Unraveling the Bacterial Assisted Degradation Pathway of Morpholine- a Xenobiotic Micropollutant: A Sustainability for Zero Pollution Environment

Biodegradation is the process by which chemicals both natural and xenobiotics are metabolized by microorganisms. Most naturally occurring chemical compounds are biodegradable while xenobiotic may be biodegradable, persistent or recalcitrant. Xenobiotic chemicals, because they are manmade and have developed recently, are present in the environment for comparatively shorter periods of time from its geological presence. This in turn means that the microbial communities present in these environments may not have evolved specific mechanisms for their degradation. Morpholine, a known xenobiotics micropollutant initially believes to be recalcitrant but later prove to be biodegradable by specific set of bacterium species most likely Mycobacterium and Pseudomonas sp in particular. However, the metabolic pathways involved in the successful biodegradation of morpholine stand challenging to establish because of its extreme water solubility and the lack of any chromophore group in morpholine which does not allow easy extraction process. Consequently, no tool for direct estimation of intermediates or metabolites of morpholine has been well reported and only indirect strategies have been developed like presence of microbial growth on intermediates, chemical/analytical assay for intermediate and ammonia measurements to elucidate the degradation pathway for zero pollution environment. In this present study degradation pathway has been ascertained by some selected bacterial isolate for their capacity to degrade morpholine. Based on the said analysis of culture filtrate, it has been revealed that the isolate namely Halobacillus utilizes glycolic route of the metabolic degradation pathway of morpholine and supports the fact that in presence of morpholine, one of two branches of morpholine biodegradation pathway namely ethanolamine and glycolate was was induced while the other branch was inhibited. Whatever the degradation pathway of morpholine exhibited by bacteria, ammonia is the end product of degradation which would be biochemically utilized by isolate.

The Biotransformation and Biodecolorization of Methylene Blue by Xenobiotic Bacterium Ralstonia pickettii

The biotransformation and biodecolorization of methylene blue (MB) dye using the bacterium Ralstonia pickettii was investigated. This experiment was conducted in a nutrient broth (NB) medium after adding MB at 100 mg L–1 concentration. Approximately 98.11% of MB was decolorized after 18 h of incubation. In addition, the metabolic products detected by LC-TOF/MS were Azure A (AA), thionine, leuco-MB, and glucose-MB, which indicated the MB degradation through a reductase that attacked the heterocyclic central chromophore group present in the structure. Moreover, azure A and thionine fragments resulted from the N-demethylase enzyme that attacked the auxochrome group. Thus, this research was assumed to be the first scientific report suggesting the potential to use R. pickettii in the biodecolorization and biotransformation of dye waste, particularly MB.

Astaxanthin as a new Raman probe for biosensing of specific subcellular lipidic structures: can we detect lipids in cells under resonance conditions?

Here we report a new Raman probe for cellular studies on lipids detection and distribution. It is (3S, 3'S)-astaxanthin (AXT), a natural xanthophyll of hydrophobic properties and high solubility in lipids. It contains a chromophore group, a long polyene chain of eleven conjugated C=C bonds including two in the terminal rings, absorbing light in the visible range that coincides with the excitation of lasers commonly used in Raman spectroscopy for studying of biological samples. Depending on the laser, resonance (excitation in the visible range) or pre-resonance (the near infrared range) Raman spectrum of astaxanthin is dominated by bands at ca. 1008, 1158, and 1520 cm−1 that now can be also a marker of lipids distribution in the cells. We showed that AXT accumulates in lipidic structures of endothelial cells in time-dependent manner that provides possibility to visualize e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, as well as nuclear envelope. As a non-toxic reporter, it has a potential in the future studies on e.g. nucleus membranes damage in live cells in a very short measuring time.

Synthesis of HTCMgFe for the degradation of indigo carmine through heterogeneous photo-Fenton treatment

The heterogeneous catalyst HTCMgFe was used in the degradation of the IC, through the heterogeneous photo-fenton treatment, this material in combination with H2O2 and UV light degraded the dye in 30 min at pH 3. As the amount of HTCMgFe increases the degradation it was accelerated because there are more active catalytic sites of Fe2+ on the surface of the material, which generates a greater amount of •OH radicals. The HTCMgFe was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive elemental analysis (EDS). The UV-vis spectrum shows that the absorption bands belonging to the chromophore group of the IC disappear as the treatment time passes, indicating the degradation of the dye.

Synthesis of N,N-Diethyl, N-Methyl Chitosan Chloride with Certain Quaternization Degree and Molecular Spectroscopic and Thermo-Morphological Study of the Alkylation

The quartenizeid chloride derivative of natural polyaminosaccharide chitosan was synthesized in two stages with acetate aldehyde and methyl iodide chemical reaction and ion replacement, which could be soluble in the water and wide pH ranges. The synthesis of the homopolymer was initially carried out with acetate aldehyde in Schiff reaction, and reduction was held on with the presence of NaBH4. The quaternization was accomplished in the acetonitrile medium with methyl iodine by continuous exposure of N2.7-8% quartenized N,N-diethyl, N-methyl chitosan iodine were synthesized with 89-91% yield, obtained by deprotonation of amine groups, with reaction of CH3J and N,N-diethyl chitosan. The ion exchange was carried out at 10% NaCl solution during 24 hours and N,N-diethyl, N-methyl chitosan chloride was obtained. Synthesis was performed with simpler and chemically effective methods compared to previous studies. The structure of product was characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR, SEM, TGA, DTA and elemental analysis was determined. Functional changes in the structure of macromolecules were monitored with NMR and UV-Vis, and it was proved that, the main intermediate product was composed to be N,N-diethyl carbocation carrying >C=N-chromophore group. The increasing percent of carbon in content while alkylation is depeering and the presence of halogenated ions (Cl-or J-) after quaternization were observed. It has been determined that, the solubility of N,N-diethyl,N-methyl chitosan chloride or iodide in water and in pH =1-10 increased frequently. Key words. Chitosan; alkylation; diethylmethyl chitosan iodine; quartenization; UV-Vis; NMR

Pengaruh Metode Analisis Tablet Parasetamol Terhadap Nilai Akurasi

Parasetamol adalah senyawa yang memiliki gugus kromofor sehingga dapat dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometri. Metode nitrimetri memiliki kelebihan peralatan yang digunakan sederhana, sedangkan spektrofotometri memiliki kelebihan jumlah sampel yang dianalisis sedikit. Nitrimetri dan spektrofotometri adalah metode analisis yang memiliki nilai akurasi yang tinggi untuk analisis parasetamol dalam sediaan tablet. Analisis Parasetamol menggunakan metode nitrimetri dengan cara diambil 20 tablet parasetamol, dihitung rata-ratanya . timbang sejumlah rata-rata tablet masukkan dalam 20 ml larutan HCl : air (1:2), kemudian stirrer selama 20 menit. Tambahkan 5 gram KBr, 5 tetes tropeolin OO dan 3 tetes metilen blue. Titrasi dengan larutan NaNO2 0,1 M. titrasi dihentikan apabila terjadi perubahan warna dari ungu ke biru terang. Kemudian dihitung kadar parasetamol, replikasi 2 x. Sedangkan analisis parasetamol menggunakan spektrofotometri adalah dengan pembuatan kurva baku baru analisis sampel. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa nilai akurasi analisis parasetamol menggunakan metode nitrimetri adalah 94% sampai dengan 103,48%. Nilai akurasi analisis parasetamol menggunakan spektrofometri adalah 98,8 % sampai dengan 101,79%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai akurasi pada analisis parasetamol masuk dalam range yang dipersyaratkan AOAC. Dari hasil analisis ini metode spektrofometri lebih baik dari pada metode nitrimetri sebab metode spektrofometri memiliki keunggulan dalam hal selektivitas dan sensitivitas. Selektivitas berarti bahwa metode ini dapat menganalisis dengan benar parasetamol, sedangkan sensitivitas adalah dengan kadar yang kecil metode ini dapat mendeteksi. Selektivitas dan sensitivitas yang tinggi pada metode spektrofotometri menghasilkan nilai akurasi yang tinggi dan memenuhi nilai akurasi yang dipersyaratkan AOAC. Hasil analisis data menggunakan uji independen t-test adalah nilai signifikansi 0.970 yang artinya terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara metode nitrimetri dan spektrofotometri terhadapa nilai akurasi. Kata kunci : Metode Analisis, Nitrimetri, Parasetamol, Spektrofotometri ABSTRACT :Paracetamol is a compound that has a chromophore group so that it can be analyzed using spectrophotometry. The nitrimetry method has the advantage of simple equipment, while spectrophotometry has the advantage of a small number of samples being analyzed. Nitrimetry and spectrophotometry are analytical methods that have high accuracy values for the analysis of paracetamol in tablet preparations. Analysis of paracetamol using the nitrimetry method by taking 20 paracetamol tablets, the average was calculated. weigh an average number of tablets put in 20 ml of a solution of HCl: water (1: 2), then stirrer for 20 minutes. Add 5 grams of KBr, 5 drops of tropeolin OO and 3 drops of methylene blue. Titration with 0.1 M NaNO2 solution is stopped when the color changes from purple to bright blue. Then calculated levels of paracetamol, replication 2x. Whereas paracetamol analysis using spectrophotometry is by making a new standard curve analysis of samples.The results of this study indicate that the accuracy of paracetamol analysis using nitrimetry methods is 94% to 103.48%. The accuracy value of paracetamol analysis using spectropometry is 98.8% to 101.79%. This shows that the accuracy value in paracetamol analysis falls within the range required by AOAC. From the results of this analysis the spectropometric method is better than the nitrimetric method. This is because the spectropometric method has advantages in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. Selectivity means that this method can correctly analyze paracetamol, while sensitivity is to a small degree this method can detect. High selectivity and sensitivity in spectrophotometry methods produce high accuracy values and meet the accuracy values required by AOAC. The results of data analysis using independent t-test is a significance value of 0.970, which means that there are significant differences between the nitrimetric and spectrophotometric methods of accuracy. Keyword : Method analysis, Nitrimetri, Paracetamol, Spectrofotometri

Isolation and Structure Determination of Antioxidants Active Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Heartwood Namnam (Cynometra cauliflora L.)

Active compounds with antioxidant activity were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of namnam stem (C. cauliflora L.) that had undergone maceration and fractionation by gravity column chromatography. The compounds were later identified by by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, FTIR, LCMS and 1H-NMR. Ethyl acetate extract of namnam stem showed considerably high antioxidant activity (IC50 value 4.68 ± 0.035 ppm). The results of analysis by UV-Vis and FTIR showed carbonyl group conjugated with an aromatic ring at band I (λmax 330.22 nm), chromophore group of alkene (C=C) at band II (λmax 268.67 nm) and functional groups such as O−H (3343.91 cm-1), C=O (1729.23 cm-1), C=C (1652.64 and 1611.99 cm-1), C−O (1269.89) and C−H ortho (738.23 cm-1). LCMS (m/z 270.9246) and 1H-NMR data showed seven proton signals on the aromatic ring at carbon position C-3 at δH 6.86 ppm (1H, s), C-6 at δH 5.95 ppm (1H, d, J=1.95 Hz), C-8 at δH 6.25 ppm (1H, d, J= 1.95 Hz), C-2’ and C-6’ at δH 7.03 ppm (2H, d, J=7.87 Hz), C-3’ and C-5’ at δH 6.87 ppm (2H, d, J= 7.87 Hz) so that the structure was identified as a flavonoid which was 4 ', 5,7-trihydroxy-flavones or known as apigenin. The isolated apigenin had very strong antioxidant activity, as shown by IC50 value of 5.18 ± 0.014 ppm.

Biosorption of six basic and acidic dyes on brown alga Sargassum ilicifolium: optimization, kinetic and isotherm studies

Biosorption of Methyl Blue (MB), Fuchsin Acid (FA), Rhodamine B (RB), Methylene Blue (MEB), Bromocresol purple (BC) and Methyl Orange (MO) onto Sargassum ilicifolium was studied in a batch system. Effect of dye structure on biosorption by Sargassum ilicifolium was studied to define the correlation between chemical structure and biosorption capacity. Different dye groups such as triarylmethane (MB, FA and BC), monoazo (MO), thiazine (MEB) and xanthene (RB) were studied. At optimum experimental conditions for each dye, biosorption capacity was determined and compared. The results indicate that the chemical structure (triarylmethane, monoazo, thiazine, xanthene), number of sulfonic groups, basicity (element of chromophore group: S, N, O) and molecular weight of dye molecules influence their biosorption capacity. Experimental parameters such as biosorbent dose, pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration were optimized for each dye. The biosorption kinetic data were successfully described by the pseudo second-order model. The biosorption results were also analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Finally, biosorption capacities obtained using Sargassum ilicifolium were compared with the ones presented in the literature.

Comparison of coagulation, ozone and ferrate treatment processes for color, COD and toxicity removal from complex textile wastewater

In this study, the comparative performance of coagulation, ozone, coagulation + ozone + coagulation and potassium ferrate processes to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and toxicity from a highly polluted textile wastewater were evaluated. Experimental results showed that ferrate alone had no effect on COD, color and toxicity removal. Whereas, in combination with FeSO4, it has shown the highest removal efficiency of 96.5%, 83% and 75% for respective parameters at the optimal dose of 40 mgL−1 + 3 ml FeSO4 (1 M) in comparison with other processes. A seed germination test using seeds of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) also indicated that ferrate was more effective in removing toxicity from contaminated textile wastewater. Potassium ferrate also produces less sludge with maximum contaminant removal, thereby making the process more economically feasible. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis also shows the cleavage of the chromophore group and degradation of textile wastewater during chemical and oxidation treatment processes.