scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Variation for Tomato Flesh Color in a Population of Modern Breeding Lines

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Sacks ◽  
David M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Angle Variation ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Modern Breeding

The genetic and environmental variation for flesh color of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit was quantified using 41 red-fruited breeding lines, open-pollinated cultivars, and hybrids that are representative of the diversity of tomatoes grown for whole-peel processing in the midwestern and eastern United States and Ontario, Canada. Objective color measurements were made for 2 years from replicated experiments with 2 to 4 blocks per year. Genotypes differed significantly in lightness value (L*), saturation (chroma), and hue angle. Variation within fruit and among fruit in plots accounted for more than 75% of the environmental variation for the color traits. The crimson locus (ogc) accounted for less than one-third of the variation in fruit color among genotypic means, and explained 18% to 27% of the genotypic variation for L*, chroma, and hue. Estimates of variance components were used to develop sampling strategies for improving selection efficiency. Genotypes were identified that may be useful for studying genetic differences that lead to quantitative variation for fruit color in red-fruited populations of tomato.

Influence of Light on Fruit Set of French Hybrid Grapes

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 510f-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
S.J. McArtney ◽  
D.M. Scurlock
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Four French–American hybrid grape cultivars grown in a greenhouse were subjected to 5 days of 80% shade at four different times around bloom. Fruit set of `Seyval' was reduced by shade imposed before, during, or immediately after bloom. `Vidal' and `Chambourcin' were less sensitive, with fruit set reduced only by shade at bloom. Shade had little effect on fruit set of `DeChaunac'. In a second study, `Chambourcin' vines were exposed to ambient, ambient plus supplemental lights, and 30%, 50%, or 80% shade for 5 weeks beginning just prior to bloom. Fruit set was positively related to light intensity. At harvest, soluble solids, pH, and hue angle had a negative linear relationship to light level. Fruit color developed earliest and most rapidly with the reduced light treatments applied at bloom. Cluster weight was positively related to light intensity.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterization, Variability and Diversity among Vegetable Soybean (Glycine max L.) Genotypes

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Nagaraju Shilpashree ◽  
Sarojinikunjamma Nirmala Devi ◽  
Dalasanuru Chandregowda Manjunathagowda ◽  
Anjanappa Muddappa ◽  
Shaimaa A. M. Abdelmohsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Vegetable Soybean ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
High Heritability

Vegetable soybean production is dependent on the development of vegetable type varieties that would be achieved by the use of germplasm to evolve new agronomically superior yielding vegetable type with beneficial biochemical traits. This can be accomplished by a better understanding of genetics, which is why the research was conducted to reveal the quantitative genetics of vegetable soybean genotypes. Genetic variability of main morphological traits in vegetable soybean genotypes and their divergence was estimated, as a result of the magnitude of genotypic variation (GV), and phenotypic variation (PV) of traits varied among the genotypes. All traits showed high heritability (h2) associated with high genetic advance percentage mean (GAM). Therefore, these variable traits are potential for genetic improvement of vegetable type soybean. Genetic diversity is the prime need for breeding, and the magnitude of genetic diversity values were maximized among specific genotypes. Eight clusters were found for all genotypes; cluster VIII and cluster I were considered to have the most diversity. Cluster VIII consisted of two genotypes (GM-6 and GM-27), based on the mean outcomes of the high yield attributing traits. Hence, these two (GM-6, GM-27) genotypes can be advanced for commercial cultivation; furthermore, other genotypes can be used as source of breeding lines for genetic improvement of vegetable soybean.

Transpiration Response to Vapor Pressure Deficit in Field Grown Peanut

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Balota ◽  
Steve McGrath ◽  
Thomas G. Isleib ◽  
Shyam Tallury
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Water deficit, i.e., rainfall amounts and distribution, is the most common abiotic stress that limits peanut production worldwide. Even though extensive research efforts have been made to improve drought tolerance in peanut, performance of genotypes largely depends upon the environment in which they grow. Based on greenhouse experiments, it has been hypothesized that stomata closure under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a mechanism of soil water conservation and it has been shown that genotypic variation for the response of transpiration rate to VPD in peanut exists. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between stomatal conductance (gs) and VPD for field grown peanut in Virginia-Carolina (VC) rainfed environments. In 2009, thirty virginia-type peanut cultivars and advanced breeding lines were evaluated for gs at several times before and after rain events, including a moisture stress episode. In 2010, eighteen genotypes were evaluated for gs under soil water deficit. In 2009, VPD ranged from 1.3 to 4.2 kPa and in 2010 from 1.78 to 3.57 kPa. Under water deficit, genotype and year showed a significant effect on gs (P  =  0.0001), but the genotype × year interaction did not. During the water deficit episodes while recorded gs values were relatively high, gs was negatively related to VPD (R2  =  0.57, n  =  180 in 2009; R2  =  0.47, n  =  108 in 2010), suggesting that stomata closure is indeed a water conservation mechanism for field grown peanut. However, a wide range of slopes among genotype were observed in both years. Genotypes with significant negative relationships of gs and VPD under water deficit in both years were Florida Fancy, Gregory, N04074FCT, NC-V11, and VA-98R. While Florida Fancy, Gregory, and NC-V11 are known to be high yielding cultivars, VA-98R and line N04074FCT are not. The benefit of stomatal closure during drought episodes in the VC environments is further discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Yield performance and stability of modern breeding stock of spring durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) from Russia and Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 939-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Mal’chikov ◽  
M. A. Rozova ◽  
A. I. Morgunov ◽  
M. G. Myasnikova ◽  
Yu. I. Zelensky
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Ecological Sites ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
Research Institute

Identifcation of adaptive responses of breeding material, developed in different breeding centers, helps to purposefully correct these traits where it is necessary. Thus, 42 modern breeding lines from eight institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan were studied in comparison with the historical standard Bezenchukskaya 139 in trails of 16-17 and 18 KASIB-SDW (Kazakhstan-Siberian net for wheat improvement, spring durum wheat) in 2015–2017. Field experiments and yield measurements in each ecological cite were similar. To solve these tasks of the experiment, two-factor ANOVA, methods for adaptability assessment cluster analysis and principle component method were applied. As a result, it was established that 1) genotype and genotype – environment interaction (overall 15.8–23.5 % of total dispersion) had signifcant effect on yield variability; 2) genotype – environment interactions were of linear nature and had no destabilizing effect; 3) all the genotypes tested can be distributed in three clusters, the frst one for locally adapted varieties, the third for varieties of a wide areal, the second included genotypes with intermediate characteristics; 4) breeding centers of the Federal Altai Scientifc Centre of Agro-Biotechnologies and of the Research Institute of Agriculture of South-East produced predominantly varieties of local importance, the Samara Research Institute of Agriculture – varieties of wide area; 5) a stable trend of increased mean yield compared to historical standard Bezenchukskaya 139 over ecological sites was observed only for Samara varieties; 6) varieties of all the breeding centers had no stable difference from Bezenchukskaya 139 concerning stability and responsiveness, which can be explained by an incomplete breeding process for these parameters and confrms the importance of the KASIB program; 7) a trend of yield increase compared to Bezenchukskaya 139 under testing in defnite local environments had more stable parameters with the largest progress observed in the Altai Research Institute of Agriculture (135.4 and 163.2 % to Bezenchukskaya 139), which can be explained by a high efciency of breeding of locally adapted varieties in the breeding center.

Australian canola germplasm differs in nitrogen and sulfur efficiency

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Balint ◽  
Zdenko Rengel ◽  
David Allen
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Eighty-four canola genotypes, including current commercial Australian genotypes, some older Australian genotypes, new breeding lines, and several genotypes from China, were screened for nitrogen and sulfur efficiency in the early growth stage. Plants were grown in a glasshouse using virgin brown Lancelin soil (Uc4.22) supplied with basal nutrients. The treatments were: (i) adequate nitrogen and sulfur, (ii) low nitrogen, and (iii) low sulfur. Canola shoots were harvested at 38 days after sowing when growth reduction and the nitrogen and sulfur deficiency symptoms were evident in most genotypes. The nitrogen or sulfur efficiency in canola genotypes was evaluated on the basis of: (1) growth at low nitrogen or sulfur supply, (2) growth at low relative to adequate nitrogen and sulfur supply, and (3) nitrogen or sulfur utilisation efficiency expressed as shoot dry weight per unit of nitrogen or sulfur content in shoots. Genotypic variation in growth and nitrogen or sulfur efficiency in canola germplasm was significant. Two genotypes (Chikuzen and 46C74) were ranked efficient and 2 inefficient (CBWA-005 and Beacon) in uptake and utilisation of nitrogen under all 3 criteria. In terms of sulfur efficiency, genotype Argentina was ranked efficient, whereas CBWA-003 and IB 1363 were classified inefficient under all 3 criteria. Two canola genotypes (Surpass 600 and 46C74) were both nitrogen- and sulfur-efficient in terms of relative growth at low v. adequate nutrition; their use in the breeding programs could be considered.

scholarly journals Genotypic variation in a foundation tree ( Populus tremula L.) explains community structure of associated epiphytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 20140190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantel Davies ◽  
Christopher J. Ellis ◽  
Glenn R. Iason ◽  
Richard A. Ennos
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Foundation Species ◽  
Community Genetics ◽  
Epiphyte Community

Community genetics hypothesizes that within a foundation species, the genotype of an individual significantly influences the assemblage of dependent organisms. To assess whether these intra-specific genetic effects are ecologically important, it is required to compare their impact on dependent organisms with that attributable to environmental variation experienced over relevant spatial scales. We assessed bark epiphytes on 27 aspen ( Populus tremula L.) genotypes grown in a randomized experimental array at two contrasting sites spanning the environmental conditions from which the aspen genotypes were collected. We found that variation in aspen genotype significantly influenced bark epiphyte community composition, and to the same degree as environmental variation between the test sites. We conclude that maintaining genotypic diversity of foundation species may be crucial for conservation of associated biodiversity.

scholarly journals FLESH COLOR AS A PEACH MATURITY INDEX

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 245b-245
Author(s):  
Walter Boswell ◽  
Bernard Bible ◽  
Suman Singha
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Maturity Index ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Hue Angle

Flesh color has been proposed as a maturity index for peaches. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of this parameter in `Loring', `Jersey Dawn', `Madison', and `Raritan Rose' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Fruit were picked at weekly intervals at three or four harvest dates, with five fruit per cultivar being picked from each of three trees. Flesh firmness and soluble solids were measured immediately following harvest, and CIELAB coordinates (L*a*b*) of blush and flesh color were determined with a Minolta CR-200b calorimeter. There was a highly significant correlation (P < 0.001) between firmness and flesh hue angle for all four cultivars and with flesh chroma especially for the white-fleshed `Raritan Rose'. The correlation values between firmness and blush hue angle were consistently lower. Soluble solids did not consistently correlate with flesh or blush color. Even though blush color influences consumer preference, it was not as good an indicator of maturity as flesh color for the cultivars that we tested.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variation in and Environmental Variance Components of Sugar Composition in Japanese Pear Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1465-1469
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Saito ◽  
Norio Takada ◽  
Hidenori Kato ◽  
Shingo Terakami ◽  
Sogo Nishio
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Sugar Composition ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Total Sugar Content

Genotypic variations in and environmental variance components of the total sugar content (TSC) and sugar composition, including sucrose (SUC), fructose (FRU), glucose (GLU), and sorbitol (SOR), in the fruit juice of 13 Japanese pear cultivars were analyzed. The TSC of ‘Kanta’ and TSC of ‘Hoshiakari’ were high (both >14.5 g/100 mL). The contents of SUC and FRU were higher than those of the other sugars. The SUC contents were ranked as follows: ‘Gold Nijisseiki’, 7.3 g/100 mL; ‘Shuurei’, 6.2 g/100 mL; and ‘Akizuki’, 6.1 g/100 mL. The FRU content in ‘Kanta’ was the highest among all monomeric sugars evaluated (6.8 g/100 mL). These results suggest that ‘Kanta’ is superior in terms of both TSC and sugar composition, which determine sweetness. The yearly environmental variance components were negligible for all traits. The genotype × year ranged from 4.4% to 13.7% of the total variance. Within-tree variance was 17.1% for TSC, whereas that for the sugar composition ranged from 1.4% to 6.1%. The tree × year ranged from 2.7% to 7.4%. Variance among fruits within trees was the largest environmental variance component—except for FRU—and ranged from 8.8% to 35.6%. Broad-sense heritability (hB2) values based on single tree, single year, and single fruit measurements were 0.33, 0.64, 0.69, 0.71, and 0.76 for TSC, SUC, FRU, GLU, and SOR, respectively. These results suggest that it would be easier to estimate genetic differences in sugar components with a higher level of precision than those in TSC. Increasing the fruit number up to five, in combination with yearly repetition increased to two (without tree repetition), significantly increased the hB2 of all traits undergoing study. The information obtained during this study will be useful for improving the accuracy of phenotypic selection and future genomic-based breeding studies performed to improve the sweetness of Japanese pear fruits.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin content in eggplant breeding lines selected in VNISSOK under condition of hydroponic small-size cultivation

2009 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
M.I. Mamedov ◽  
O.N. Pyshnaya ◽  
H.A. Shmykova ◽  
V.M. Verba
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Breeding Lines

Fruit color of eggplants is one of the most important traits. In the fruit peel several anthocyanins were identified. It was shown that in fruits of Japanese accessions the basic an anthocyanin was delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl rutinoside)-5-glucoside (nasunin), while other accessions contained tulipanin (delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside). The breeding lines for hydroponic small-size cultivation that was selected by researchers from VNISSOK contained 0,021-0,2l7 grams of anthocyanin per kilogram.

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