Immunoadjunctive Therapy against Bacterial Infections Using Herbal Medicines Based on Th17 Cell-mediated Protective Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruaki Tomioka ◽  
Yutaka Tatano ◽  
Toshiaki Shimizu ◽  
Chiaki Sano
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Th17 Cell ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
The World

: One of the major health concerns in the world is the global increase in intractable bacterial infectious diseases due to the emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant bacterial pathogens as well as an increase in compromised hosts around the world. Particularly, in the case of mycobacteriosis, the high incidence of tuberculosis in developing countries, resurgence of tuberculosis in industrialized countries, and increase in the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infections are important worldwide health concerns. However, the development of novel antimycobacterial drugs is currently making slow progress. Therefore, it is considered that devising improved administration protocols for clinical treatment against refractory mycobacteriosis using existing chemotherapeutics is more practical than awaiting the development of new antimycobacterial drugs. The regulation of host immune responses using immunoadjunctive agents may increase the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment against mycobacteriosis. The same situations also exist in cases of intractable infectious diseases due to common bacteria other than mycobacteria. The mild and long-term up-regulation of host immune reactions in hosts with intractable chronic bacterial infections, using herbal medicines and medicinal plants, may be beneficial for such immunoadjunctive therapy. This review describes the current status regarding basic and clinical studies on therapeutic regimens using herbal medicines, useful for the clinical treatment of patients with intractable bacterial infections. In particular, we focus on immunoadjunctive effects of herbal medicines on the establishment and manifestation of host antibacterial immunity related to the immunological roles of Th17 cell lineages.

scholarly journals Clinical and Basic Studies on Therapeutic Efficacy of Herbal Medicines against Mycobacterial Infections

Medicines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruaki Tomioka ◽  
Yutaka Tatano ◽  
Toshiaki Shimizu ◽  
Chiaki Sano
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Basic Studies

The high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries, the resurgence of TB in industrialized countries, and the worldwide increase in the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infections are important global health concerns. However, the development of novel antimycobacterial drugs is currently making very slow progress. Therefore, it is considered that devising improved administration protocols for clinical treatment against intractable mycobacteriosis using existing chemotherapeutics is more practical than awaiting the development of new antimycobacterial drugs. The regulation of host immune responses using immunoadjunctive agents may increase the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment against mycobacteriosis. In particular, the mild and long-term up-regulation of host immune reactions against mycobacterial pathogens using herbal medicines may be beneficial for such immunoadjunctive therapy. This review focuses on the current status regarding basic and clinical studies on protocols using herbal medicines, including medicinal plants, useful for the clinical treatment of intractable mycobacterial infections.

Usefulness of Chinese Herbal Medicines as Host-Directed Therapeutics against Mycobacterial Infections: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (08) ◽  
pp. 1597-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruaki Tomioka
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Chinese Herbal Medicines ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Clinical Control ◽  
Slow Progress

The high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries, the resurgence of TB in industrialized countries, and the worldwide increase in the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infections have prompted the quest for new antimycobacterial drugs. However, the development of such chemotherapeutics is currently making very slow progress. It therefore appears that devising improved administration protocols for clinical treatment against intractable mycobacteriosis using existing chemotherapeutics is more practical than awaiting the development of novel antimycobacterial drugs. The modulation of host immune responses using immunoadjunctive agents may increase the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment against mycobacteriosis. Particularly, the mild and long-term up-regulation of host immune reactions against mycobacterial pathogens using Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) may be beneficial for immunoadjunctive therapy. This review focuses on the current status and future prospects regarding the development of CHMs that can be useful for the clinical control of intractable mycobacterial infections.

Infection and immunity

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Global Status

A key outcome in medical education is the training of doctors to acquire the knowledge and understanding of the basic science that underpins clinical practice. The graduate will be able to apply to medical practice biomedical scientific principles, method and knowledge relating to: anatomy, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, immunology, microbiology, molecular biology, nutrition, pathology, pharmacology and physiology .’ (Tomorrow’s Doctors 2009, GMC, UK). In this, the last of the themed chapters of questions that map to the Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences, we will test knowledge of infectious diseases and the host immune responses that counteract them. Despite the shift of the world health problem to non-communicable diseases in recent times (Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010, World Health Organization), infectious diseases remain a major health problem in many parts of the world. Even in developed countries, epidemics and outbreaks of infections are not infrequent events, pandemics sporadically crop up at the least expected times. In addition, microorganisms constantly evolve to escape the host immune response and to develop resistance to treatments that have been developed. Therefore, we have no choice but to keep up our knowledge and to develop new treatments.

scholarly journals State-of-the-art polymeric nanoparticles as promising therapeutic tools against human bacterial infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Cano ◽  
Miren Ettcheto ◽  
Marta Espina ◽  
Ana López-Machado ◽  
Yolanda Cajal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Human Infections

Abstract Infectious diseases kill over 17 million people a year, among which bacterial infections stand out. From all the bacterial infections, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, meningitis, pneumonia, sexual transmission diseases and nosocomial infections are the most severe bacterial infections, which affect millions of people worldwide. Moreover, the indiscriminate use of antibiotic drugs in the last decades has triggered an increasing multiple resistance towards these drugs, which represent a serious global socioeconomic and public health risk. It is estimated that 33,000 and 35,000 people die yearly in Europe and the United States, respectively, as a direct result of antimicrobial resistance. For all these reasons, there is an emerging need to find novel alternatives to overcome these issues and reduced the morbidity and mortality associated to bacterial infectious diseases. In that sense, nanotechnological approaches, especially smart polymeric nanoparticles, has wrought a revolution in this field, providing an innovative therapeutic alternative able to improve the limitations encountered in available treatments and capable to be effective by theirselves. In this review, we examine the current status of most dangerous human infections, together with an in-depth discussion of the role of nanomedicine to overcome the current disadvantages, and specifically the most recent and innovative studies involving polymeric nanoparticles against most common bacterial infections of the human body.

scholarly journals Development of the first edition of African treatment guidelines for common bacterial infections and syndromes

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Craig ◽  
Isabel Frost ◽  
Aditi Sriram ◽  
James Nuttall ◽  
Geetanjali Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Treatment Recommendations ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic

Standard treatment guidelines (STGs) are an important tool for ensuring high quality clinical care and prudent antimicrobial use (AMU) and stewardship (AMS). In 2018, African Union (AU) member state representatives recognized the lack of STGs as a barrier to AMS at national and facility levels. Previous research reported that only 17 of 55 (31%) member states had STGs that provided disease- or pathogen-specific antimicrobial treatment recommendations, excluding those that covered only treatment of HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis). The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention convened expert panels to develop first edition antibiotic treatment guidelines for priority infectious diseases and clinical syndromes for pediatric and adult patient populations in Africa. The purpose of the guidelines is to provide healthcare workers with treatment guidance by harmonising existing national STGs, filling gaps where existing STGs are not available, and serving as a model for future guidelines. Two expert panels of 28 total clinicians, pharmacists, and other relevant stakeholders from 14 AU member states representing each continental region convened to develop consensus treatment recommendations for select priority bacterial infections and clinical syndromes. In developing recommendations, the panels considered treatment recommendations from existing STGs, drug availability, clinical experience, and available antimicrobial resistance data. The guidelines underwent an external review process where clinical stakeholders who did not serve on either panel were invited to submit feedback prior to their publication. The guidelines provide empiric antibiotic therapy guidelines – including drug selection, route of administration, formulation, dosage, and therapy duration – and principles of stewardship for 28 bacterial infections or clinical syndromes. The first edition guidelines for the treatment of common infectious diseases and clinical syndromes in Africa aims to improve clinical treatment and antimicrobial stewardship and will serve as a template for future regional guidelines.

scholarly journals Sistem Pakar Mendiagnosa Penyakit Sampar Menggunakan Metode Hybrid Case Based

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Nuraida Br Ginting ◽  
Garuda Ginting ◽  
Natalia Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Belief Functions ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Case Based

Sampar, also known as a pest or black death or plague, is a bacterial infection of Yersinia pestis (Y.pestis), where the disease is actually a zoonotic disease, which is an animal disease transmitted by humans. This disease is caused by the bacterium yersinia pestis which lives on fleas, where these fleas live in rodents (especially mice). Fleas spread disease when sucking rat or human blood. This disease is also called plague due to black patches found in the skin of the patient at the beginning of the outbreak. This pestilence was once an epidemic in 1347-1351 in Europe and other regions and killed approximately 75 million people in the world. This disease in Indonesia is still under monitoring and is one of the infectious diseases in the outbreak law that must be reported to the health office. According to WHO this disease is one of the deadly infectious diseases after infection and patients can die within 24 hours. So that people are more careful with this disease so that they are not exposed to pestilence. Because many people do not recognize the transmission of Yersinia pestis bacterial infections and do not know the symptoms that arise from pestilence. then a system for pestilence is created which aims to better diagnose early onset of this pestilence. The method applied in expert systems and one of them is a case based hybrid. Hybrid case based is one of the mathematical theories for proof based on belief functions and plausible reasoning, which is used to combine separate pieces of information or evidence to calculate a probability of an event (Arthur P.Dempster and Glen Shafer)

The Perils of Primaxin

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene H. Cordes
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Health Product ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many

The Perils of Pauline is a 1914 film serial in 20 episodes. In each episode, a villain, perhaps a pirate, menaces Pauline, played by Pearl White. In each episode, Pauline seems certain to meet her demise, only to escape or be rescued at the last possible moment. Outdoing the proverbial cat of nine lives, Pauline had 20. The Perils of Pauline bears more than a passing resemblance to drug discovery and development in which some villain, perhaps an issue of safety or efficacy, threatens the life of a project. I know of no better example of this than the course of getting the antibiotic Primaxin from the laboratory to the bedside. The perils of Primaxin plays out in a scientific serial of five episodes in which the project is rescued from impending disaster in each episode. The Primaxin story is one of the great tales of drug discovery in the world of antibiotics—the molecules that have power to prevent or cure bacterial infections. Primaxin is a triumph of the pharmaceutical industry in general and of Merck specifically. Victory did not come easily. The road from a drug discovery start to a marketable human health product is often rough, occasionally very rough, and sometimes impassable. The Primaxin story stands out for the number and nature of bumps and ruts that impeded passage. That Primaxin made it to the market for the benefit of countless patients with infectious diseases is a tribute to the wit and determination of the many scientists who saw it through. That story comes later. Let’s get started with some general background on the field of antibiotics. The next time you have the occasion to explore a cemetery, have a look at the tombstones for people born around 1900. A significant fraction of those tombstones will reveal that the date of death is within 10 years of the date of birth. Simply put, many people born around 1900 or earlier did not live to be 10 years old.

scholarly journals Developing Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches to Bacterial Infections for a New Era: Implications of Globalization

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 916
Author(s):  
Lucía Fernández ◽  
María Dolores Cima-Cabal ◽  
Ana Catarina Duarte ◽  
Ana Rodriguez ◽  
Pilar García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Future Health ◽  
New Era ◽  
Research Level ◽  
The World

In just a few months, the current coronavirus pandemic has exposed the need for a more global approach to human health. Indeed, the quick spread of infectious diseases and their unpredictable consequences, in terms of human lives and economic losses, will require a change in our strategy, both at the clinical and the research level. Ultimately, we should be ready to fight against infectious diseases affecting a huge number of people in different parts of the world. This new scenario will require rapid, inexpensive diagnostic systems, applicable anywhere in the world and, preferably, without the need for specialized personnel. Also, treatments for these diseases must be versatile, easily scalable, cheap, and easy to apply. All this will only be possible with joint support of the governments, which will have to make the requirements for the approval of new therapies more flexible. Meanwhile, the pharmaceutical sector must commit to prioritizing products of global interest over the most profitable ones. Extreme circumstances demand a vehement response, and any profit losses may well pay dividends going forward. Here, we summarize the developing technologies destined to face the current and future health challenges derived from infectious diseases and discuss which ones have more possibilities of being implemented.

Feature extraction and prediction of Dengue Outbreaks

2020 ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Kunal Parikh ◽  
Tanvi Makadia ◽  
Harshil Patel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks

Dengue is unquestionably one of the biggest health concerns in India and for many other developing countries. Unfortunately, many people have lost their lives because of it. Every year, approximately 390 million dengue infections occur around the world among which 500,000 people are seriously infected and 25,000 people have died annually. Many factors could cause dengue such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, inadequate public health, and many others. In this paper, we are proposing a method to perform predictive analytics on dengue’s dataset using KNN: a machine-learning algorithm. This analysis would help in the prediction of future cases and we could save the lives of many.

PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD PRODUCTION OF FEEDS FOR AQUACULTURE: ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS

2017 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Lina Yurievna Lagutkina
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
World Industry ◽  
First Time ◽  
A Current

The author of the article discloses the prospects of development of the world feed production for aquaculture based on the analysis of key innovative technological and market trends. The author specifies that shortage, high cost, low ecological compatibility of traditional raw materials - fish flour - are among major limiting factors in the development of production of feeds for aquaculture. This fact, in turn, limits sustainable development of aquaculture both in Russia, and in the world in general. The article presents the overview of a current status of the world industry of feed production in aquaculture, where the regional situation is studied, as well. For the first time, there is given the outlook of innovative technologies in feed production based on the alternative sources of protein (on the example of projects of leading aquabiotechnological companies) which will determine industry’s objectives for the mid-term perspective.

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