An epidemiology, evolution, transmission, and therapeutics of COVID-19 Outbreak: an update on the status

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karan Singh ◽  
Amit Kumar Mittal ◽  
Akash Gujral
Keyword(s):  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Genome Level ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Demographic Distribution

: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an etiologic agent of the respiratory disease in humans that is known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The beginning of the outbreak of the disease was initially reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019 where patients had felt SARS pneumonia-like symptoms with unknown etiology. Since then it has been noticed that SARS-CoV-2 positive patients have been showing mild to severe upper respiratory illness.SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the class of Coronavirus which is known to make its transfer from animals to humans and for the concerned virus;investigators haveclaimed its origin from bat coronavirus at whole-genome level with a 96% sequence identity. The COVID-19 virus is extremely contagious and communicable in nature and has spread across the world since its first outbreak documented in Wuhan, China. On March 9, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO)declared it as a Pandemic, and within a month it was already reported to have shown its presence in 213 countries and territories or areas. As of Nov15, 2020,this novel virus infectedapprox. 53.7 millionpeople and caused1.3 millionmortalities worldwide.However, the mortality rate varied between 3-13% and was influenced by a number of factors including the demographic distribution and may be age, co morbidities, etc. Diagnosis of the disease is a key component of controlling the spread of the virus and several techniques including RT-PCR, ELISA, and sequencing-based approaches are in use. To cure COVID-19 patients as of now we do not have proven to be a safe and effective treatment. Currently, there is no safe and effective for the disease. Furthermore, various pharmaceutical industries working on the vaccine developments, which are under progress with final stages of clinical studies. Therapeutic options are also currently under investigation in the various regions of the world. However, there are various potential therapeutic targets to repurpose the present antiviral therapy for developing potential interventions against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Boosting the immune system can also help to prevent and spread of COVID-19using various medication and exercises. Here, this review summarize and discussed the epidemiology, evolution, transmission, and therapeutics scientific advancements related to this novel pandemic.

COVID 19: REALS AND CHALLENGES AGAINST DOCTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-87
Author(s):  
Zen Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Pneumonia Case ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
Health Organization

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) is a contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was discovered in December 2019 in China. This disease can cause clinical manifestations in the airway, lung and systemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) representative of China reported a pneumonia case with unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China on December 31, 2019. The cause was identified as a new type of coronavirus on January 7, 2020 with an estimated source of the virus from traditional markets (seafood market). ) Wuhan city

ARIMA model for forecasting COVID-19 Death cases in India (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeya Sutha M
Keyword(s):  
Arima Model ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Death Cases

UNSTRUCTURED COVID-19, the disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious disease. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of July 25, 2020; 15,947,292 laboratory-confirmed and 642,814 deaths have been reported globally. India has reported 1,338,928 confirmed cases and 31,412 deaths till date. This paper presents different aspects of COVID-19, visualization of the spread of infection and presents the ARIMA model for forecasting the status of COVID-19 death cases in the next 50 days in order to take necessary precaution by the Government to save the people.

scholarly journals Neglected tropical diseases in Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Angelo L. Lindoso ◽  
Ana Angélica B.P. Lindoso
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization

Poverty is intrinsically related to the incidence of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). The main countries that have the lowest human development indices (HDI) and the highest burdens of NTDs are located in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among these countries is Brazil, which is ranked 70th in HDI. Nine out of the ten NTDs established by the World Health Organization (WHO) are present in Brazil. Leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, dengue fever and leprosy are present over almost the entire Brazilian territory. More than 90% of malaria cases occur in the Northern region of the country, and lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis occur in outbreaks in a particular region. The North and Northeast regions of Brazil have the lowest HDIs and the highest rates of NTDs. These diseases are considered neglected because there is not important investment in projects for the development of new drugs and vaccines and existing programs to control these diseases are not sufficient. Another problem related to NTDs is co-infection with HIV, which favors the occurrence of severe clinical manifestations and therapeutic failure. In this article, we describe the status of the main NTDs currently occurring in Brazil and relate them to the HDI and poverty.

scholarly journals IVERMECTIN AS ADJUVANT TO HYDROXYCHOLOROQUINE IN PATIENTS RESISTANT TO STANDARD TREATMENT FOR SARS-CoV-2: RESULTS OF AN OPEN-LABEL RANDOMIZED CLINICAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Naveen Kishoria ◽  
S.L Mathur ◽  
Veeram Parmar ◽  
Rimple Jeet Kaur ◽  
Harish Agarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Randomized Clinical Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

A cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology was reported from the city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province of China, in December 2019. A novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent of the disease which was subsequently termed as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the lower res-piratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of COVID-19: What have we learnt until now?

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Tatjana Pekmezović
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Health Organization

The first case in the outbreak of atypical pneumonia of unknown etiology, later confirmed as disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was described in Wuhan (China) on December 8, 2019. The rapid expansion of COVID-19 cases prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a global health emergency, and on March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was officially classified as a pandemic disease by the WHO. It is generally accepted that both genders and all ages in the population are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data from the real life also show difficulties in reaching the threshold of herd immunity. Thanks to the vaccination, some populations are approaching the theoretical threshold of immunity, but the spread of the virus is still difficult to stop. If we add to that the fact that we still do not know how long immunity lasts after the infection, the conclusion is that vaccination is unlikely to completely stop the spread of the virus, and that we must think about it. Vaccines certainly significantly reduce the hospitalization rate and mortality rate, and the assumption is that the virus will not disappear soon, but the severity of the disease and its fatality will be of marginal importance. The development of the epidemiological situation related to the COVID-19 is constantly changing and it significantly differs in various parts of the world, which is affected by differences in financial resources, health infrastructure and awareness of prevention and control of the COVID-19. Attempts are being made to make dynamically adjusted strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, that is, the new normality.

scholarly journals Development of a public geographical information system-based website to follow the impact of control activities of soil-transmitted helminths in endemic countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Maurelli ◽  
Paola Pepe ◽  
Antonio Montresor ◽  
Denise Mupfasoni ◽  
Martina Nocerino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are among the most common neglected tropical diseases worldwide causing high morbidity and mortality rates in endemic areas. Preventive chemotherapy (PC) programmes and health education are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the impact of STH in endemic countries. Following our role as WHO collaborating centre (WHO CC ITA-116), we have developed a WebGIS and a dataset to support PC programmes to monitor the impact of STH control. This vHealth presentation shows the potentiality of these tools in improving communication among WHO’s regional and country offices, Ministries of Health, pharmaceutical industries and other partners.

scholarly journals Staying safe while waiting for the vaccine: what we need to do

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 717-719
Author(s):  
D Nabarro ◽  
J Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Societies are organizing themselves to keep the COVID-19 virus at bay for the foreseeable future. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed that every country implement a comprehensive set of measures to prevent infection, detect cases, interrupt transmission, control clusters, suppress outbreaks and reduce mortality. Throughout the world, four systems capabilities are emerging that are important for societies to get ahead of the virus and become COVID-19 ready. First: understand the pattern of infection locally and act on it effectively: assess the status of the outbreak; act rapidly and robustly to interrupt transmission. Second: enable people to be active participants in their own responses. Third: focus on the places where people are most at risk of infection. Fourth: assess the performance of responses to COVID-19 infection: detecting cases, interrupting chains of transmission, minimizing adverse consequences, protecting the most vulnerable and ensuring opportunities for sustainable livelihoods and well-being for all, leaving no-one behind. These four capabilities are being woven together within societies: successful weaving can be helped through focusing on three interlinked elements: making information available; assessing and reducing risk; and being able to suppress outbreaks rapidly. This means involving everyone in the response and having strong public health defences. Governments, authorities, public health teams, employers and community organizations make it possible for us to stay safe but, in the end, what happens is up to all of us, individually and collectively. If we are to live well with the threat of COVID-19, solidarity really does matter.

scholarly journals Venous Thromboembolism and Its Association with COVID-19: Still an Open Debate

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Di Micco ◽  
Vincenzo Russo ◽  
Corrado Lodigiani
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Debate ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis

Asreported by the World Health Organization, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified as the causative virus of new viral pneumonia of unknown etiology by Chinese authorities on 7 January 2020. The virus was named COVID-19 and because of its ability to cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (i.e., SARS) this infection has also been defined as SARS-CoV2.Furthermore, an association between COVID-19 infection and venous thromboembolism has been reported in several series around the world.For this reason, methods used to improve diagnostic tools, pharmacological thromboprophylaxis and type of anticoagulants are discussed in this expert opinion.

scholarly journals Medical and social rehabilitation for new coronavirus infection (covid-19). temporal methodological recommendations of the Russian Federation and European countries (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Elena Y. Lapina ◽  
Anatoly A. Yakushev
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
International Committee ◽  
World Health ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of 2019, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) faced an outbreak of a new coronavirus infection, the causative agent of which was given the name 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 gave the official name of the infection COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019). The International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses has named the causative agent SARS-CoV-2. The virus quickly spread throughout the world and acquired the status of an epidemic. It was necessary to develop algorithms for rapid diagnosis, provision of specialized medical care, as well as rehabilitation and prevention of recurrence. At the moment, all data is accumulated in real time. And the information on rehabilitation and prevention of re-infection is completely minimal.

scholarly journals The Netherlands Is on Track to Meet the World Health Organization Hepatitis C Elimination Targets by 2030

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 4562
Author(s):  
Marleen van Dijk ◽  
Sylvia M. Brakenhoff ◽  
Cas J. Isfordink ◽  
Wei-Han Cheng ◽  
Hans Blokzijl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
World Health ◽  
Decompensated Cirrhosis ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The Netherlands strives for hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination, in accordance with the World Health Organization targets. An accurate estimate when HCV elimination will be reached is elusive. We have embarked on a nationwide HCV elimination project (CELINE) that allowed us to harvest detailed data on the Dutch HCV epidemic. This study aims to provide a well-supported timeline towards HCV elimination in The Netherlands. Methods: A previously published Markov model was used, adopting published data and unpublished CELINE project data. Two main scenarios were devised. In the Status Quo scenario, 2020 diagnosis and treatment levels remained constant in subsequent years. In the Gradual Decline scenario, an annual decrease of 10% in both diagnoses and treatments was implemented, starting in 2020. WHO incidence target was disregarded, due to low HCV incidence in The Netherlands (≤5 per 100,000). Results: Following the Status Quo and Gradual Decline scenarios, The Netherlands would meet WHO’s elimination targets by 2027 and 2032, respectively. From 2015 to 2030, liver-related mortality would be reduced by 97% in the Status Quo and 93% in the Gradual Decline scenario. Compared to the Status Quo scenario, the Gradual Decline scenario would result in 12 excess cases of decompensated cirrhosis, 18 excess cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, and 20 excess cases of liver-related death from 2020–2030. Conclusions: The Netherlands is on track to reach HCV elimination by 2030. However, it is vital that HCV elimination remains high on the agenda to ensure adequate numbers of patients are being diagnosed and treated.

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