Nutrients Removal and Recovery in a Two-Stage High-Rate Algal Wastewater Treatment System

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Shelef ◽  
Y Azov ◽  
R Moraine
Keyword(s):  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Algae Growth ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Two Stages

Removal of wastewater borne nutrients by high rate algal ponds for the control of eutrophication in receiving bodies of water was studied under laboratory and outdoor conditions. Due to limitations of areal productivity and stoichiometry of nitrogen/algal bio-mass and phosphorus/algal biomass only less than 40 percent removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from strong municipal wastewater can be expected through biomass incorporation in one-stage high-rate algae ponds. Nitrogen removal of 74 percent can be attained by supplementary removal through ammonia atmospheric evolution from pond surface while phosphorus removal of 95 percent is attained following algae flocculation with alum. A second-stage pond following a “coarse” algae separation is needed to exert the full incorporation of nutrients into algal biomass. Effluent from the second stage, following “refined” algae separation, contain less than 4 mg/ℓ and less than 0.5 mg/ℓ of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The final second stage effluent sustained reduced further algae productivity even when resupplemented by N and P and only addition of other macro and micro nutrients triggered additional significant algae growth, indicating depletion of algae growth potential factors other than N and P by the preceding two stages. The possibility of recovering the removed nutrient in the form of biomass proteinaceous animal feed is also discussed.

Algal Growth Potential Test: An Indicative Method to Estimate the Influence of Water Quality Changes on the Algal Biomass

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1403-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bolier
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Algal Growth Potential ◽  
Algae Growth ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Potential Test

Algal Growth Potential Tests as known from literature cannot simply be applied in water quality management in the Netherlands; adaptation to the Dutch situation is necessary. Points of research were: pretreatment of the water to be tested, species of test algae, conditions of the cultivation, monitoring of the algae growth.

scholarly journals Agroecological Characterization of Sewage Sludge of Kharkov

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Production Wastes ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Methods Analytical

The high rate of urbanization in the second half of the last century led to not only to the growth of urban population, but also as a result to increasing of amount of production wastes. During solving problems with municipal wastewater treatment inevitably the problem of disposal of sewage sludges is arised. Purpose is to provide agroecological substantiation of possibility of application of sewage sludge of Kharkov in the agricultural sector. Methods. Analytical, laboratory modeling and statistics. Results. Agrochemical and ecological assessment of sewage sludge of WWTP "Bezlutskiy" at Kharkov are given, compliance with the requirements of normative documents and substantiation of possibility of application of sewage sludge in the agricultural sector are established. Conclusions. It is found that sewage sludge contain sufficiently high amount of organic matter (more than 52 %) and major nutrients (total nitrogen and phosphorus) as well as acceptable concentrations of micronutrients and heavy metals according to the requirements of normative documents. Prospects of sewage sludge application as fertilizer is established.

Performance of an Integrated Ponding System Operated in Arid Zones

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1543-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Puskas ◽  
I. I. Esen ◽  
I. Banat ◽  
R. Al-Daher
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treated Effluent

This research project was aimed at developing a ponding system for municipal wastewater treatment adapted to arid regions. High-rate algal ponds preceded by facultative ponds create a combined biological system that can provide treated effluent suitable for landscape irrigation or, after being upgraded, for agricultural irrigation; the system can also provide algae for soil conditioning or animal feed. A pilot plant was designed and constructed to study the operation and performance of the system, an intensive experimental program was introduced with in-situ measurements of the daily pond conditions and laboratory analysis of the pond effluents to evaluate the system and determine the design parameters. The algal-bacterial ponding system performed satisfactorily providing treated effluent with less than 20 mg/l BOD, 130 mg/l COD, 40 mg/l total nitrogen and 25 mg/l NH3N. The average production of algal biomass was 250 kg/ha.d. Proper disinfection was achieved, indicated by average bacterial count of 5 N/ml total coliforms and 1000 N/ml total bacteria. The area's seasonal weather variations, dense wastewater and fluctuating organic and hydraulic load, did not adversely effect the system. The pilot operation proved the advantages and efficiency of the algal-bacterial pond system in arid regions.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering algorithm for cluster head selection (DEEEC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8139-8147
Author(s):  
Ranganathan Arun ◽  
Rangaswamy Balamurugan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Ch Selection

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) the energy of Sensor nodes is not certainly sufficient. In order to optimize the endurance of WSN, it is essential to minimize the utilization of energy. Head of group or Cluster Head (CH) is an eminent method to develop the endurance of WSN that aggregates the WSN with higher energy. CH for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication becomes dependent. For complete, in WSN, the Energy level of CH extends its life of cluster. While evolving cluster algorithms, the complicated job is to identify the energy utilization amount of heterogeneous WSNs. Based on Chaotic Firefly Algorithm CH (CFACH) selection, the formulated work is named “Novel Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm”, in short, DEEEC for HWSNs. The formulated DEEEC Algorithm, which is a CH, has two main stages. In the first stage, the identification of temporary CHs along with its entropy value is found using the correlative measure of residual and original energy. Along with this, in the clustering algorithm, the rotating epoch and its entropy value must be predicted automatically by its sensor nodes. In the second stage, if any member in the cluster having larger residual energy, shall modify the temporary CHs in the direction of the deciding set. The target of the nodes with large energy has the probability to be CHs which is determined by the above two stages meant for CH selection. The MATLAB is required to simulate the DEEEC Algorithm. The simulated results of the formulated DEEEC Algorithm produce good results with respect to the energy and increased lifetime when it is correlated with the current traditional clustering protocols being used in the Heterogeneous WSNs.

Analisis Kebutuhan Petunjuk Praktikum Berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains untuk Mencapai Kemampuan Merancang Eksperimen

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitriah Khoirunnisa ◽  
Friska Septiani Silitonga ◽  
Veri Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Core Competence ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Core Competence ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Practical Instruction ◽  
Design Experiments

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kebutuhan petunjuk praktikum berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains (KPS) untuk mencapai kemampuan merancang eksperimen pada materi kalor reaksi kalorimetri. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap peserta didik kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Kota Tanjungpinang. Variabel penelitian mencakup analisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dan analisis kesesuaian Kompetensi Inti (KI) dan Kompetensi Dasar (KD). Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Tahapan pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kebutuhan bahan ajar dengan cara membandingkan dua petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini telah digunakan di sekolah tersebut, ditinjau dari aspek struktur format penulisan, aspek kreativitas, dan aspek keterampilan proses sains yang terdapat dalam petunjuk praktikum. Sehingga didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa petunjuk praktikum yang selama ini digunakan tidak memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta didiknya untuk merancang eksperimen yang telah ditentukan. Tahapan kedua yaitu menganalisis kesesuaian kompetensi inti dan kompetensi dasar, yang bertujuan untuk menentukan indikator pencapaian kompetensi (IPK) yang akan menjadi acuan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum berbasis keterampilan proses sains. Dari kedua tahapan yang telah dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa peserta didik memerlukan petunjuk praktikum yang mampu mengonstruksi pikiran dan mengaktifkan kinerja mereka, sehingga pendekatan Keterampilan Proses Sains menjadi pilihan dalam mengembangkan petunjuk praktikum yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kurikulum 2013.   This research aims to analyze the needs of Science Process Skills based Practical Instruction to achieve the ability to design experiments on the calor of reaction. This research was done to the students of class XI SMA Negeri 2 Tanjungpinang City. Research Variable includes the analysis of the needs of the learning materials and analysis of the suitability of the Core Competence (KI) and Basic Competence (KD). The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative research. The first stages in this research is to analyze the needs of learning materials by comparing two practical instructions that had been implementing in the school, from the aspects of the structure of writing format, creativity, and science process skills embedded in practical instructions. The conclusion of this research that current practical instructions does not give an opportunity to the participants to design determined experiments. The second stage, namely analyzing the suitability of core competence and basic competence, which aims to determine the indicators of achievement of the competencies (GPA) which will be a reference in developing process skills-based teaching instructions science. Of the two stages that has been done then it can be concluded that learners need practical instructions to construct  thinking and and their performance, so the Science Process Skills approach is an option in developing practical instruction suitable for the characteristics of the curriculum of 2013.

ESTIMATING GAS AND ROCK OUTBURST RISK ON THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE – THE EXPERT SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Skoczylas
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Automatic Assessment ◽  
Science Field ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Outburst Hazard

Abstract The Author endeavored to consult some of the Polish experts who deal with assessing and preventing outburst hazards as to their knowledge and experience. On the basis of this knowledge, an expert system, based on fuzzy logic, was created. The system allows automatic assessment of outburst hazard. The work was completed in two stages. The first stage involved researching relevant sources and rules concerning outburst hazard, and, subsequently, determining a number of parameters measured or observed in the mining industry that are potentially connected with the outburst phenomenon and can be useful when estimating outburst hazard. Then, the Author contacted selected experts who are actively involved in preventing outburst hazard, both in the industry and science field. The experts were anonymously surveyed, which made it possible to select the parameters which are the most essential in assessing outburst hazard. The second stage involved gaining knowledge from the experts by means of a questionnaire-interview. Subjective opinions on estimating outburst hazard on the basis of the parameters selected during the first stage were then systematized using the structures typical of the expert system based on fuzzy logic.

High rate and compact single sludge pre-denitrification process for retrofit

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyshi Emori ◽  
Hiroki Nakamura ◽  
Tatsuo Sumino ◽  
Tadashi Takeshima ◽  
Katsuzo Motegi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Denitrification Process

For the sewage treatment plants near rivers and closed water bodies in urbanized areas in Japan and European countries, there is a growing demand for introduction of advanced treatment processes for nitrogen and phosphorus from the viewpoints of water quality conservation and environmental protection. In order to remove nitrogen by the conventional biological treatment techniques, it is necessary to make a substantial expansion of the facility as compared with the conventional activated sludge process. In such urbanized districts, it is difficult to secure a site and much capital is required to expand the existing treatment plant. To solve these problems, a compact single sludge pre-denitrification process using immobilized nitrifiers was developed. Dosing the pellets, which are suitable for nitrifiers growth and physically durable, into the nitrification tank of single sludge pre-denitrification process made it possible to perform simultaneous removal of BOD and nitrogen in a retention time equal to that in the conventional activated sludge process even at the low water temperature of about 10 °C. The 3,000 m3/d full-scale conventional activated sludge plant was retrofitted and has been successfully operated.

Integrated assessment and mapping of the environmental situation in the Russian Federation regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 924 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
V.S. Tikunov ◽  
O.Yu. Chereshnia
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Environmental Capacity ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Two Stages

The article presents a methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental situation in Russian Federation regions based on the pollution index and the index of the ecological tension. The evaluation was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the regions was estimated on the basis of the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, departing from stationary sources, the formation of solid domestic wastes (SDW) and the discharge of contaminated wastewater. Based on these three indicators, a pollution index was constructed that estimates aggregate pollution level. In the second stage, the authors made the estimation of loads generated by atmospheric emissions, solid waste and waste water discharged into the territory of each region, per capita and in relation to the environmental capacity of the economy. This allows us to take into account the area of pollution, anthropogenic pressure and environmental responsibility of the population, as well as the environmental friendliness of production. On the basis of relative indicators, the index of ecological tension was created.

scholarly journals Primitive techno-economic study of bio-diesel and bio-active compound production from microalgae

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayeda M. Abdo ◽  
Guzine I. El Diwani ◽  
Kamel M. El-Khatib ◽  
Sanaa A. Abo El-Enin ◽  
Mohammed I. El-Galad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Compound ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Scenedesmus Obliquus ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Microscopical Examination

Abstract Background Microalgae cells can be identified as a potential source for new and renewable energy. The economic investigation for biodiesel and bio-active compound production from the microalgae community (Bloom), which are collected from the high rate algal pond (HRAP) constructed to treat municipal wastewater at Zenin wastewater treatment plant, Giza, was the main target of study. Results The microscopical examination showed that Scenedesmus obliquus is the dominant species. The total carotenoids were extracted using jojoba oil and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to reach 81.44 μg/g. The biodiesel production through acid transesterification reaction recorded 70.6% of fatty acid methyl ester content with high cetane number (44) and low acid value. Such results prove that the obtained biodiesel has better ignition quality. The total phenolic and flavonoid compounds have been derived from the remaining biomass to give 5.36 ± 0.03 and 1.50 ± 0.19 mg/g respectively. Finally, total proteins and carbohydrates content in algal cells were recorded 54.3 and 1.5 mg/g successively Conclusion The preliminary economic evaluation showed that the production of biodiesel and carotenoids from the microalgae growing in municipal wastewater can be considered, as a techno-economic feasible process.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document