“PURGING THE ELITE” IN TYUMEN IN 1937-1938

Author(s):  
Anatoly A. KONONENKO ◽  
Artem A. Kononenko

The political repressions of the 1930s in the USSR have repeatedly been the subject of interest of historians. Nevertheless, there are practically no studies of political repressions of the 1930s in relation to nomenklatura workers at the level of the provincial Siberian city of Tyumen. This article aims to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship in the issue of physical liquidation of the thinnest layer of the party-economic nomenklatura, using the case of the city party organization of the CPSU(b) of Tyumen in 1937-1938. We have restricted ourselves to one of the components of the “Great Terror”, namely to “purging the elite”. The research was conducted using the documents from two regional departments of the USSR Federal Security Service (FSB), former party archives of the Tyumen and Omsk regions, and periodicals. This required employing prosopographic, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, and system-structural methods. Such approach allowed clarifying the biographical data of the leaders of the city in 1936-1938 and classifying the criminal acts, incriminated to the accused. The results of a comprehensive analysis of the sources show that the cause of the personnel purge should be considered a violation of the imbalance between the limited collective leadership and the still limited one-man dictatorship of I. V. Stalin’s dictatorship. The limited collective leadership was no longer in line with the reality of one man’s increasing power. Rotation of undesirable workers as an alternative to personnel cleansing proved to be unsuccessful. The motive for repressions against workers who had never participated in the opposition was their casual contacts and acquaintances with former opposition figures described as “spies and terrorists” in 1937-1938. The party, Soviet, and Komsomol workers who had no such contacts, though subjected to repression, were rehabilitated. Finally, in terms of their educational and professional level, the new generation of city party workers did not differ from the previous one.

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy McInerney

Jacoby's influential opinion that the Atthidographers were part of the political discourse of the fourth century has been the subject of revision in recent years. His critics have argued that the genre of Atthidography is primarily antiquarian and that to look for partisan political attitudes in the Atthides is a mistake. An examination of the work of Kleidemos, however, reveals a coherent presentation of the Athenian past designed to vindicate the democratic constitution and to demonstrate the close connection between the democracy and Athens' naval power. This emerges most clearly in Kleidemos's treatment of three important democratic heroes: Theseus, Kleisthenes, and Themistokles. By the fourth century, Theseus had already emerged as the most popular Athenian hero. His accomplishments were modeled in part on the deeds of Herakles and were recorded in vase painting and relief sculpture, and on the walls of the Stoa Poikile. Kleidemos presented a distinctive account of Theseus, emphasizing his role in founding the Athenian navy in preparation for the expedition to Krete. Kleidemos portrayed him as a leader capable of defending Athens and making peace with Athens' enemies, first the Kretans and later the Amazons. This is a king in the tradition of Euripides' Theseus in the Suppliants, the ruler of a free and democratic city. The connection between democratic leadership, Athenian might, and the naval power of Athens is also underscored in Kleidemos's handling of Kleisthenes. Again, the information provided by Kleidemos is distinctive, inasmuch as he reports that it was Kleisthenes who was responsible for the system of naukrariai, which he likens to the symmories of the fourth century. Unlike the version of the Ath. Pol., which imagines the Kleisthenic demes replacing the Solonian naukrariai, Kleidemos saw the demes and naukrariai as complementary divisions, the former organizing the state's resources for the upkeep of the navy, and the latter establishing the political basis for the democracy. Themistokles is also given unique treatment. Kleidemos records the anecdote according to which Themistokles was responsible for the Battle of Salamis because he found sufficient money to man the ships when the generals had run out of funds and had ordered the abandonment of the city. He used the disappearance of the gorgoneion of the statue of Athena as an excuse to ransack the baggage of the Athenians and collect enough wealth to pay the fleet. The story is as tendentious as the account in the Ath. Pol., which gives the credit to the Areopagos. Both versions demonstrate how Athens' past had become a battleground in the political debates of the mid-fourth century. Unlike the epitaphios logos with its emphasis on the eternal and unchanging glory of Athens, the "Atthis" of Kleidemos attempted to prove that the greatness of Athens rested historically on three foundations: the heroes of the democracy, the democratic constitution, and the navy.


10.12737/4341 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
������� ◽  
Ekaterina Evplova

In the article the urgency of introduction of the Federal state educational standard (GEF) basic General education, are the main characteristics of this new generation standard: the emphasis in education; inter-personal, meta (cognitive, communicative, regulatory universal learning activities) and substantive results. An attempt is made to analyze the shortcomings of the old format of education and the benefits of the standard of the second generation, and also lists the problems of implementation of this standard in basic school and possible ways of their solution. Problems and ways of their solution identified by the method Edward de Bono´s "Six thinking hats. Information for this article are collected in the process of cooperation with educational institutions of the city, other educational and research institutions, conferences on the subject, at courses of improvement of qualification and professional retraining of teaching staff and heads of educational institutions, during the meetings urban professional associations of teachers and specialists, and other


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-372
Author(s):  
Snur Sabah Sidiq

The subject of the official study conditions in the city of Erbil is of great historical and cultural importance, especially for the city that historians have confirmed in historical sources as one of the oldest cities in the world. The subject of the official study conditions in the city of Erbil for the period between 1980-1991 did not have the importance of being mentioned by researchers, and scientific research has not been conducted on it. Therefore, there is a scientific necessity to carry out such research. The reason for choosing the study period (1980 - 1991) is that because of the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, all aspects of life were affected by this war. Although this war ended in 1988, its effects and repercussions continued to affect the joints of Life in Iraq and the city of Erbil, in addition to the fact that political problems and convulsions grew and developed in that period until Iraq entered Kuwait in 1990, which resulted in wars and regional and internal problems in Iraq. Since that date, a new historical era has begun in the region. This study consists of an introduction to the topic in addition to two main axes and concluded with a list of sources and appendices, in the entry a summary of the official study in the city of Erbil for the period between 1970 - 1980 was presented, and the first axis was devoted to the political situation and the educational process for the period between 1980 - 1991, and in the second axis The laws, regulations, and educational curricula for the period between 1980 - 1991 are covered.


Author(s):  
Elena Nikolaevna Moroz

This article is dedicated to the relevant problem of preserving the lifestyle of indigenous peoples and ensuring their rights. Norway has a considerable experience in this sphere, and can serve as a positive example for the Russian in the sphere of exercising the rights and support of the indigenous small-numbered peoples. The goal of this article consists in examination of the government policy towards the indigenous peoples of Northern Norway, their current status, as well as assessment of government activity in solving the problems of Sami people. The subject of this research is the legislation and policy towards Sami people as the indigenous people of the North and minority in Norway. The methodological framework consists of systematic, retrospective and comparative analysis. Analysis is conducted on the international and domestic legal aspects of exercising the rights of Sami people. In conclusion, the author notes the recent fundamental transformation of the legal system towards sovereignty of Sami people, and moreover, the revival of their cultural and social traditions. The scientific novelty of lies in the comprehensive analysis of international and domestic means of protection of rights of the indigenous peoples of the North, as well as in assessment of the political program and government actions on maintaining their unique culture and ensuring the rights to self-governance.


2019 ◽  
Vol XV ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Maciej Rogulski

Rituals are of great importance in politics at every level. Rituals bind society and strengthen their identity. Besides rituals strengthen attach-ment to culture, land and state power. On the other hand state power increases legitimacy by performing respected rituals. There are many interesting ways to classify rituals in the literature on the subject. For the purpose of showing rituals in the political space of the city of Ustka, it seems appropriate to distinguish above all the rituals of a national char-acter and those of a local dimension. In the case concept of the ritual, however, there are no final divisions, and the boundaries that divide them are certainly not impassable.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Pavel Kandel ◽  

The subject of this paper is the 2021 Bulgarian election to the National Assembly, which in fact turned into an electoral revolution. It scrutinizes its outcomes along with the reasons for the failure of all existing parties and the success of political newcomers. It considers the “stalemate” alignment of forces of an extremely fragmented parliament and forecasts possible developments. It resumes that the end of the ten-year tenure of Boyko Borisov was enforced by the new generation of the electorate that did not see life prospects under the current regime. The entry into politics of the showman Slavi Trifonov as a next idol of public opinion, is consistent with similar processes in neighboring countries and replicates the political cycle already observed twice in Bulgaria. This experience prompts caution in assessing the chances of a genuine renewal of the system of governance under new leadership.


2020 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Anatolevich Kachusov

The subject of this article is the city protection movement in Barnaul. On the background of strengthening of authoritarian trends in political life of the country, takes place reorientation of the vector of civil activity from solution of the political problems of federal scale towards the local social issues. Namely the local public movements become an important element in the society of separate cities that allow the interaction between civil activists, society, and municipal authorities. The advancement of Internet and social networks greatly contributed to broadening of the audience of city protection communities, growth of opportunities for their influence upon public consciousness and government authorities. Assessment of the size, publication activity and staff composition of the city mono-problem communities in social networks in the key method for studying the city public movements. The research determined the presents of a number of organizations in Barnaul oriented toward the general questions (preservation of historical center of the city, protection of park zones, etc.), as well as solution of particular problems. The author also underlines a large portion of youth (below 30 years of age) among the members of city protection communities. Despite the fact that currently the social database is restricted, members of the communities actively participate in city life, using the Internet as an environment for public self-presentation and channel for communication with population, government, and mass media.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 126-152
Author(s):  
Caio César Alencar de Sena

Este artigo discute a problemática da construção de identidades no território inserido nas redes globais. Considera-se enquanto recorte espacial a cidade de Goiás, dentro da Região Turística do Ouro em Goiás. O objetivo central é verificar de que forma traços da alimentação podem compor a identidade dos territórios e dos sujeitos. Busca-se ainda compreender os conflitos entre o tradicional e o moderno em um território tombado como patrimônio, que ao longo dos últimos anos passaram a ser atravessadas por símbolos e referências culturais forçadas pela intensificação da globalização. A metodologia desta pesquisa contou com revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática, dois trabalhos de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores e turistas na Cidade de Goiás, espacialização de dados em mapas e registros fotográficos dos territórios analisados. Os resultados apontam que as construções identitárias são sempre plurais e construídas historicamente. Muitas vezes, as identidades sofrem reducionismos ou generalização em nome de uma possível representatividade de um território, um povo ou uma nação. Notou-se ainda que mesmo quando pouco percebidas no plano político e cultural, as identidades são utilizadas estrategicamente para controlar os territórios e construir estereótipos acerca das pessoas, dos lugares e das coisas. Palavras-chave: Identidade. Território. Alimentação e Turismo. Região Turística do Ouro. Cristais.   TOURIST HISTORICAL CITY, GLOBALIZATION AND IDENTITIES: conflicts and rearrangements in the City of Goiás (GO) observed in food  ABSTRACT This article discusses the problem of the construction of identities in the territory inserted in the global networks. The central objective is to verify how traces of food can reveal and build the identity of territories. The specific objectives are to understand the conflicts between the traditional and the modern in a heritage land, which over the last years have been crossed by symbols and cultural references forced by the intensification of globalization. The methodology of this research include a bibliographical review on the subject, two field studies, semi-structured interviews with residents and tourists in Cidade de Goiás, spatialisation of data on maps and photographic records of the analyzed territories. The results point out that identity constructions are always plural and built. Often identities are reduced or generalized in the name of a possible representation of a territory, a people or a nation. It was also noted that even when little perceived in the political and cultural spheres, identities are used strategically to control territories and construct stereotypes about people, places and things. Keywords: Identity. Territory. Food and Tourism. Gold Tourist Region. Crystals.   CIUDAD HISTÓRICA TURÍSTICA, GLOBALIZACIÓN E IDENTIDADES: conflictos y rearranjos en la Ciudad de Goiás (GO) observados en la alimentación RESUMEN Este artículo discute la problemática de la construcción de identidades en el territorio insertado en las redes globales. Se considera como recorte espacial la Ciudad de Goiás, dentro de la Región Turística del Oro en Goiás. El objetivo central es verificar de qué forma rasgos de la alimentación pueden componer la identidad de los territorios y de los sujetos. Los objetivos específicos son comprender los conflictos entre lo tradicional y lo moderno en un territorio tumbado como patrimonio, que a lo largo de los últimos años pasaron a ser atravesados por símbolos y referencias culturales forzadas por la intensificación de la globalización. La metodología de esta investigación contó con revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, dos trabajos de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas con moradores y turistas en la Ciudad de Goiás, espacialización de datos en mapas y registros fotográficos de los territorios analizados. Los resultados apuntan que las construcciones identitarias son siempre plurales y construidas históricamente. Muchas veces, las identidades sufren reduccionismos o generalización en nombre de una posible representatividad de un territorio, un pueblo o una nación. Se notó que incluso cuando poco percibidas en el plano político y cultural, las identidades son utilizadas estratégicamente para controlar los territorios y construir estereotipos acerca de las personas, de los lugares y de las cosas. Palabras clave: Identidad. Territorio. Alimentación y Turismo. Región Turística del Oro. Cristales.


The study of environmental law has been relatively limited to date, with researchers either adopting a country-by-country approach or comparing a limited number of jurisdictions on some specific points, or, still, addressing a specific area or problem in detail without seeking to encompass environmental law as a whole. This book fills a gap in the disciplines of comparative law and environmental law by providing the first comprehensive analysis of comparative environmental law from an integrated perspective. In addition to the common approaches to the subject, the book also addresses the fundamental systems underpinning the diversity observed across countries as well as the interactions of environmental laws and instruments with their broader legal context. The former have received limited attention to date, while the latter are important not only because such interactions may heavily influence the effectiveness and resilience of environmental law but also because some non-environmental instruments may operate as extremely powerful vehicles of environmental protection. Combining commentaries by leading academics from around the world as well as observations by a new generation of scholars who have different perspectives on the questions being addressed, this book is a valuable resource for both academics and practitioners in the field.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2 (26)) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Lutfullo E. Ismoilov ◽  
Jazgul R. Rahimova

The purpose of this article is to show the complex relationship of the Sheybanid rulers with the local Maverannahr Sufi brotherhoods - naqshbandiya, kubraviya and jahriya (yassaviya). The main materials for this study were information from Persian-language sources and Muslim hagiographic writings ( manakib ) of that period. The second generation of the Sheybanids, whose representatives came to power in the middle 30s of the 16th century, unlike their predecessors, sought to establish trusting relations with the leaders of the various Sufi brotherhoods of Maverannahr. After the death of the great Khan Kuchkunji Khan (died in 1534), Ubaidulla (died in 1540), whose residence was in Bukhara, became the new great khan of nomadic Uzbeks. He maintained close relations with such well-known leaders of the Sufi brotherhoods of that period as the leader of the naqshbandi brotherhood - Khoja Ahmad Kosoni (died in 1549), the leader of the kubraviya brotherhood - Sheikh Hussein Khorezmi (died in 1551), etc. In the other large political center of Maverannahr - Samarkand, after the death of Kuchkunji Khan, his sons Abu Said Khan and Fulad Sultan became co-rulers of the city. They established very close relations with prominent Sufi leaders. In the 50-60s of the 16th century, due to the political ambitions of a new generation of Sheybanids, the country plunged into political chaos and a state of instability. Almost all famous Sufi leaders of that period supported the claims of Sheibanid Abdullah Khan II (died 1598) on the Khan’s throne.


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