scholarly journals Fire Performance of Automated Tall Car Park Structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burak Ayva ◽  
Serdar Selamet
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Structural Failure ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Fire Safety Design ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Early Phases

Abstract Automated tall car park structures are modern alternatives to conventional parking structures to save space and volume in highly demanded parking regions in urban areas. -The design of such structures has significant knowledge gaps especially in regarding the effects of fire spread between passenger cars. The purpose of this study is to estimate the horizontal and vertical fire spread between passenger cars in automated tall car park structures and provide fire safety design to eliminate fire spread and possible structural collapse. The fire spread between cars is established by estimating irradiance heat flux of each car component. An 8-floor automated tall car park structure is designed in accordance with European standards. The results show that steel car pallets underneath cars reach to 1000 degree Celsius in early phases of fire, which could potentially cause a structural failure. Without any fire protection on the structure, the fire spreads to the neighboring cars in 25 minutes and to the cars above in 20 minutes. Significant fire protection is needed to eliminate fire spread between passenger cars. A more effective sprinkler system is also proposed to suppress the car fire.

Reliable assumptions for structural fire design of steel car parks

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Dahl Hertz ◽  
Lars Schiøtt Sørensen ◽  
Luisa Giuliani
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Fire Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fire Load Density

PurposeThis study aims to analyze and discuss the key design assumptions needed for design of car parks in steel, to highlight the impact that the increased fire loads introduced by modern cars and changes in the fire dynamics have on the design, such as fire spread leading to non-localized fires.Design/methodology/approachIn particular, a reliable fire load density to be used for structural design of car park structures is assessed, based on investigations of the fire loads of modern cars. Based on knowledge of fire load and fire performance of cars, the consequences on the fire safety design of steel structures are presented.FindingsDesign recommendation about fire load density and fire protection of common steel profiles are given. Finally, the proposed design is compared with a design practice that has been applied in many instances for car parks constructed with unprotected steel, and recommendations for a reliable design process are provided.Originality/valueNumerous car park buildings have recently been designed of steel structures without passive or active fire protection. The key assumptions that makes possible such design are local fire scenarios, outdated values of the car fire load and utilization of the ultimate steel strength. This paper identifies the shortcomings of such key assumptions, indicating the need for revisiting the methods and possibly even checking the analyses carried out for some already-built car parks.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE-BASED FIRE SAFETY DESIGN FOR A LARGE SCALE UNDERGROUND CAR-PARK

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (56) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Masahito KIKUCHI ◽  
Kiyoshi FUKUI ◽  
Ayako TANNO ◽  
Moyu SEIKE ◽  
Jun KITAHORI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Fire Safety Design

scholarly journals Experimental study on examining the fire load of a small compartment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella László ◽  
Flóra Hajdu ◽  
Rajmund Kuti
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
The People

Abstract In Hungary a lot of people live in condominiums or in block of flats where fire often occurs despite of precise design and effective fire protection arrangements. This means a hazard for the people living there, for the building constructions and also for the environment. A deeper knowledge of the burning process and examining the negative effects of fire load on building constructions with scientific methods are actual questions nowadays. In order to get to know the phenomena more accurately, fire spread in a bedroom was modeled and numerical simulation was carried out, which is presented in this paper in detail. These experiences may help increasing the fire safety and preventing fires in apartments. The simulations were carried out considering the characteristics of the Hungarian architecture.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE-BASED FIRE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES OF HELSINKI OLYMPIC STADIUM

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Salminen ◽  
Jukka Hietaniemi
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Iterative Design ◽  
Structural Engineers ◽  
Steel Trusses ◽  
Fire Design

This paper presents an overview of the fire safety analysis conducted for the steel trusses of Helsinki Olympic Stadium stand. The analysis were conducted using advanced calculation models (FDS and SAFIR). It is shown that the predefined design solution (R60 fire protection with sprinklers) can be replaced by fire protection to class R15 (no sprinkler system) without sacrificing safety when some other passive protection means are applied. The good design solution in this case required highly iterative design process and smooth co-operation between client, architects, structural engineers and fire safety consultants.

scholarly journals Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bodisco ◽  
Ali Zare
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
The Road ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
On The Road

One of the most important sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the exhaust emissions from passenger cars. New European emissions regulations, to minimize the gap between manufacturer-reported emissions and those emitted on the road, require new vehicles to undergo emission testing on public roads during the certification process. Outlined in the new regulation are specific boundary conditions to which the route on which the vehicle is driven must comply during a legal test. These boundary conditions, as they relate to the design and subsequent driving of a compliant route, are discussed in detail. The practicality of designing a compliant route is discussed in the context of developing a route on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, in a prescriptive manner. The route itself was driven 5 times and the results compared against regulation boundary conditions.

The Performance-Based Fire Protection Study on Fire Spread of Logistics Centers

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 1171-1174
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Shu Ping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Horizontal Spread ◽  
Fire Scene ◽  
Important Significance

This paper analyzes the fire hazard of logistics centers, puts forward to prevent the spread of fire has important significance on study the horizontal spread of fire performance under different fire scene of a project example by using the methods of calculation and numerical simulation. Provide a reference on the spray system and shelf location settings for such construction.

Modeling Human Behavior of Local Residents in the Aftermath of a Large Earthquake – Wide-Area Evacuation, Rescue and Firefighting in Densely Built-Up Wooden Residential Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Oki ◽  
◽  
Toshihiro Osaragi
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Building Collapse

It is very important in disaster prevention planning to estimate the level of human damage after large earthquakes under various scenarios that takes into account the day of week, the time of the disaster, weather conditions, earthquake intensity, etc. There have been many previous studies based on the spatial characteristics of urban areas about evaluating protection against fires, evacuation risks, and the safety of evacuation routes to designated areas. However, no study so far has integrated models of property damage (building collapse, fire spread, and street blockage) and human behavior (rescue activities, firefighting activities, and wide-area evacuation behavior), and carries out simulations in order to analyze human damage in detail. In this paper, we present a survey of previous studies of the methods of evaluating urban-area characteristics, rescue and firefighting activities, and wide-area evacuation, all of which have been discussed as separate issues. We summarize the findings within the respective fields, their methods of evaluation and modeling, and identify their issues. Based on this survey, we point out that the construction of an integrated simulation model requires six important activities. They are to: 1) carry out evaluations on a microscopic scale at the block or street level; 2) use an evaluation index that allows a direct grasp of the expected level of human damage; 3) take into consideration many detailed and concrete disaster scenarios; 4) take into consideration the interactions among rescue participants, firefighting participants and wide-area evacuees, along with the effects of property damage; 5) incorporate the concept of time; and 6) set up comparative scenarios that allow the quantitative evaluation of the effects of various measures or policies. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a model based on the concept of multi-agent simulation (MAS).

Application of Multicriteria Decision Making to Old Vehicle Elimination in Taiwan

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng ◽  
Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Car Exhaust ◽  
Per Capita

As economic development has accelerated and per capita income has increased greatly in recent years in Taiwan, the number of motor vehicles has also increased remarkably. By the end of 1990, the number of passenger cars registered exceeded 2,330,000, and 19% of them have been in use for more than ten years. Judging from these statistics, the average of passenger cars in urban areas has risen. Some of the major negative influences which these old cars have created are outlined below: (a) Environment: air quality is affected by the increased amount of pollutants emitted in car exhaust as the cars age; (b) Energy: As cars age, the efficiency of energy use decreases in fuel consumption and operation costs; (c) Safety: As cars age, the rate of breakdown rises. This leads to more acidents or, at the very least, traffic jams when a car breaks down and obstructs traffic flow, thus increasing social costs. It is, indeed, necessary to get rid of these old cars. In this paper strategies to eliminate old vehicles have been laid out. Three objectives to be achieved are (a) improving the quality of the environment, (b) decreasing energy consumption, and (c) improving vehicle safety. Coordination with the community during government implementation of the strategy will also be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF FIRE PARTITIONS FOR SPEED FIRE DISTRIBUTION IN CLOSED PREMISES OF PRODUCTION AND STORAGE FACILITIES

Fire Safety ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
E. Hulida ◽  
V. Sharуу
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Facilities

Introduction. Fires in closed premises of production and storage facilities are the most dangerous, because they hold large areas with a significant fire load. The current direction of providing a fire safety system at production and storage facilities in closed premises is to eliminate the conditions of the rapid development of fire and minimizing its effect through the use of fire curtains. This method of fire protection is practically not used in closed premises of production and storage facilities at the present stage. In most cases, fire partitions are used in such situations. Therefore, a topic issue today is the research of limiting the development of fires with the use of fire partitions and minimizing fire effects.Purpose. Investigate the process of spreading the fire in closed premises of production and storage facilities by using fire partitions to limit the speed of fire spread. Problem statement and solution. The following tasks must be solved to provide fire protection of production and storage facilities:1. to investigate the process of fire spread in closed premises of production and storage facilities without the use of fire partitions;2. to investigate the impact of fire partitions use on fire rate.Two possible modes of development fire in the premises are considered to solve the first problem: 1) with the presence of sufficient air (oxygen), with fire occurred in regulated fire load; 2) with insufficient air (oxygen), with fire occurred in regulated ventilation.It is necessary to choose the material and fire partition design accordingly to solve the second problem. The results of experimental studies [11] showed that fire partitions vermiculite-silicate plates can be used for various building structures manufacturing. Closed production and storage facilities structure analysis showed that these premises are constructed in most cases with a grid of columns 9Х12 m.Conclusions and proposals:1) There is only the first mode of fire with sufficient oxygen (air) in closed premises of production and storage facilities with a total area of more than 5000 m2 in the process of fire. The fire that occurred is regulated only by the fire load.2) The use of fire partitions between sections of the premises of production and storage facilities reduces the probability of fire spreading in the premises by about 3 times.3) It is necessary to continue research work in this direction to obtain more significant results of the process of development and spread of fire in the premises of production and storage facilities.

scholarly journals Protection of River Sitnica From Urban Wastewaters

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Besime Sh. Kajtazi ◽  
Tania Floqi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Main River ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Water Strategy ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment is a growing problem in Kosovo. Pollution from urban wastewaters poses the greatest pressure on Kosovo rivers and their better management represents an important area of improving their ecological status. Kosovo is lacking behind in terms of achieving certain goals and implementing European Environmental Directives, especially the Water Framework Directive and Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive. The lack of wastewater treatment prior to their discharges into receiving waters presents a gap in the water sector which needs to be addressed in order to meet European standards. Kosovo, as a country with a European perspective, must approach this issue as soon as possible. According to the reports of water utilities companies, the level of sewerage services in the country is 65% while the level of wastewater treatment is 0.7% [3]. The National Water Strategy [1] aims at protecting water resources through treating wastewater before returning to the nature. According to this strategy, a number of wastewater treatment plants and accompanying infrastructure for main cities should be build. River Sitnica is main river stretching in Kosovo valley, where main urban areas are located including capital Prishtina. With aim of protection the quality of river Sitnica, a study for collection of sewage and wastewater treatment plant for capital Prishtina was prepared and its findings will be presented in this article.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document