Anti-infective Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (38) ◽  
pp. 3947-3948
Author(s):  
Haruaki Tomioka
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Drug Repositioning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Qsar Analysis ◽  
Clinical Control

Certain bacterial, protozoal, and viral infections remain the most frequent infectious diseases causing morbidity and death globally. However, the development of new drugs for the treatment of such infectious diseases has been slow, although some promising drugs have been developed and used for clinical control of such intractable infections. For example, antiviral drugs, including remdesivir and favipiravir, are currently used for the clinical treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Notably, these drugs have been developed based on the drug repositioning technique. In addition, some immune-regulatory drugs, including corticosteroids, baricitinib and tocilizumab, help reduce inflammation in the body since inflammation can lead to some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19 patients. However, at present, we have substantially no new drugs, which act on metabolic reactions by specifically inhibiting viral proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in host cells. Only recombinant antibodies specific to spike proteins of the coronavirus, such as bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab, have been approved or are in the development for clinical use as immune-adjunctive treatment of COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms. In this context, the drug design based on quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) analysis, especially three-dimensional-QSAR, may be very beneficial for the development of SARS-CoV-2- specific chemotherapeutic anti-infective agents [1]. ...

Role of cannabinoids in various diseases: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simran Kaur ◽  
Nikita Sharma ◽  
Arpita Roy
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Aspect

Background: The plant, Cannabis sativa is heavily explored and researched with many industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The medicinal and therapeutic role of cannabis Sativa has been summarized in the paper, citing its mechanism of action and influence on the human body. Diseases like metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and psychological disorders pose negative and long-term drastic effects on the body like neurodegeneration and other chronic system failures. Several existing literature has proved its effectiveness against such diseases. Objectives: This review aims to provide an overview of the role of cannabinoids in various diseases like metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and psychological disorders. Method: Various e-resources like Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched and read to form a well-informed and information-heavy manuscript. Here we tried to summaries the therapeutic aspect of Cannabis sativa and its bioactive compound cannabinoids in various diseases. Result: This review highlights the various constituents which are present in Cannabis sativa, the Endocannabinoid system, and the role of cannabinoids in various diseases Conclusion: Recent research on Cannabis has suggested its role in neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, sleep disorders, pediatric diseases, and their analgesic nature. Therefore, the authors majorly focus on the therapeutic aspect of Cannabis sativa in various diseases. The focus is also on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its role in fighting or preventing bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral infections.

scholarly journals The upshot of Polyphenolic compounds on immunity amid COVID-19 pandemic and other emerging communicable diseases: An appraisal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-429
Author(s):  
Ayman Khalil ◽  
Diana Tazeddinova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Physiological Benefits

Abstract Polyphenols are a large family of more than 10,000 naturally occurring compounds, which exert countless pharmacological, biological and physiological benefits for human health including several chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Their role in traditional medicine, such as the use of a wide range of remedial herbs (thyme, oregano, rosemary, sage, mint, basil), has been well and long known for treating common respiratory problems and cold infections. This review reports on the most highlighted polyphenolic compounds present in up to date literature and their specific antiviral perceptive properties that might enhance the body immunity facing COVID-19, and other viral infectious diseases. In fact, several studies and clinical trials increasingly proved the role of polyphenols in controlling numerous human pathogens including SARS and MERS, which are quite similar to COVID-19 through the enhancement of host immune response against viral infections by different biological mechanisms. Thus, polyphenols ought to be considered as a potential and valuable source for designing new drugs that could be used effectively in the combat against COVID‐19 and other rigorous diseases.

Role of Common Kitchen Remedies in Prevention of Infectious Diseases with a particular perspective of Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1378-1383
Author(s):  
Kanyaka Bagde ◽  
Bharat Rathi ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Prem Badwaik ◽  
Swapnali Khabde
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Common Man ◽  
Natural Way

The greatness of Ayurveda medicine is that it works on your immune system and helps to build up the body to fight against viral invasions. It is the safest, economical and natural way of self-healing. It can quickly spread among masses from rich to poor all over the country. Ayurveda has been dealing with plenty of herbs for a very long time. These herbs include some rare to prevalent herbs which we can found some in the kitchen even though if that is of any commoners. The concern is that these viral infections are very prone to attack weak immunity and take the chance to affect the country to the globe. So the prevalent herbs of Ayurveda available in the kitchen will always be helpful to get through this viral invasion. These herbs are always there to make tasty food as well as to protect the body from infectious diseases by building the immunity strong. Herbs from the kitchen are not complicated to take as a medicine. Regular use of a few herbs in the straightforward form proves its importance as a medicine. In this article a review of herbs is done which we are available in our kitchen, we are using it in our daily life, and we are getting the benefit of these which a common man might not be fully aware of about. 

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of Autoimmune Diseases

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kolev
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Harmful Effects

The human organism is a very complex system. To be in good health, its components must function properly. One of the most important systems of an organism is the immune system. It protects the body from the harmful effects of various external and internal agents. Sometimes, however, the immune system starts attacking its own healthy cells, tissues and organs. Then autoimmune diseases arise. They are widespread in recent decades. There is evidence that often autoimmune responses occur due to viral infections. In this paper, a new mathematical model of a general autoimmune disease is proposed. It describes the interactions between viral particles and host cells. The model is formulated by using integro-differential equations of Boltzmann type. This approach is typical for the nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. A preliminary qualitative and quantitative analysis of the model is presented.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes as an Antimicrobial Weapon for Orodental Infections

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazanin Jafari ◽  
Arezoo Khoradmehr ◽  
Reza Moghiminasr ◽  
Mina Seyed Habashi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

The oral cavity as the second most various microbial community in the body contains a broad spectrum of microorganisms which are known as the oral microbiome. The oral microbiome includes different types of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Numerous factors can affect the equilibrium of the oral microbiome community which can eventually lead to orodental infectious diseases. Periodontitis, dental caries, oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma are some multifactorial infectious diseases in the oral cavity. In defending against infection, the immune system has an essential role. Depending on the speed and specificity of the reaction, immunity is divided into two different types which are named the innate and the adaptive responses but also there is much interaction between them. In these responses, different types of immune cells are present and recent evidence demonstrates that these cell types both within the innate and adaptive immune systems are capable of secreting some extracellular vesicles named exosomes which are involved in the response to infection. Exosomes are 30–150 nm lipid bilayer vesicles that consist of variant molecules, including proteins, lipids, and genetic materials and they have been associated with cell-to-cell communications. However, some kinds of exosomes can be effective on the pathogenicity of various microorganisms and promoting infections, and some other ones have antimicrobial and anti-infective functions in microbial diseases. These discrepancies in performance are due to the origin of the exosome. Exosomes can modulate the innate and specific immune responses of host cells by participating in antigen presentation for activation of immune cells and stimulating the release of inflammatory factors and the expression of immune molecules. Also, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes participate in immunomodulation by different mechanisms. Ease of expansion and immunotherapeutic capabilities of MSCs, develop their applications in hundreds of clinical trials. Recently, it has been shown that cell-free therapies, like exosome therapies, by having more advantages than previous treatment methods are emerging as a promising strategy for the treatment of several diseases, in particular inflammatory conditions. In orodental infectious disease, exosomes can also play an important role by modulating immunoinflammatory responses. Therefore, MSCs-derived exosomes may have potential therapeutic effects to be a choice for controlling and treatment of orodental infectious diseases.

Concept of Rasayana: Unique Ayurvedic Approach in Preventing Infectious Diseases with Special Emphasis on COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 938-941
Author(s):  
Amit S. Deshmukh ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Bharat Rathi
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Supplementation ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Healthy Immune System

Rasayana is one of the unique branches of Ayurveda & it is suggested to increase ojas. Modern scientific observation’s on Rasayana shows that rejuvenating drugs can protect the body against detrimental effects of the atmosphere in which we survive, by augmenting the individual’s capability to fight against disease-carrying organism through stimulating the immune system. The Rasayana therapy improves the merits of rasa, build up to it with nutrients so one can attain prolonged existence, memories, intellect, freedom from diseases, quality in lustre, complexion and voice, optimal improvement of physique and all sense organs. Rasayana is very useful to increase the immunity of the person to keep him away from disease. Rasayana herbs have antioxidant properties which prevent the damage caused by free radicals. According to Ayurveda, Rasayana brings about proper nourishment, growth &enhanced function of all sevens dhatus (tissues). Rejuvenation therapy affects body &mind at the same time it checks the effect of early ageing on both, and enhance the body’s resistance to disease. Considering the grave situation of COVID -19 where effective medicine is yet to be invented, one should develop a healthy immune system for survival. Rasayana drugs provide nutritional supplementation along with enhancing immunity to fight against viral infections such as COVID -19.

Nanobodies: a new approach for the diagnosis and treatment of viral infectious diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Sroga ◽  
David Safronetz ◽  
Derek R Stein
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Domain V

With the rise of viral infections and antibiotic resistance, there is a constant need for the development of more sensitive and effective treatment and diagnostic tools. Since their discovery in the early 1990s, Camelidae antibodies have been investigated as potential tools due to their unique structure and favorable characteristics. Members of this family produce conventional IgG antibodies as well as heavy-chain only IgG antibodies that do not possess light chains. The variable domain (VHH), or nanobody, demonstrates unique antigen-binding capabilities, enhanced stability, and its small size allows for delivery into the body using a nebulizer, thereby eliminating the unfavorable use of injections. In addition, the cost-effective and easy in vitro production of these antibodies are an attractive quality in terms of mass production. This review covers the past and current nanobody treatment and diagnostic developments aimed at viral infectious diseases, including a brief overview of protozoal, bacterial, and veterinary viral approaches.

scholarly journals Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents—Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1257
Author(s):  
Mengxun Zhang ◽  
Jiaqing Zhong ◽  
Yongai Xiong ◽  
Xun Song ◽  
Chenyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Antiviral Effects

Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs remains an important issue as viral infections continue to threaten public health. Host-directed therapy is a method that focuses on potential targets in host cells or the body, instead of viral proteins. Its antiviral effects are achieved by disturbing the life cycles of pathogens or modulating immunity. In this review, we focus on the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that enhance the immune response. Some natural products present antiviral effects mediated by enhancing immunity, and their structures and mechanisms are summarized here. Natural products with immunomodulatory effects are also discussed, although their antiviral effects remain unknown. Given the power of immunity and the feasibility of host-directed therapy, we argue that both of these categories of natural products provide clues that may be beneficial for the discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

Comparative analysis of physical methods of transport disinfection

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 451-458
Author(s):  
Olga I. Kopytenkova ◽  
Oksana S. Sachkova ◽  
Leonid A. Levanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Railway Vehicle ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Air Disinfection

Transport is an object of mass concentration of people where workers and passengers are likely to be exposed to pathogens of infectious diseases. 95% are diseases that do not respond effectively to the effects of specific prophylaxis, influenza and acute respiratory viral infections. Currently, measures to contain the infection have led to a restriction of transport activity. In such conditions, the development of effective ways to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases transmitted by airborne droplets, not controlled by means of specific prevention, as well as the preservation of the health of transport industry workers, is particularly relevant. The aim of the study is to determine the location and type of air disinfection device in the driver's cabin of a railway vehicle and the passenger compartment of a sitting car with various breathing options (natural exhalation, cough, sneezing). To determine the location and capacity of the decontamination plant, the mathematical method of gas-dynamic calculations using solid-state three-dimensional models was used. The study was performed in the SolidWorks software package, using the FlowSimulation module to solve the system of nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations. The trajectories of air flows from human breathing in the cab of the vehicle are calculated taking into account the influence of ventilation. Research on the effectiveness of disinfection was carried out by a certified laboratory in the operating conditions of the vehicle. The results of the calculation allowed us to establish that it is advisable to place devices for physical disinfection of air in the cab of the vehicle at the level of the information panel on the left side or directly in the center. The basis for choosing the technical characteristics of the device for air disinfection should be information about the maximum speed of particles approaching the information panel, which is equal to 2.2-3 m/s. The safest method of disinfection of the air environment of vehicles is the use of closed UV radiation installations, the effectiveness of which is confirmed in the course of a full-scale experiment. It is concluded that the formation of an infection zone when an infected person is in the cab or cabin of a vehicle largely depends on the duration of his stay in the cabin, the intensity of breathing and the use of personal protective equipment. The advantage of closed UV radiation installations is the simultaneous provision of high disinfection efficiency and satisfaction of all safety requirements (chemical, environmental, fire, electrical, etc.), as well as the possibility of using the method in the presence of people. The analysis of the regulatory and technical documentation showed that UV irradiators are the only type of disinfection equipment that meets the requirements of domestic legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare.

scholarly journals Apoptosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Regulation and Role in Pathogenesis

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Wei Yan Hung ◽  
Anthony W Chow
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
University Of British Columbia ◽  
Cell Death Pathway

OBJECTIVE: To review the current state of knowledge of apoptosis, with an emphasis on identifying potential and established roles for apoptosis in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and the University of British Columbia library system were searched using the search subject, “apoptosis”, for the years 1992 to 1996. Further search terms (eg, “pathogenesis”) were used to narrow the results. These review articles and reference books were used as the basis for locating original articles on particular studies.DATA SELECTION: Approximately 40 studies were reviewed, with the criterion for selection being the relevance to either the molecular mechanisms behind apoptosis or roles for apoptosis in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant information from each study was collated into categories specific to morphological and biochemical characterization, and the regulation and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and its role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.DATA SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS: Apoptosis is characterized by distinct morphological and biochemical changes that distinguish it from cell necrosis. Different signal transduction events and transcription factors can promote or inhibit apoptosis, although where and how these tie into the cell death pathway is still poorly understood. Apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in two distinct ways: first, multicellular organisms use apoptosis to combat viral infections; and second, pathogens can alter the normal process of apoptosis in host cells by abnormal upregulation or downregulation. Many diseases have been shown to implicate apoptosis in their pathogenesis, raising the possibility of novel treatments for some disorders by therapeutically altering the occurrence and course of apoptosis. Therefore, further study of apoptosis in both health and disease needs to be rigorously pursued.

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