scholarly journals Different methods to counteract mycotoxin production and its impact on animal health

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Devreese ◽  
P. De Backer ◽  
S. Croubels
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Feed Analysis ◽  
Action Levels

Mycotoxins can cause serious adverse effects on animal health. This may lead to great economic losses in animal husbandry. In this review, the most common methods to counteract mycotoxins are presented, including several pre- and post-harvest strategies as well as an overview of the different mycotoxin detoxifying agents. The current legislation regarding maximum, guidance or action levels of mycotoxin contamination in various feedstuffs is also mentioned. It allows the agricultural industry to interpret feed analysis results and to decide whether to undertake actions or not.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Study of F. graminearum Colonisation of Stored Wheat: Post-Harvest Growth Patterns, Dry Matter Losses and Mycotoxin Contamination

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Portell ◽  
Carol Verheecke-Vaessen ◽  
Rosa Torrelles-Ràfales ◽  
Angel Medina ◽  
Wilfred Otten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Stored Wheat ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Colonisation Dynamics

Fusarium causes significant post-harvest quality losses and mycotoxin contamination in stored wheat but the colonisation dynamics of the grain and how this may be affected by the initial inoculum position in the grain mass is poorly understood. This study examined the 3D growth kinetics and mycotoxin production (deoxynivalenol and zearalenone) by F. graminearum during hyphal colonisation from different initial inoculum positions in wheat microcosms (top-centre, bottom-centre, and bottom-side) maintained at two water activities (aw; 0.95 and 0.97). Clear jars were used to visually follow the colonisation dynamics. Fungal respiration and associated dry matter loss (DML) and ergosterol were also quantified. Colonisation dynamics was shown to be affected by the inoculation position. At the end of the colonisation process, fungal respiration and DML were driven by the inoculation position, and the latter also by the prevailing aw. Fungal biomass (ergosterol) was mainly affected by the aw. The initial inoculum position did not affect the relative mycotoxin production. There was a positive correlation between respiration and ergosterol, and between mycotoxin production and colonisation indicators. We suggest that spatially explicit predictive models can be used to better understand the colonisation patterns and mycotoxin contamination of stored cereal commodities and to aid more effective post-harvest management.

scholarly journals Fungal Contamination and Aflatoxin B1 Detected in Hay for Dairy Cows in South Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Ceniti ◽  
Nicola Costanzo ◽  
Anna Antonella Spina ◽  
Marinella Rodolfi ◽  
Bruno Tilocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Fungal Deterioration

The growth of filamentous fungi on fodder is recognized as responsible for fungal deterioration and mycotoxin contamination of the plant mass leads to economic losses in the dairy cow production system. Mycotoxin contamination has significant implications for human and animal health and is one of the major concerns in the food and feed chain. This research provides an insight into the variety of viable molds (i.e., filamentous microfungi) that can be isolated from hay produced in South Italy and destined to dairy cows. On different lots of hay (n = 55) collected from 20 dairy farms, a total of 33 different fungal species were identified. The most representative was Cladosporium cladosporioides (n = 46, 84%) followed by Alternaria alternata (n = 25, 45%), and Rhizopus stolonifer (n = 24, 44%). The species most closely related to aflatoxin (AF) contamination, Aspergillus flavus, was often isolated (n = 11, 20%). Regarding AF detection, all the hay samples were found to be scarcely contaminated by AFB1 and showed values from 0.0020 to 0.0077 mg/kg, below the limits established by European Union (EU legislation) (0.02 mg/kg). None of the samples were positive for Aspergillia and tested for AFB1 showed results exceeding established limits. Additionally, hay with moisture between 15.0 and 19.2% or crude ash on dry matter content ranging from 14.0 to 15.5% reported an increased presence of AFB1 (p < 0.05) compared to the other samples. All the analyzed hay samples, besides the presence of molds, can be considered safe for the presence of AFB1. Prevention of mold spoilage is mandatory to reduce the exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Penyebaran Penyakit Brucellosis di Wilayah Koasistensi Administrasi Dinas dan Kesmavet

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Roza Azizah Primatika ◽  
Bambang Sumiarto ◽  
Widagdo Sri Nugroho ◽  
Dyah Ayu Widiasih ◽  
Yatri Drastini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Veterinary Public Health ◽  
Unpasteurized Milk ◽  
Bacterial Infectious Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

Brucellosis is a Brucella bacterial infectious disease that is spread from animals to humans, generally through consumption of milk, especially unpasteurized milk, or other dairy products. Veterinary public health has an important role in preventing transmission of disease to humans through both animals and foodstuffs of animal origin or other animal origin ingredients. Brucellosis is one of the problems often faced by the Animal Husbandry Department, especially at the Animal Health Unit. Handling and controlling about Brucellosis is very vital to maintain animal health and reduce the level of economic losses of farmers due to Brucellosis experienced by livestock owned. This study aims to determine the spread of Brucellosis disease by mapping in the Administrative and Service Coordination areas, to know the handling and control actions carried out by the Animal Husbandry Service throughout the implementation of the Administrative Coordination Office and Veterinary Public Health. The results of the mapping of the spread of Brucellosis in the District of Veterinary Public Health and Public Service Administration Coordination can be divided into 3 groups with the number of cases <10, 10 - 66, and> 66. The number of cases between the range of 10 - 66 there are 3 regions, while the number of cases> 66 there are 2 regions.            Keywords : Brucellosis; Mapping; Handling and Control; Descriptive Statistics

Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dell’Orto ◽  
G. Baldi ◽  
F. Cheli
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
And Control

Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Development of a chemiluminescence immunoassay to accurately detect African swine fever virus antibodies in serum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Yang ◽  
Changjie Lv ◽  
Junqing Fan ◽  
Ya Zhao ◽  
Lili Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
World Organization

AbstractThe outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) has caused significant economic losses to animal husbandry worldwide. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or treatment available to control the disease, and therefore, efficient disease control is dependent on early detection and diagnosis of ASF virus (ASFV). In this study, a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) was developed using the ASFV protein p54 as a serum diagnostic antigen and an anti-p54 monoclonal antibody. After optimizing the working parameters of the CLIA, the sensitivity of the established CLIA was 1:128, ASFV-specific serum antibody was identified, and there was no cross-reaction with other swine virus antibodies. After testing 49 clinical serum samples, the consistency rate between the CLIA and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommended commercial kit was 100%. Thus, this CLIA had a high degree of specificity, sensitivity, and reliability, and could be used as a rapid detection method for epidemiological investigations of ASFV infection.

scholarly journals DESAIN PUSAT PETERNAKAN DAN PENGOLAHAN HASIL TERNAK di MERAUKE DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR HIJAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Yashinta Irma Pratami Hematang ◽  
Agus Wahyu Saputro Rahmat ◽  
Atiza Nurhuzna
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Green Architecture ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
The People ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
A Site

The intended farm building complex is to be able to breed livestock and process livestock products so that they can meet the consumption needs of the people of Merauke City. The aim of the Center for Animal Husbandry and Processing of Livestock with the Green Architecture approach is to produce designs that minimize the adverse effects on the environment, nature and humans and produce a better and healthier place of life, which is carried out by utilizing energy and natural resources efficiently and optimal so that it does not adversely affect the surrounding environment. This study uses descriptive analysis method, where data and analysis obtained can be used as a reference in designing the Center for Animal Husbandry and Processing of Livestock Products in Merauke Regency. The results of this study are to design a center for animal husbandry and processing of livestock products with a site area of ​​37,500 m2. Existing facilities include; (1) Managing office, (2) Cage for livestock, (3) Office of cage officers, (4) Processing facilities, (5) Animal health rooms, (6) Slaughterhouses.   Kata-kunci: Desain Bangunan., Peternakan., Hasil Ternak., Arsitektur Hijau.

scholarly journals Effects of aflatoxins on male reproductive system: A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
G. D. KOUROUSEKOS (Γ.Δ. ΚΟΥΡΟΥΣΕΚΟΣ) ◽  
E. Κ. THEODOSIADOU (ΑΙΚ. Κ ΘΕΟΔΟΣΙΑΔΟΥ)
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
General Body ◽  
System A

Mycotoxins constitute toxic substances produced by certain species of fungi. Among other mycotoxins, aflatoxins are considered to be really dangerous, since they are characterized as carcinogenic for animals and humans. The consumption of aflatoxins through feeds or foods could lead to deleterious effects on animals’ or humans’ health. Research on animals has shown that the general body condition as well as some of the blood parameters, mainly those of the liver could be negatively affected with aflatoxin administration. Regarding the reproductive system, although not extensively studied, some investigators support the negative effects of aflatoxins either on females or on males. More specifically, in male, the size and weight of the genital organs, the spermatogenesis, the number, the motility and the morphology of sperm cells as well as hormones’ concentrations could be affected after exposure of the animals to aflatoxins, making infertility problems more frequent. Most studies refer to laboratory and less to productive animals, while only two studies refer to the possible problems of infertility on men due to aflatoxins. Since reproduction consists one of the most important sectors of animal husbandry, special attention should be paid to nutrition so that the possibility of the aflatoxin consumption by animals would be eliminated, the animal health especially regarding the reproductive system would be protected and economic losses would be ameliorated.

scholarly journals Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Jonas Vandicke ◽  
Katrien De Visschere ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Siska Croubels ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Feed Analysis ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Silage Process

Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016–2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molhima M. Elmahi ◽  
Mohammed O. Hussien ◽  
Abdel Rahim E. Karrar ◽  
Amira M. Elhassan ◽  
Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Abstract Background Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminant and camelid species which is transmitted by Culicoides spp. The causative agent of BT is bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. The clinical disease is seen mainly in sheep but mostly sub-clinical infections of BT are seen in cattle, goats and camelids. The clinical reaction of camels to infection is usually not apparent. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade and high mortality and morbidity rates associated with bluetongue outbreaks. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the infection. A cross sectional study using a structured questionnaire survey was conducted during 2015–2016. A total of 210 serum samples were collected randomly from camels from 8 localities of Kassala State. The serum samples were screened for the presence of BTV specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results Seropositivity to BTV IgG was detected in 165 of 210 camels’ sera accounting for a prevalence of 78.6%. Potential risk factors to BTV infection were associated with sex (OR = 0.061, p-value = 0.001) and seasonal river as water source for drinking (OR = 32.257, p-value = 0.0108). Conclusions Sex and seasonal river as water source for drinking were considered as potential risk factors for seropositivity to BTV in camels. The high prevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, necessitates further epidemiological studies of BTV infection in camels and other ruminant species to better be able to control BT disease in this region.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation of peri-urban goats: a neglected parasite in an under-appreciated host

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Rose Dahm ◽  
Jordana Burdon Bailey ◽  
Robert F. Kelly ◽  
Patrick Chikungwa ◽  
Julius Chulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Ctenocephalides Felis ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flea Infestation

AbstractGoats are critical in mixed smallholder agricultural systems in lower and middle-income countries, while fleas are important human and animal health concerns around the world. Convenience sampling was used to describe and consider risk factors for flea infestations of peri-urban goats, with the aim of informing the iterative development of animal husbandry and management based control strategies. Seven hundred and ninety-two goats were examined in 228 households across 10 peri-urban communities surrounding Blantyre in southern Malawi. The prevalence of Ctenocephalides felis fleas was 18.3, 37.1 and 100% at the levels of individual goats, households and communities, respectively, highlighting a neglected human and animal health concern. Constant introduction of new livestock coupled to a lack of biosecurity within communities, the ubiquitous presence of dog and cat hosts for C. felis, the frequency and thoroughness of cleaning overnight goat accommodation, and goat age less than 12 months old were identified as risk factors for flea infestation. This focal cross-sectional study highlights the significance of fleas in peri-urban communities and uncovers trends and commonalities that are needed to inform sustainable disease management. The majority of the peri-urban goat keepers were female, had resided in the same community throughout their whole life and had primary level education. Advice on the planned management of fleas in livestock needs to be tailored towards this demographic group. This approach affords an opportunity to promote public health measures to address household flea infestations and zoonotic disease spread.

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