scholarly journals Spatial-Temporal Distribution and Key Drivers of Inequalities in the Gap Between Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy: Evidence from a Megacity in China, 2010-2019.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyan Xi ◽  
Yuanyuan Chen ◽  
Yuqin Zhang ◽  
Ao Luo ◽  
Zhicheng Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Central City ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
County Level ◽  
Healthy Immigrant Effect ◽  
Old People ◽  
Entire Study

Abstract Purpose The improvement of the quality of life (QoL) is reflected in the narrowing of the GAP between health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and life expectancy (LE). Less is known about the effect that the expansion of megacities may have on narrowing the gap. The purpose of this study was to disclose this potential relationship.Methods Annual life tables were constructed from identified death records and population counts from multiple administrative sources in Guangzhou, China, 2010-2019. Joinpoint regression was used for evaluating the time trends and global Moran’s Ⅰ and local Moran’s Ⅰ was used for evaluating spatial autocorrelation at the county-level during the entire study period. Generalized principal component analysis and multilevel models were used to examine the county-level association between the GAP and socioeconomic, health services, population structure, and population dynamics.Results From 2010 to 2019, LE increased by 2.8 years (2.8 years for males and 2.9 years for females) and total HALE increased by 2.4 years (2.5 years for males and 2.2 years for females). The counties with higher or lower LE, HALE, and their GAP were presented spatial agglomeration distribution characteristics. The central city and the neighboring counties had higher LE and HALE, and lower GAP. The ratio of male to female and the natural population growth rate were positively correlated with the GAP, while the gross domestic product per area, the density of resident population, the number of practicing (assistant) physicians per thousand, the number of hospital beds per thousand, the per capita disposable income, the ratio of child to old people, the net migration rate and the total migration rate were negatively correlated with the GAP.Conclusion In megacities, LE and HALE were higher and their GAP was lower in the central city than in the urban fringe. Socio-economic and health services were key to narrow the GAP. The widening GAP can be explained by a high proportion of females and old people, who were longevity but unhealthy. Population density within the urban carrying capacity produced a positive effect on narrow the GAP, and these were attributed to the healthy immigrant effect.

scholarly journals Inequalities in life expectancy by place of residence and its changes in Lithuania during 1990-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sauliune ◽  
O Mesceriakova-Veliuliene ◽  
R Kalediene
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
National Mortality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Introduction Health inequalities have emerged as a big issue of public health in Lithuania. Recent studies have demonstrated increasing mortality differentials between different socio-demographic groups of the population. Urban/rural place of residence is related with a set of socio-economic characteristics, different access to material resources, presence or absence of social support, and attitudes to health-related behavior. The aim of the study To determine inequalities in life expectancy and its changes by place of residence (urban/rural) in Lithuania during 1990-2018. Methods Information on deaths and population numbers for the period of 1990-2018 was obtained from National Mortality Register and Population Register. Life expectancy for males and females of urban and rural populations was calculated using life tables. Changes in the magnitude of life expectancy inequalities by place of residence were assessed using rate differences (urban-rural); while trends in inequalities were estimated by conducting the Joinpoint regression analysis. Results Life expectancy among males and females was longer in urban compared to rural areas throughout the entire study period. Life expectancy increased statistically significantly for urban and rural males and females with the most notable increase for males, especially those living in rural areas (on average by 0.4% per year from 64.1 years in 1990 to 70.05 years in 2018). Inequalities in life expectancy by place of residence decreased statistically significantly among Lithuanian males from 3.48 years in 1990 to 1.39 years in 2018, while among females only the tendency of decrease was estimated. Conclusions Inequalities in life expectancy of males and females by place of residence decreased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 1990-2018, mainly due to positive changes in life expectancy among rural males. Key messages Inequalities in life expectancy of males and females by place of residence decreased significantly in Lithuania throughout the period of 1990-2018. Life expectancy increased for Lithuanian urban and rural males and females with the most notable increase for males, especially those living in rural areas.

scholarly journals Learning to Be Old

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 160940691881055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah K. van den Hoonaard
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
Interpretive Research ◽  
Old People ◽  
Social Component ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Way

Today, we have a life expectancy that earlier eras could not have dreamed of. An aging population is the hallmark of a successful society. How is it, then, that we consider one of the greatest achievements of society to be a disaster? This talk argues that the beliefs underlying ageism, based on the premise that all old people are the same, pervade contemporary thinking. Despite the fact that becoming old involves physical changes, aging has a significant social component. This presentation marks the culmination of 25 years of qualitative research in gerontology. Given the theme of the conference, the talk begins by discussing how the Trojan horse of positivist approaches is eroding the inductive nature of qualitative research. It then illustrates, based on inductive, interpretive research, how we learn to be old and accept myths associated with aging through the way people treat us.

Multilevel Models of the Relationship Between Music Achievement and Reading and Math Achievement

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-418
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bergee ◽  
Kevin M. Weingarten
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Math Achievement ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
District Level ◽  
Achievement Scores ◽  
Music Achievement ◽  
Reading And Math ◽  
Four Levels

We used multilevel mixed modeling to test the extent to which students’ music achievement scores were related to their reading and math achievement scores. Of the four levels examined (individual students, classrooms, schools, and districts), only individuals and districts accounted for a significant portion of the total variance in achievement scores. We studied several background variables potentially affecting academic achievement among individuals: grade level, gender, educational attainment of parents/guardians, free/reduced-price lunch, ethnicity, and urbanicity. We also incorporated district-level variables of sex, ethnicity, parent/guardian education level, and free/reduced-price lunch along with principal component scores for four district-level latent variables—district achievement, district behavior, available funds, and local revenue. Fourth through eighth graders ( N = 1,081) from seven midwestern school districts participated in the study. Students sat for a representative portion of the first two of the Music Achievement Tests (MAT-1 and MAT-2). We developed separate models for reading and math achievement. No significant differences were found among the districts’ intercepts or slopes. With the aforementioned variables controlled for, both MAT-1 and MAT-2 (controlling for one another as well) demonstrated a strong relationship with reading and math achievement ( ps < .0001).

Considerations for County-Level Inequalities in Life Expectancy—Reply

2017 ◽  
Vol 177 (11) ◽  
pp. 1698
Author(s):  
Ali H. Mokdad ◽  
Laura Dwyer-Lindgren ◽  
Christopher J. L. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
County Level

Evaluation and Statistical Analysis on the Centrality Indexes of Tourism Central City in the Central Liaoning Urban Clusters

2010 ◽  
Vol 171-172 ◽  
pp. 671-674
Author(s):  
Zhi Xin Ma ◽  
Xuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Central City ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Principal Component Score ◽  
Tourism Planning ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Tourism Destinations ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
Score Matrix

This paper took 8 tourism central cities in central Liaoning urban clusters as an example, chose 7 indicators to analyze the centrality indexes of the tourism destinations and study the development of regional tourism industry. It firstly made a principal component analysis, then used the extracted principal components as a new integrated variable, the principal component score matrix as the new integrated variable data to make a cluster analysis through the software SPSS. From the perspective of tourism planning, the paper finally determines to establish a system of tourism central cities: Shenyang isⅠ-class tourism central city, Anshan, Fushun and Benxi are Ⅱ-class tourism central cities, Yingkou, Fuxin, Liaoyang and Tieling are Ⅲ-class tourism central cities, and provides the basis for distribution of the regional tourism economy in central Liaoning.

scholarly journals Health Systems in Australia and Four Other Countries: choices and challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Jo M Martins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
The United States ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drug

The purpose of health systems is the pursuit of healthy lives. The performance of the Australian health system over the last decade is compared with the United Kingdom and its three other offshoots: the United States, Canada and New Zealand. In the first instance, system performance is assessed in terms of threats to healthy lives from risk factors and changes that have taken place during the decade. In view of the emphasis of the five systems on the return to health after trauma and illness, and the human-resource intensity of health services, an appraisal is made of changes in the number of the major health professionals in relation to the growing populations. Then related changes in hospital, medical practitioner and dentist services are assessed. Changes in pharmaceutical drug prescriptions in Australian are also examined. The levels of national expenditures arising from the provision health services are then considered in the context of the costs of administration of the varied organisational modes, use of expensive medical technologies, pharmaceutical drug consumption and remuneration of health professionals. Finally, health outcomes in Australia and the other four countries are assessed in accordance with their human development level, life expectancy, potential years of life lost from different causes, as well as healthy life expectancies. Further, gaps in health and life expectancy of Indigenous people in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Australia are reviewed, as well as health and survival inequalities among people in different social strata in each country. Abbreviations: GDP – Gross Domestic Product; HDI – Human Development Index.

scholarly journals Disentangling the Effect of Seasonal Dynamics on Meiobenthic Community Structure From River Matla of Sundarbans Estuarine System, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moumita Ghosh ◽  
Sumit Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Functional Attributes

In estuarine sediment, meiobenthos serve as an excellent candidate to perform a range of ecosystem services. However, even though the taxonomic sufficiency of meiobenthos in detecting spatiotemporal gradients is well recognized, very little is known about their functional attributes in response to environmental descriptors. To bridge this knowledge gap, the taxonomic structure and trait-based functional diversity patterns of meiobenthic assemblage, focusing on nematode species composition, were assessed for the first time from the unexplored central sector of Sundarbans Estuarine System (SES). Sediment samples were collected seasonally (monsoon, winter, spring, and summer) selecting a total of eight stations across River Matla (the widest and longest river of SES). Distinct seasonal successional patterns had been observed in meiobenthic abundance modulated by seasonal alteration in the sedimentary environment (PERMANOVA, p &lt; 0.05). Our study revealed a strong preponderance of meiobenthic density in spring (2978 ± 689.98 ind. 10 cm–2) and lowest during monsoon (405 ± 51.22 ind. 10 cm–2). A total of 11 meiobenthic taxa were identified with the dominance of nematodes. Altogether, 79 species of nematode belonging to 22 families had been identified across the entire study area and nematode assemblage was dominated by Sabatieria praedatrix, Sphaerolaimus balticus, Desmodora communis, Dorylaimopsis punctata, and Daptonema hirsutum. Principal component analysis depicted a distinct separation of seasons with reference to environmental variables. Distance-based redundancy analysis delineated that meiobenthic communities were mainly structured by organic matter, salinity, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Biological trait analyses of nematode assemblages were applied to gather the ecological information based on morphological and ecological characteristics. The most common morphotypes were slender body shape, clavate tail shape, striated cuticle pattern, and non-selective deposit feeders with colonizing abilities of 2–3 (c–p score in a scale from 1 to 5). Results from BIO-ENV showed that sediment organic matter and dissolved oxygen played overriding roles in shaping the functional compositions of nematodes. Thus, the characterization of meiobenthos and nematode assemblages in the context of taxonomic as well as functional attributes represents a first step toward building of baseline data which could help to evaluate the ecological status of SES and direct future research priorities concurrently.

scholarly journals The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Buprenorphine Practitioner Locator Misrepresents Access to Buprenorphine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Precious Anyanwu ◽  
Tyler J Varisco ◽  
Matthew A. Wanat ◽  
Shweta Bapat ◽  
Kasey Claborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Mental Health Services ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The State ◽  
County Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Services Administration

Abstract: Aims: To compare county-level differences in the number of buprenorphine prescribers listed in the publicly available Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Buprenorphine Practitioner Locator and in the Drug Enforcement Administration’s (DEA) Controlled Substance Act (CSA) database and to determine if disparities in access exist in poorer areas with more non-white residents. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting: TexasMeasurements: County-level counts of buprenorphine prescribers were calculated from both the publicly available SAMHSA buprenorphine practitioner locator list and the DEA CSA database. These were then used to estimate the number of providers per 100,000 residents in each county. Regional variation in access to buprenorphine was compared descriptively across the state using poverty data from the US Census and county-level demography from the Texas Demographic Center. Results: This study found 68.8% more X-waivered providers on the DEA CSA database (n=2,622) with at least one provider reported in 125 of 144 counties in the state (49.2%) compared to the SAMHSA Buprenorphine Practitioner Locator (n=1,553) with at least one provider reported in 103 counties (40.5%). This difference was magnified in Texas Public Health Region 11. This is the poorest region of the state (23.7% of residents below the federal poverty line) and contains the most non-white residents 87.4% vs 54.9% (SD: 13.6%). This region had the lowest number of buprenorphine prescribers with 3.8 providers per 100,000 on the DEA CSA database and 2.5 providers per 100,000 in the SAMHSA Buprenorphine Practitioner Locator.Conclusions: The lack of a complete, public registry of buprenorphine prescribers makes it difficult for patients to identify a convenient buprenorphine prescriber and for referring physicians to help their patients access care. This may be especially true in poorer and more diverse areas with fewer buprenorphine prescribers.

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