scholarly journals Effect of Soil Solarization and Methyl Bromide on Melon Wilt Caused by Fusarium on Cantaloupe in Western Mexico

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103B-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Orozco-Santos ◽  
Javier Farías-Larios ◽  
José Gerardo López-Aguirre ◽  
Jaime Molina-Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Plastic Mulching

In the Pacific Central region of Mexico, 17,000 ha are cultivated with cucurbitaceous crops. Most are affected with wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. The use of fungicides, such as methyl bromide, for soil disinfecting is a common practice; however, this practice has adverse effects on beneficial microorganisms, and soil is rapidly infected again. Soil solarization is a sustainable alternative, and it is feasible to be integrated in production systems. It has been used to delay the establishment of symptoms and to reduce the incidence of fusarium wilt in watermelon fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil solarization and methyl bromide on control of fusarium wilt on cantaloupes in western Mexico. The experiment was conducted in the Ranch Fatima located in the municipality of Colima. Severe wilt incidence and damage were previously observed in the cantaloupe cultivar Impac. Dripping irrigation system was used. Treatments established were: 1) solarization; 2) solarization + vermicompost; 3) solarization + chemical products [methyl bromide + chloropicrine (98/2%)]; 4) methyl bromide; and 5) control (without solarization or chemicals). Soil solarization was done during the 6 months before planting using clear plastic mulching (110 thick). A completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications was used. Six beds, 10 m long and 1.5 m wide, were used as experimental unit. Variables registered were: leaf area, leaf number, dry and fresh weight, propagule number, soil temperature, number of diseased plants showing wilt symptoms, and yield. Treatments 1 and 3 exhibited the highest agronomic variable values, and best control of fusarium wilt and fruit yields.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Soil Solarization to the Integrated Management of Soilborne Pests of Tomato Under Humid Conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Chellemi ◽  
S. M. Olson ◽  
D. J. Mitchell ◽  
I. Secker ◽  
R. McSorley
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Standard Production

Soil solarization was shown to be cost effective, compatible with other pest management tactics, readily integrated into standard production systems, and a valid alternative to preplant fumigation with methyl bromide under the tested conditions. Solarization using clear, photoselective, or gas-impermeable plastic was evaluated in combination with metham sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, methyl bromide + chloropicrin, pebulate, or cabbage residue. Strip solarization, applied to 20-cm-high, 0.9-m-wide beds, was conducted to achieve compatibility with standard production practices and resulted in soil temperatures 2 to 4°C above those temperatures resulting when using conventional flatbed solarization. Soil temperatures were 1 to 2°C higher at the edges of the raised beds, eliminating any border effects associated with solarization. Following a 40- to 55-day solarization period, the plastic was painted white and used as a production mulch for a subsequent tomato crop. The incidence of Southern blight and the density of Paratrichodorus minor and Criconemella spp. were lower (P < 0.05) in solarized plots. No differences (P < 0.05) in the incidence of Fusarium wilt and the density of nutsedge and Helicotylenchus spp. were observed between plots receiving solarization and plots fumigated with a mixture of methyl bromide + chloropicrin. The severity of root galling was lower (P < 0.05) when soil solarization was combined with 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin (16.2 + 3.4 g/m2) and a gas-impermeable film. The incidence of bacterial wilt was not affected by soil treatments. Marketable yields in plots using various combinations of soil solarization and other tactics were similar (P < 0.05) to yields obtained in plots fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin. The results were validated in several large scale field experiments conducted by commercial growers.

INTENSIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF FIG (Ficus carica L.) UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR MANUEL MENDOZA-CASTILLO ◽  
JUAN MANUEL VARGAS-CANALES ◽  
GUILLERMO CALDERÓN-ZAVALA ◽  
MARÍA DEL CARMEN MENDOZA-CASTILLO ◽  
AMALIO SANTACRUZ-VARELA
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Experimental Phase ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
Intensive Production ◽  
Randomized Design

SUMMARYThe worldwide cultivation of fig (Ficus carica L.) has achieved great economic importance, mainly, due to its important role as a food supplement. This situation has generated great interest in researching its methods of production, processing and conservation. The objective of this research was to evaluate six intensive production systems of fig in hydroponic and greenhouse conditions. The experimental phase started on November 15, 2010 and was completed in September 2011. Production systems were established by varying the number of productive stems between three and eight in each plant, with densities of 1.25 plants m−2. A completely experimental – randomized design was used with five replications, with a pot and a plant as an experimental unit. The results indicate that the highest yielding of fresh fruit was presented by eight productive stems (109.5 t ha−1), this one outperformed the seven productive stems (94.8 t ha−1) in 13.3% and six productive stems (78.6 t ha−1), at 26.8%. The handling of productive stems allowed an increase in the leaf area index, harvest index and fruit yielding. These results suggest that intensive production in hydroponic and greenhouse conditions of fig is an excellent alternative production, allowing to collect up to 20 times of fresh fruit yielding in relation to the plantations in the open field.

scholarly journals Effects of digestible protein to energy ratios on growth and carcass chemical composition of siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinicius Antunes de Lemos ◽  
Thiago Quirino Arantes ◽  
Cristielle Nunes Souto ◽  
Graciela Pessoa Martins ◽  
Janaína Gomes Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Betta Splendens ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Energy Ratios ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Positive Effect

The expansion in the market of ornamental fish depends on the intensification of production systems and the generation of appropriate technologies. Therefore, it is necessary to know the nutritional requirements of each species for the formulation of nutritionally balanced diets. A 30-day feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different dietary digestible protein to energy ratio in diets for Betta splendens fingerlings. Fifty-six all-male B. splendens with 1.03 ± 0.11 g average weight were randomly stocked into 56 1L-aquaria in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, comprising eight treatments and seven replication. Each fish was considered an experimental unit. Diets were formulated to contain 28.0, 35.0, 42.0 and 49.0% DP and 3,600 and 3,200 kcal/kg DE. The growth parameters evaluated in this trial were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and specific growth rate (SGR). No difference (P > 0.05) was observed for WG, FCR and SGR. However, a higher FI was observed for fish fed diets containing 42.0% DP (P < 0.05). A positive effect of DP and DE on PER was observed in this study. Generally, according to the increase of DE levels, a reduction on PER was observed. Based on this experimental condition, we recommend the use of 28.0% DP and 3,200 kcal/kg DE in diets for B. splendens.

scholarly journals 71 Effects of timing of supplementation during late gestation in Bos indicus-influenced beef cows on post-weaning growth, immunity, and carcass characteristics of steer progeny

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 59-59
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Palmer ◽  
Marcelo Vedovatto ◽  
Juliana Ranches ◽  
Vinicius Gouvea ◽  
Rhaiza Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

Abstract This study evaluated the growth, immunity, and carcass characteristics of beef steers born to cows offered dried distillers grains (DDG) at different timing during late gestation. Approximately 84 d before calving (d 0), 84 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (422 ± 42 kg; 5.0 ± 0.14) and allocated into 1 of 6 bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures: 1) no prepartum supplementation (CON); 2) 1 kg/d DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84); or 3) 2 kg/d from d 0 to 42 (LATE42). Calves were weaned at 261 ± 23 d of age. At weaning, 38 steers were vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and transported to a feedlot facility. Steers were penned according to cow prepartum pasture distribution and fed a similar diet until slaughter (d 587). Data were analyzed as complete randomized design using MIXED procedure of SAS, pasture as the experimental unit, treatment as fixed effect, and pasture(treatment) and steer(pasture) as random effects. Steer feedlot BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.12) among treatments. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for LATE42 and LATE84 vs. CON steers 2 d after feedlot entry. Plasma cortisol and seroconversion for BVDV-1 and PI-3 did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) among treatments. The percentage of carcasses grading Choice did not differ (P = 0.13), but carcasses grading low Choice were greater (P = 0.03) for CON vs. LATE42, with LATE84 being intermediate (91, 40, and 58%, respectively). Thus, prepartum dried distillers grain supplementation to B. indicus-influenced cows did not enhance feedlot growth but had subtle positive impacts on carcass quality and innate immunity in steer progeny. In addition, timing of dried distillers grain supplementation (last 84 d vs. first 42 d of late gestation) did not impact steer post-weaning feedlot performance and carcass quality.

scholarly journals PSIII-5 Effects of ingredient composition of oral drenches in small piglets post-farrowing on average daily gain and pre-wean mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 238-238
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Samantha Tauer ◽  
Brent Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Number of pigs born alive has been a key factor of the increasing efficiency of the U.S. swine industry. However, with increased pigs in the uterus, birth weight has been negatively impacted, with more small or at-risk pigs being born per litter. In order to overcome these changes, a study testing three commercial oral drenches against a control to determine which would increase average daily gain and decrease preweaning mortality. In a completely randomized design, 877 one-day-old suckling pigs from a high-health farm were selected for the experiment if they appeared to be in the bottom 20% of bodyweight compared to their contemporaries. Selected pigs were given one of four drenching treatments: 1) none (control), 2) bioactive proteins (BP), 3) high energy sugars (HES), and 4) immunoglobulins (IgY). Pigs were weighed on d 1 and d 19 of age (weaning), with mortality tracked during the suckling period. Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4 (Cary, NC), with pig as the experimental unit and an accepted alpha of 0.05. Treatment had no detected effect on birth weight, weaning weight, ADG, or mortality (P = 0.79, 0.96, 0.86, 0.38 respectively). Likewise, statistical contrasts were used to determine there was no detected impact (P &gt; 0.10) of drench, regardless of type, compared to the control in any measured response criteria. Interesting, pigs drenched with BP or IgY had numerically lower preweaning mortality (11.2 and 11.5% respectively), than those administered the control or HES (15.4 and 15.2%, respectively). In conclusion, this experiment showed no significant difference in the performance between piglets given no product vs. those drenched with bioactive proteins, high energy sugars, or immunoglobulins. However, additional research is warranted with greater replication or disease stressors to better understand if oral drenches may improve preweaning performance or mortality in different situations.

scholarly journals Effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth under warm farrowing room temperatures on piglet rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Andres F Tolosa ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Catherine B Brown ◽  
Stephan A S Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Piglets experience a decline in body temperature immediately after birth, and both drying and warming piglets at birth reduces this. However, these interventions may have less effective at higher farrowing room temperatures. This study was carried out at a commercial facility to compare the effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on postnatal rectal temperature (RT) under relatively warm farrowing room temperatures (26.6 ± 2.09°C). Forty-five sows/litters were used in a completely randomized design to compare three Intervention Treatments (applied at birth): Control (no treatment); Warming (piglets placed in a plastic box under a heat lamp for 30 min); Drying+Warming (piglets dried with desiccant and warmed as above). Temperatures in the warming boxes over the study period averaged 37.7 ± 2.75°C. At birth, piglets were weighed; RT temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Blood samples were collected at 24 h after birth from a subsample of one piglet from each birth weight quartile within each litter to measure plasma immunocrit concentration. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with litter as the experimental unit; and piglet a subsample of litter. The model for analysis of piglet rectal temperature included fixed effects of treatment, measurement time (repeated measure), the interaction, and the random effect of sow. Compared to the Control, piglet RT were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Warming treatment between 10 and 60 min, and higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment between 10 and 120 min after birth. Rectal temperatures were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming than the Warming treatment between 20 and 120 min. Responses to drying and/or warming were greater for low birth weight piglets (&lt; 1.0 kg) than heavier littermates, but were generally less than observed in previous experiments with similar treatments carried out under cooler temperatures. Piglet immunocrit values were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment compared to the other treatments, which were similar (P &gt; 0.05). Immunocrit values tended (P = 0.10) to be lower for light (&lt; 1.0 kg) compared to heavier birth weight piglets. In conclusion, drying and warming piglets at birth was more effective for reducing piglet RT decline after birth than warming alone, though the effect was less than observed in previous studies carried out under cooler farrowing room temperatures.

scholarly journals 5 Evaluating Finishing Performance of Cattle Fed HMC:SFC Blends with Modified Distillers Grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 127-128
Author(s):  
Braden Troyer ◽  
Zac Carlson ◽  
Levi J McPhillips ◽  
Andrea K Watson ◽  
James C MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Gate System ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Extension Center

Abstract Steam-flaked corn (SFC) has been widely used in feedlots in the southern United States to improve feed efficiency (G:F) by increasing starch digestibility. Similarly, feedlots in the Midwest have commonly fed high moisture corn (HMC), both to ensure corn supply for the year and to improve G:F. However, popularity of SFC in the Midwest is on the rise, but producers still recognize the benefits of HMC utilization. A study was conducted at the Eastern Nebraska Research and Extension Center (ENREC) to compare finishing cattle performance when fed HMC, SFC, or a blend. The objective was to determine the optimum inclusion of the grains when modified distillers grains (MDGS) was included at 20% of the diet. This study utilized 90 yearling steers (353 kg; SD=5.8 kg) individually fed using the Calan gate system in a completely randomized design with cattle stratified by body weight (BW). Treatments included: 100% HMC, 75% HMC blended with 25% SFC, a 50% blend of the grains, 25% HMC blended with 75% SFC, or 100% SFC (DM basis; % of the 70% grain in the diet). Cattle were on feed 168 days with 3-day initial BW and 1 day final BW. Animal was the experimental unit with 18 replications per treatment. No differences in initial BW, ribeye area, or marbling score between treatments were detected (P &gt; 0.12). Ending BW, hot carcass weight, average daily gain, and G:F all linearly increased with increasing inclusion of SFC in the diet (P &lt; 0.05). Carcass adjusted G:F improved from 0.158 to 0.170 for 100% HMC compared to 100% SFC diets, respectively. In conclusion, feeding higher inclusions of SFC in finishing diets resulted in improved performance compared to HMC in diets containing 20% MDGS.

Biological Parameters of Three Populations of Triatoma dimidiata s. s. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) From Western Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Nogueda-Torres ◽  
Oziel D Montañez-Valdez ◽  
J G Michel-Parra ◽  
Diana M Martínez-Grant ◽  
J Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Cruzi Infection

Abstract Chagas disease is a very important vector-borne disease in México, and Triatoma dimidiata sensu stricto (Latreille) is one of the most important vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, mainly in southern and central states. In the Pacific Coast states with the highest prevalence of human T. cruzi infection, T. dimidiata s. s. is considered as a secondary vector. However, the vectorial capacity of those populations has not been studied. Therefore, the vector characteristics of three populations of T. dimidiata s. s. in western México were evaluated in this study. The populations were maintained in the laboratory at 27 ± 1°C and 75% ± 5% RH with a 12:12 h (light:dark) regime, fed on rabbits in a fortnight basis. The development times were short (172–238 d), and the number of bloodmeals to molt was low (11). Mortality was moderate (36–45%), the onset of feeding was relatively rapid (0.5–1.7 min), and feedings were extended (&gt;15 min). More than 40% of individuals in most instars defecated in one of three categories: &lt;1 min when feeding (5–37.9%), immediately after feeding (9–28.6%), or in &lt;1 min post feeding (7–25.8%). The median number of laid eggs was high (over 2.5) in the three populations, as were the egg eclosion rates (&gt;86%). Thus, the T. dimidiata s. s. in the three populations are potentially efficient vectors of T. cruzi and could contribute to the high prevalence of infection in human populations in western México.

scholarly journals INITIAL GROWTH OF Dipteryx alata PLANTS UNDER WATER DEFICIT

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Santos Matos ◽  
Igor Alberto Silvestre Freitas ◽  
Lidiane Villas Boas Dos Santos ◽  
Daniel Guimarães Venâncio ◽  
Patrícia Souza da Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Dipteryx Alata

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of water deficit stress on the growth of Dipteryx alata plants. The experiment was carried out on a bench in full sun at the Goiás State University experimental unit, in Ipameri town, Goiás. Dipteryx alata seeds were collected from native plants in that municipality and sown in four-liter pots containing a mixture of soil, sand and cattle manure at ratio 3:1:0.5, respectively. The experiment was set up following the completely randomized design with five treatments (plants irrigated for 25 days with water volumes corresponding to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of daily evapotranspiration) and six replicates. Treatments were applied when the plants were 60 days old, and at 85 days the plants were assessed for the following parameters: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, foliar chlorophyll concentration (a+b ), total carotenoids, relative water content, transpiration, leaf, stem and root mass ratios, and total biomass. During early development, the Dipteryx alata plants were highly sensitive to water deficit, significantly slowing down vegetative growth. Accordingly, in order to remain alive, the plants drastically reduced transpiration as a result of high stomatal sensitivity.

scholarly journals Calcium deposition in egg due to substitution of limestone by eggshell flour in feed of laying hens

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kismiati ◽  
T. Yuwanta ◽  
Z. Zuprizal ◽  
S. Supadmo ◽  
U. Atmomarsono
Keyword(s):  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Tibia Bone ◽  
Randomized Design

The aim of this research was to evaluate calcium deposition in egg using eggshell flour as a limestone substitute in feed. Two hundreds laying hen of Isa Brown strain of 25 weeks were used in this study. Treatments were diet with 7.5% limestone as control (T0), 2.5% limestone is substituted with eggshell flour(T1), 5% limestone is substituted with eggshell flour (T2) and limestone is substituted with eggshell flour (T3). A completly randomized design were used to allocated the treatments with 5 replications of each. Each experimental unit consists of 10 laying hens. Parameters measured were egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, eggshell weight, calcium of egg (yolk, albumen and eggshell), length, weight and Ca of tibia bone. The results showed that substitution of limestone with eggshell flour had significantly effect (P<0.05) on eggshell weight, Ca deposition on yolk, albumen, and Ca of tibia bone but non significantly effect on egg weight, weight and percentage of yolk, weight and percentage of albumen, percentage and Ca of eggshell, length and weight of tibia bone. In conclusion, calcium deposition in yolk was the highest in the use of 7.5% eggshell flour to substitute limestone but obtained the lowest Ca of bone , while calcium deposition in albumen was the highest in the use of 2.5% eggshell flour.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document