nanocrystals as Tool to Enhance Stigmasterol Oral Bioavailability

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2946-2948
Author(s):  
Rosa Pireddu ◽  
Chiara Sinico ◽  
Guido Ennas ◽  
Donatella Valenti ◽  
Francesca Marongiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Intestinal Fluids ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Nutraceutical Products

Phytosterols are sterols naturally occurring in plant cells and well known for their cholesterollowering activity, as witnessed by the large number of food supplements based on these functional ingredients available on the market. However, the marked hydrophobic character of phytosterols makes their solubility in biological fluids extremely low, with disadvantageous consequences on the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. In this work, we explore the effect of particle size reduction on the water solubility of stigmasterol, one of the most abundant phytosterols, through the formulation of nanocystals. A robust, top-down production process was employed to prepare stigmasterol nanocrystals, subsequently characterized by thermal and spectroscopic techniques. When formulated as nanocrystals, the solubility of stigmasterol in water and in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids was boosted compared to the raw material. The increased solubility of stigmasterol nanocrystals makes such formulation a promising candidate for the development of medicinal/nutraceutical products with enhanced bioavailability.

scholarly journals Small but Smart: On the Diverse Role of Small Proteins in the Regulation of Cyanobacterial Metabolism

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Fabian Brandenburg ◽  
Stephan Klähn
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metabolic Fluxes ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
Small Proteins

Over the past few decades, bioengineered cyanobacteria have become a major focus of research for the production of energy carriers and high value chemical compounds. Besides improvements in cultivation routines and reactor technology, the integral understanding of the regulation of metabolic fluxes is the key to designing production strains that are able to compete with established industrial processes. In cyanobacteria, many enzymes and metabolic pathways are regulated differently compared to other bacteria. For instance, while glutamine synthetase in proteobacteria is mainly regulated by covalent enzyme modifications, the same enzyme in cyanobacteria is controlled by the interaction with unique small proteins. Other prominent examples, such as the small protein CP12 which controls the Calvin–Benson cycle, indicate that the regulation of enzymes and/or pathways via the attachment of small proteins might be a widespread mechanism in cyanobacteria. Accordingly, this review highlights the diverse role of small proteins in the control of cyanobacterial metabolism, focusing on well-studied examples as well as those most recently described. Moreover, it will discuss their potential to implement metabolic engineering strategies in order to make cyanobacteria more definable for biotechnological applications.

scholarly journals Polyphenols with Anti-Amyloid β Aggregation Show Potential Risk of Toxicity Via Pro-Oxidant Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatasu Kobayashi ◽  
Mariko Murata ◽  
Shosuke Kawanishi ◽  
Shinji Oikawa
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Aβ Aggregation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation has been the focus for a therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. Naturally occurring polyphenols have an inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation and have attracted a lot of attention for the development of treatment strategies which could mitigate the symptoms of AD. However, considerable evidence has shown that the pro-oxidant mechanisms of polyphenols could have a deleterious effect. Our group has established an assay system to evaluate the pro-oxidant characteristics of chemical compounds, based on their reactivity with DNA. In this review, we have summarized the anti-Aβ aggregation and pro-oxidant properties of polyphenols. These findings could contribute to understanding the mechanism underlying the potential risk of polyphenols. We would like to emphasize the importance of assessing the pro-oxidant properties of polyphenols from a safety point of view.

scholarly journals Biotransformation of Bicyclic Sesqui- and Diterpene 1,2-dials and Their Derivatives by the Fungus, Aspergillus niger

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Asakawa ◽  
Masako Sekita ◽  
Toshihiro Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
The Other ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Derivatives Of

Microbial biotransformation of naturally occurring pungent sesquiterpene 1,2-dials, polygodial and cinnamodial, and a diterpene 1,2-dial, sacculatal as well as their tetrahydro derivatives was carried out by using Aspergillus niger. The pungent polygodial and sacculatal are toxic against A. niger not to produce any metabolites while A. niger biotransformed cinnamodial to the lactonized products in small amount. On the other hands, the dihydroxy derivatives of the former two dialdehydes were bioconverted by the same fungus to give hydroxy-, oxo-, carboxylic- and epoxy-products. The stereostructures of each metabolite and their metabolic pathways were described.

Secondary metabolites of the genus Crotalaria (Rattlepods) and their medicinal importance – A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sarwar Yaqub ◽  
Bushra Basher ◽  
Rozina Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
The World

This review describes the genus Crotalaria focusing on its secondary metabolites and their medicinal applications. The genus Crotalaria of Fabaceae or Leguminosae family have about 600 species which are distributed in tropic and sub-tropic regions of the world. They are medicinally important due to production of various compounds. Traditional early medicines and drug discovery were based on natural products. Organisms produce some chemical compounds by their metabolic pathways that are not necessary for their growth and development and are known as secondary metabolites. This diverse group of compounds is synthesized by algae, plants, animals and fungi. These metabolites consist of variety of compounds such as phenols, coumarins, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and fatty acids. Secondary metabolites obtained from crotalaria exhibit anticancer, anti-rheumatoid arthritis, anti-allergic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiaging and wound healing activities along with many other medicinal applications.

scholarly journals Combining metagenomics with metaproteomics and stable isotope probing reveals metabolic pathways used by a naturally occurring marine methylotroph

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 4007-4018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Grob ◽  
Martin Taubert ◽  
Alexandra M. Howat ◽  
Oliver J. Burns ◽  
Joanna L. Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Integration of ceramic membrane and compressed air-assisted solvent extraction (CASX) for metal recovery

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1274-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Wang Li ◽  
Chun-Hao Chiu ◽  
Yu-Cheng Lee ◽  
Chia-Hao Chang ◽  
Yu-Hsun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Dead End

In our previous publications, compressed air-assisted solvent extraction process (CASX) was developed and proved to be kinetically efficient process for metal removal. In the current study, CASX with a ceramic MF membrane integrated for separation of spent solvent was employed to remove and recover metal from wastewater. MF was operated either in crossflow mode or dead-end with intermittent flushing mode. Under crossflow mode, three distinct stages of flux vs. TMP (trans-membrane pressure) relationship were observed. In the first stage, flux increases with increasing TMP which is followed by the stage of stable flux with increasing TMP. After reaching a threshold TMP which is dependent of crossflow velocity, flux increases again with increasing TMP. At the last stage, solvent was pushed through membrane pores as indicated by increasing permeate COD. In dead-end with intermittent flushing mode, an intermittent flushing flow (2 min after a 10-min or a 30-min dead-end filtration) was incorporated to reduce membrane fouling by flush out MSAB accumulated on membrane surface. Effects of solvent concentration and composition were also investigated. Solvent concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1% (w/w) have no adverse effect in terms of membrane fouling. However, solvent composition, i.e. D2EHPA/kerosene ratio, shows impact on membrane fouling. The type of metal extractants employed in CASX has significant impact on both membrane fouling and the quality of filtrate due to the differences in their viscosity and water solubility. Separation of MSAB was the limiting process controlling metal removal efficiency, and the removal efficiency of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) followed the same trend as that for COD.

scholarly journals Emerging Strategies for the Bioremediation of the Phenylurea Herbicide Diuron

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayi Li ◽  
Wenping Zhang ◽  
Ziqiu Lin ◽  
Yaohua Huang ◽  
Pankaj Bhatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Phenylurea Herbicide ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites

Diuron (DUR) is a phenylurea herbicide widely used for the effective control of most annual and perennial weeds in farming areas. The extensive use of DUR has led to its widespread presence in soil, sediment, and aquatic environments, which poses a threat to non-target crops, animals, humans, and ecosystems. Therefore, the removal of DUR from contaminated environments has been a hot topic for researchers in recent decades. Bioremediation seldom leaves harmful intermediate metabolites and is emerging as the most effective and eco-friendly strategy for removing DUR from the environment. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, can use DUR as their sole source of carbon. Some of them have been isolated, including organisms from the bacterial genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Vagococcus, Burkholderia, Micrococcus, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudomonas and fungal genera Aspergillus, Pycnoporus, Pluteus, Trametes, Neurospora, Cunninghamella, and Mortierella. A number of studies have investigated the toxicity and fate of DUR, its degradation pathways and metabolites, and DUR-degrading hydrolases and related genes. However, few reviews have focused on the microbial degradation and biochemical mechanisms of DUR. The common microbial degradation pathway for DUR is via transformation to 3,4-dichloroaniline, which is then metabolized through two different metabolic pathways: dehalogenation and hydroxylation, the products of which are further degraded via cooperative metabolism. Microbial degradation hydrolases, including PuhA, PuhB, LibA, HylA, Phh, Mhh, and LahB, provide new knowledge about the underlying pathways governing DUR metabolism. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding (1) the environmental occurrence and toxicity of DUR, (2) newly isolated and identified DUR-degrading microbes and their enzymes/genes, and (3) the bioremediation of DUR in soil and water environments. This review further updates the recent knowledge on bioremediation strategies with a focus on the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the bioremediation of DUR.

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