Quantification and Psychological Indicators of Emotions: The Content Analysis of Speech and other Objective Measures of Psychological States

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Valid Measurement ◽  
The Subject

Reliable and valid measurement of affects, emotions, and moods has posed a problem for psychiatric and psychophysiological research as the demand has grown for more sensitive, precise, and objective assessment methods than the method of clinical impressionistic evaluation. There are three major methods in current use for assessing these psychological variables: self-report scales, behavioral rating scales, and the content analysis of verbal behavior. Self-report inventories give an individual an opportunity to describe his subjective state, and their major advantage is that what the person is actually experiencing may not be correctly perceived by external observers. Disadvantages of the self-report method include the possibility that the subject may malinger or fake or may not be in good communication with his own feelings so that he gives a distorted report about them. Psychiatric rating scales have the advantage of putting a trained observer to the task of assessment, and the clinician rater has the option of using a broad range of behavioral and affective cues, verbal and nonverbal, in following this method. But since such raters are not free from systematic distortion and thorough familiarity with the subject of observation is infrequent, all relevant information to make a valid assessment is often not available. Moreover, different interviewers may evoke varying emotional responses from the same person. Objective content analysis of verbal behavior can avoid most of the shortcomings of the self-report and observer rating methods, so long as reasonably standardized procedures are used for eliciting verbal behavior and other key features of scientific methodology are followed. A disadvantage of the content analysis method is that it is time-consuming and requires training and quality checks to carry out accurate content analysis coding. On the other hand, reliable and valid measurement procedures in all fields of research take time and care. A brief review is provided of the variety of findings and applications of the content analyses method of measuring feeling states, and these applications include the research areas of psychotherapy, psychophysiology, and neuropsycho-pharmacology.

L’analisi ġazaliana del concetto di ittiḥād

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 130-146
Author(s):  
Ines Peta
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Literal Sense ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Union With God

Abstract The aim of this contribution is to highlight al-Ġazālī’s account of ittiḥād or “union” with God; to this purpose, we have traced and examined, within his works, the various passages dedicated to the subject. This analysis shows that al-Ġazālī, although critical of the doctrine of ittiḥād understood in the literal sense, accepts it in a metaphorical way, interpreting it as the state of obliteration of the self (fanā’) in the divine uniqueness (tawḥīd). Even though he defines tawḥīd, in its highest sense, as “not seeing in existence but One”, the terminological and content analysis of the ġazalian passages clearly shows, in our opinion, that he does not adhere to the monism inherent in the so-called waḥdat al-wujūd; on the contrary he strongly supports the monotheistic paradigm. The assertion that God is the only real existent – to be understood in Avicennan terms as the only necessarily existent –, does not imply in fact that creatures are deprived of their own substantial reality and is therefore consistent with the statement that everything has God as its sole creator. In this sense, the ġazalian need to point out that the “absorption” of the Sufi into God is not ittiḥād but tawḥīd is not a mere terminological issue or an instrumental attempt to make “orthodox” an “heterodox” doctrine, but it is the proper expression of the true meaning of that “absorption”, and it’s no coincidence that it corresponds to the foundation of Islam: monotheism.

Local Municipalities' Involvement in Promoting Entrepreneurship

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luísa Cagica Carvalho ◽  
Dolores Gallardo Vázquez ◽  
M. Teresa Nevado Gil
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Entrepreneurship Policy ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Local Municipalities ◽  
The Subject

Entrepreneurship is considered as a driving force for employment and economic growth. Attending to the current problems of unemployment in our societies the importance self-employment and, consequently, the concept of entrepreneurship, resulting in its increasingly interesting and necessary study. The purpose of this research is to examine through a content analysis, the information on entrepreneurship, provided by websites of local authorities. To measure this information, attending to the limited previous literature on the subject, we propose a model supported on the cluster analysis. The cluster's definition was based on the results achieved through a set of indicators supported by relevant information and adjusted to the objectives, supported in papers and documents containing the dimensions to be considered in entrepreneurship policy. The results achieved highlights that the information provided to entrepreneurs by municipalities is scarce and is focused on the resources and communication with entrepreneur.

Acquisition of Self-Control of a Novel Muscular Activity with EMG and Video Feedback

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Koga
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Control Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Report Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Self Report Data

To examine the acquisition of voluntary control of a novel muscular activity from the initial stage to the self-control stage, the m. auricularis posterior, which had generally degenerated and had nearly lost its function of drawing an auricle backward in the human body, was selected as a target muscle to be studied. One female undergraduate student who could not move her auricles intentionally was required to activate her left m. auricularis posterior and underwent rest, pretest, training, and posttest sessions once a day for five days. At the subject's request, the electromyograph (EMG) from her left m. auricularis posterior on an oscillograph was provided for her as the feedback signal on each training trial. The picture of her left ear on television was handled in the same way. The EMG measures indicated that the subject could learn to activate her left m. auricularis posterior differentially. The number of training trials on which the subject requested the feedback signals suggested that EMG feedback signal was more useful to her than the video and that the usefulness of the feedback signals varied as the training sessions advanced. It was also concluded from analysis of the self-report data that the acquisition process of self-control of a novel muscular activity could be divided into at least four stages.

Comparison of Three Depression Rating Scales

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M. Margo ◽  
Mantosh J. Dewan ◽  
Seymour Fisher ◽  
Roger P. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Check List ◽  
Extra Effort ◽  
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ◽  
Symptom Check List ◽  
Psychiatric Rating ◽  
Psychiatric Rating Scale

We directly compared scores on the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory with two other common rating scales that assess a wider range of psychopathology, including depression, the self-rated Symptom Check List-90—R (SCL-90—R), and the clinician-rated Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for 71 inpatients who suffered from depression ( n = 50) and other disorders. All measures of depression showed robust correlations among themselves. The self-rated scales correlated better between themselves than with the clinician-rated scale. Since the SCL-90—R assesses depression as well as the Beck inventories, is also a self-report instrument, yet provides a richer description of psychopathology with little extra effort, it may have some advantage over the latter.

Comparison among Various Methods of Assessment of Impulsiveness

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Carrillo-de-la-Peña ◽  
J. M. Otero ◽  
E. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Aspect ◽  
Multidimensional Construct ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Test Version ◽  
Behavior Scale ◽  
Matching Familiar Figures Test

The current confused status of the research on impulsivity may be attributed to the lack of precise definitions, the reliance of most operationalizations on a single index, and inconsistency among different measures of the construct. Empirical measurements of impulsivity by self-reports, rating scales, or performance tasks suggest that the instruments employed measure aspects that have very little in common, a finding that throws serious doubts on the validity of the construct and implies a need for further research. To clarify this topic, we applied four different measures of impulsivity to 46 7th-grade (12 to 13 years old) schoolchildren. The children were rated by their teachers on an impulsivity behavior scale and were administered Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test, Version MFF-20, and two self-report forms, the Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Although the results confirmed the lack of convergence among these measures, high latencies on matching were associated with the cognitive aspect of the self-report scales. Treating impulsivity as a multidimensional construct is discussed.

Determining Emotional Tone and Verbal Behavior in Patients With Tinnitus and Hyperacusis: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-672
Author(s):  
Suzanne H. Kimball ◽  
Toby Hamilton ◽  
Erin Benear ◽  
Jonathan Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Emotional Tone ◽  
Explanatory Mixed Methods ◽  
Quantitative Results

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the emotional tone and verbal behavior of social media users who self-identified as having tinnitus and/or hyperacusis that caused self-described negative consequences on daily life or health. Research Design and Method An explanatory mixed-methods design was utilized. Two hundred “initial” and 200 “reply” Facebook posts were collected from members of a tinnitus group and a hyperacusis group. Data were analyzed via the LIWC 2015 software program and compared to typical bloggers. As this was an explanatory mixed-methods study, we used qualitative thematic analyses to explain, interpret, and illustrate the quantitative results. Results Overall, quantitative results indicated lower overall emotional tone for all categories (tinnitus and hyperacusis, initial and reply), which was mostly influenced by higher negative emotion. Higher levels of authenticity or truth were found in the hyperacusis sample but not in the tinnitus sample. Lower levels of clout (social standing) were indicated in all groups, and a lower level of analytical thinking style (concepts and complex categories rather than narratives) was found in the hyperacusis sample. Additional analysis of the language indicated higher levels of sadness and anxiety in all groups and lower levels of anger, particularly for initial replies. These data support prior findings indicating higher levels of anxiety and depression in this patient population based on the actual words in blog posts and not from self-report questionnaires. Qualitative results identified 3 major themes from both the tinnitus and hyperacusis texts: suffering, negative emotional tone, and coping strategies. Conclusions Results from this study suggest support for the predominant clinical view that patients with tinnitus and hyperacusis have higher levels of anxiety and depression than the general population. The extent of the suffering described and patterns of coping strategies suggest clinical practice patterns and the need for research in implementing improved practice plans.

AAC Collaboration Using the Self-Anchored Rating Scales (SARS): An Aphasia Case Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Family Counseling ◽  
The Self ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Solution Focused

Abstract The self-anchored rating scale (SARS) is a technique that augments collaboration between Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) interventionists, their clients, and their clients' support networks. SARS is a technique used in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, a branch of systemic family counseling. It has been applied to treating speech and language disorders across the life span, and recent case studies show it has promise for promoting adoption and long-term use of high and low tech AAC. I will describe 2 key principles of solution-focused therapy and present 7 steps in the SARS process that illustrate how clinicians can use the SARS to involve a person with aphasia and his or her family in all aspects of the therapeutic process. I will use a case study to illustrate the SARS process and present outcomes for one individual living with aphasia.

Measuring the Big Five in Self-Report and Other Ratings

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Barbaranelli ◽  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fit Indexes ◽  
Response Modes

Summary: The aim of the study is to assess the construct validity of two different measures of the Big Five, matching two “response modes” (phrase-questionnaire and list of adjectives) and two sources of information or raters (self-report and other ratings). Two-hundred subjects, equally divided in males and females, were administered the self-report versions of the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and the Big Five Observer (BFO), a list of bipolar pairs of adjectives ( Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1993 , 1994 ). Every subject was rated by six acquaintances, then aggregated by means of the same instruments used for the self-report, but worded in a third-person format. The multitrait-multimethod matrix derived from these measures was then analyzed via Structural Equation Models according to the criteria proposed by Widaman (1985) , Marsh (1989) , and Bagozzi (1994) . In particular, four different models were compared. While the global fit indexes of the models were only moderate, convergent and discriminant validities were clearly supported, and method and error variance were moderate or low.

Articles Published in EJPA 2009–2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuulia M. Ortner ◽  
Isabella Vormittag
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Broad Scope ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

With reference to EJPA’s unique and broad scope, the current study analyzed the characteristics of the authors as well as the topics and research aims of the 69 empirical articles published in the years 2009–2010. Results revealed that more than one third of the articles were written by authors affiliated with more than one country. With reference to their research aims, an almost comparable number of articles (1) presented a new measure, (2) dealt with adaptations of measures, or (3) dealt with further research on existing measures. Analyses also revealed that most articles did not address any particular field of application. The second largest group was comprised of articles related to the clinical field, followed by the health-related field of application. The majority of all articles put their focus on investigating questionnaires or rating scales, and only a small number of articles investigated procedures classified as tests or properties of interviews. As to further characteristics of the method(s) used, a majority of EJPA contributions addressed self-report data. Results are discussed with reference to publication demands as well as the current and future challenges and demands of psychological assessment.

Using the Rating Scale Model to Examine the Psychometric Properties of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Driver Competence

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sundström
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Measurement Precision ◽  
The Self ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Two Samples

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a self-report scale for assessing perceived driver competence, labeled the Self-Efficacy Scale for Driver Competence (SSDC), using item response theory analyses. Two samples of Swedish driving-license examinees (n = 795; n = 714) completed two versions of the SSDC that were parallel in content. Prior work, using classical test theory analyses, has provided support for the validity and reliability of scores from the SSDC. This study investigated the measurement precision, item hierarchy, and differential functioning for males and females of the items in the SSDC as well as how the rating scale functions. The results confirmed the previous findings; that the SSDC demonstrates sound psychometric properties. In addition, the findings showed that measurement precision could be increased by adding items that tap higher self-efficacy levels. Moreover, the rating scale can be improved by reducing the number of categories or by providing each category with a label.

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