Activated Carbon from Wastes

1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
R.A. Gallop ◽  
P.E. Cansfield ◽  
M. Vlaovic ◽  
A. Hydamaka ◽  
R. Rastogi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biological Wastes

Abstract Work in our laboratory and elsewhere, has shown that many common organic wastes, such as straw, grain, fruit, pits, nut-shells, seed-hulls, other fibrous plant residues, wood, cardboard and newspaper can be used as fuel and substrates, for the production of commercially useful charcoals, including activated carbons for direct environmental protection, or through reclamation of wastes to high degrees of purity, before re-use or discharge. This topic will be reviewed, including work on activated carbons, its use in rapid physico-chemical cyclic reclamation and re-use systems, for biological wastes, particularly those from food processing industries, and other feasibilities for its use in environmental pollution abatement

scholarly journals Activated Carbon from Corncobs Doped with RuO2 as Biobased Electrode Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-343
Author(s):  
Viola Hoffmann ◽  
Catalina Rodriguez Correa ◽  
Saskia Sachs ◽  
Andrea del Pilar Sandoval-Rojas ◽  
Mo Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors ◽  
Electrochemical Double Layer

Bio-based activated carbons with very high specific surface area of >3.000 m² g−1 (based on CO2 adsorption isotherms) and a high proportion of micropores (87% of total SSA) are produced by corncobs via pyrolysis and chemical activation with KOH. The activated carbon is further doped with different proportions of the highly pseudocapacitive transition metal oxide RuO2 to obtain enhanced electrochemical properties and tune the materials for the application in electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) (supercapacitors). The activated carbon and composites are extensively studied regarding their physico-chemical and electrochemical properties. The results show that the composite containing 40 wt.% RuO2 has an electric conductivity of 408 S m−1 and a specific capacitance of 360 Fg−1. SEM-EDX, XPS, and XRD analysis confirm the homogenous distribution of partly crystalline RuO2 particles on the carbon surface, which leads to a biobased composite material with enhanced electrochemical properties.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characterization of powdered activated carbons obtained by thermo-chemical conversion of brown municipal waste

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Milan Momcilovic ◽  
Milovan Purenovic ◽  
Milena Miljkovic ◽  
Aleksandar Bojic ◽  
Aleksandra Zarubica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Pore Distribution ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Developed Surface ◽  
Oxygen Groups

Cones of the European Black pine and Horse chestnut kernel, regarded as brown municipal waste, was utilized in this work as a precursor for powdered activated carbons. Chemical activation was employed at 500?C in inert atmosphere of nitrogen. Standard physico-chemical analyses were performed to examine obtained products. FTIR method was employed to determine fuctional groups which were found to be typical for activated carbons. Acidic oxygen groups were quantitatively determined using Boehm titrations. It was established that carboxylic groups on pine cone activated carbon, and phenolic groups on chestnut kernel activated carbon were dominant from all acidic oxygen groups. Since both contact pH and pHPZC were determined to be fairly acidic, it could be concluded that obtained activated carbons belong to L-type. Shape and layout of micrometer dimensioned particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Particles of different shapes and dimensions along with small cracks and wide crevices and voids were noticed. Textural analysis was used to determine specific surface area and pore distribution of obtained activated carbons. Obtained products possess highly developed surface area and wide pore distribution.

Equipment dentifying Vapor Leakages and Recovery of Petroleum Product Vapor When Stored

2020 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Y.N. Rybakov ◽  
◽  
V.E. Danilov ◽  
I.V. Danilov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Petroleum Product ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Carnot Cycle ◽  
Oil Supply ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
Vapor Absorption

The problem of losses of oil products from leaks during their storage and transportation at oil supply facilities is considered. The influence of oil product leaks on the environmental situation around oil depots and gas stations is shown. A detailed overview of existing methods and tools for detecting leaks of petroleum products from storage facilities is presented. The evaluation of their effectiveness. Two methods for detecting oil leaks and devices based on them are proposed. The first device monitors the movement of liquid in the tank, the second-detects petroleum products in wastewater. The problem of recovery of petroleum vapors and environmental pollution from the release of vapors of light fractions into the atmosphere is also considered. An overview of existing methods and means of recovery of petroleum vapors is presented. Two methods and devices for capturing oil vapors and returning them to the reservoir are proposed, based on different principles: vapor absorption in the cooled oil product and vapor recovery on the principle of the Carnot cycle. It is shown that these devices can provide effective detection of oil leaks and recovery of their vapors, as well as improve the effectiveness of environmental protection at modern gas stations and tank farms.

Use of activated carbon to remove undesirable residual amylase from refinery streams

2017 ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Eggleston ◽  
Isabel Lima ◽  
Emmanuel Sarir ◽  
Jack Thompson ◽  
John Zatlokovicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
End User ◽  
Customer Complaints ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Very High

In recent years, there has been increased world-wide concern over residual (carry-over) activity of mostly high temperature (HT) and very high temperature (VHT) stable amylases in white, refined sugars from refineries to various food and end-user industries. HT and VHT stable amylases were developed for much larger markets than the sugar industry with harsher processing conditions. There is an urgent need in the sugar industry to be able to remove or inactivate residual, active amylases either in factory or refinery streams or both. A survey of refineries that used amylase and had activated carbon systems for decolorizing, revealed they did not have any customer complaints for residual amylase. The use of high performance activated carbons to remove residual amylase activity was investigated using a Phadebas® method created for the sugar industry to measure residual amylase in syrups. Ability to remove residual amylase protein was dependent on the surface area of the powdered activated carbons as well as mixing (retention) time. The activated carbon also had the additional benefit of removing color and insoluble starch.

Effect of Polyphosphate on Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol-A by Activated Carbons

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keun J. Choi ◽  
Sang G. Kim ◽  
Chang W. Kim ◽  
Seung H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Calcium Polyphosphate ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Positively Charged

Abstract This study examined the effect of polyphosphate on removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as nonylphenol and bisphenol-A by activated carbons. It was found that polyphosphate aided in the removal of nonylphenol and bisphenol- A. Polyphosphate reacted with nonylphenol, likely through dipole-dipole interaction, which then improved the nonylphenol removal. Calcium interfered with this reaction by causing competition. It was found that polyphosphate could accumulate on carbon while treating a river. The accumulated polyphosphate then aided nonylphenol removal. The extent of accumulation was dependent on the type of carbon. The accumulation occurred more extensively with the wood-based used carbon than with the coal-based used carbon due to the surface charge of the carbon. The negatively charged wood-based carbon attracted the positively charged calcium-polyphosphate complex more strongly than the uncharged coal-based carbon. The polyphosphate-coated activated carbon was also effective in nonylphenol removal. The effect was different depending on the type of carbon. Polyphosphate readily attached onto the wood-based carbon due to its high affinity for polyphosphate. The attached polyphosphate then improved the nonylphenol removal. However, the coating failed to attach polyphosphate onto the coal-based carbon. The nonylphenol removal performance of the coal-based carbon remained unchanged after the polyphosphate coating.

scholarly journals 1.8 V Aqueous Symmetric Carbon-Based Supercapacitors with Agarose-Bound Activated Carbons in an Acidic Electrolyte

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1731
Author(s):  
Chih-Chung Lai ◽  
Feng-Hao Hsu ◽  
Su-Yang Hsu ◽  
Ming-Jay Deng ◽  
Kueih-Tzu Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Aqueous Electrolytes ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
Aqueous Cells ◽  
Acidic Electrolyte ◽  
Cycling Behavior

The specific energy of an aqueous carbon supercapacitor is generally small, resulting mainly from a narrow potential window of aqueous electrolytes. Here, we introduced agarose, an ecologically compatible polymer, as a novel binder to fabricate an activated carbon supercapacitor, enabling a wider potential window attributed to a high overpotential of the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) of agarose-bound activated carbons in sulfuric acid. Assembled symmetric aqueous cells can be galvanostatically cycled up to 1.8 V, attaining an enhanced energy density of 13.5 W h/kg (9.5 µW h/cm2) at 450 W/kg (315 µW/cm2). Furthermore, a great cycling behavior was obtained, with a 94.2% retention of capacitance after 10,000 cycles at 2 A/g. This work might guide the design of an alternative material for high-energy aqueous supercapacitors.

scholarly journals The influence of active carbon contaminants on the ozonation mechanism interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Fijołek ◽  
Joanna Świetlik ◽  
Marcin Frankowski
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Ozone Decomposition ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Carbon Impurities

AbstractIn water treatment technology, activated carbons are used primarily as sorbents to remove organic impurities, mainly natural organic matter, but also as catalysts in the ozonation process. Commercially available activated carbons are usually contaminated with mineral substances, classified into two main groups: alkali metals (Ca, Na, K, Li, Mg) and multivalent metals (Al, Fe, Ti, Si). The presence of impurities on the carbon surface significantly affects the pHpzc values determined for raw and ozonated carbon as well as their acidity and alkalinity. The scale of the observed changes strongly depends on the pH of the ozonated system, which is related to the diffusion of impurities from the carbon to the solution. In an acidic environment (pH 2.5 in this work), the ozone molecule is relatively stable, yet active carbon causes its decomposition. This is the first report that indirectly indicates that contaminants on the surface of activated carbon (multivalent elements) contribute to the breakdown of ozone towards radicals, while the process of ozone decomposition by purified carbons does not follow the radical path in bulk solution. Carbon impurities also change the distribution of the reaction products formed by organic pollutants ozonation, which additionally confirms the radical process. The study showed that the use of unpurified activated carbon in the ozonation of succinic acid (SA) leads to the formation of a relatively large amount of oxalic acid (OA), which is a product of radical SA degradation. On the other hand, in solutions with purified carbon, the amount of OA generated is negligible.

scholarly journals Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2951
Author(s):  
Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽  
Jarosław Serafin ◽  
Andy M. Booth ◽  
Beata Michalkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Computer Analysis ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Microporous Structure ◽  
Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

scholarly journals Development of Formaldehyde Adsorption using Modified Activated Carbon – A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.D.P Rengga ◽  
M. Sudibandriyo ◽  
M Nasikin
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Modified Activated Carbon ◽  
Nano Size ◽  
Formaldehyde Adsorption

Gas storage is a technology developed with an adsorptive storage method, in which gases are stored as adsorbed components on the certain adsorbent. Formaldehyde is one of the major indoor gaseous pollutants. Depending on its concentration, formaldehyde may cause minor disorder symptoms to a serious injury. Some of the successful applications of technology for the removal of formaldehyde have been reported. However, this paper presents an overview of several studies on the elimination of formaldehyde that has been done by adsorption method because of its simplicity. The adsorption method does not require high energy and the adsorbent used can be obtained from inexpensive materials. Most researchers used activated carbon as an adsorbent for removal of formaldehyde because of its high adsorption capacity. Activated carbons can be produced from many materials such as coals, woods, or agricultural waste. Some of them were prepared by specific activation methods to improve the surface area. Some researchers also used modified activated carbon by adding specific additive to improve its performance in attracting formaldehyde molecules. Proposed modification methods on activation and additive impregnated carbon are thus discussed in this paper for future development and improvement of formaldehyde adsorption on activated carbon. Specifically, a waste agricultural product is chosen for activated carbon raw material because it is renewable and gives an added value to the materials. The study indicates that the performance of the adsorption of formaldehyde might be improved by using modified activated carbon. Bamboo seems to be the most appropriate raw materials to produce activated carbon combined with applying chemical activation method and addition of metal oxidative catalysts such as Cu or Ag in nano size particles. Bamboo activated carbon can be developed in addition to the capture of formaldehyde as well as the storage of adsorptive hydrogen gas that supports renewable energy. Keywords: adsorption; bamboo; formaldehyde; modified activated carbon; nano size particles

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