scholarly journals A Review on Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, and Toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Essential Oil

2021 ◽  
pp. 304-313
Author(s):  
Mega Ferdina Warsito
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Biological Potency ◽  
Myristica Fragrans Houtt ◽  
Nutmeg Essential Oil

Myristica fragrans Houtt., commonly known as nutmeg, is an Indonesian indigenous dioecious evergreen tree which contains 5-15% volatile oil. The oil is usually produced from the seed or mace.  Nutmeg oil has been extensively utilized in aromatherapy, natural medicine, and the perfume industry. This article provides an overview of the chemical compounds, biological potency, and toxic effects of nutmeg essential oil compiled from recent literature (2000–2020). Nutmeg oil mainly comprises monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Several reports on gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis of nutmeg oil showed that there were 27–38 chemical constituents detected at various concentrations. Many secondary metabolites of nutmeg oil reported to show biological activities that possibly substantiate its utilization in natural medicine. Numerous studies reported the biological activities of this volatile oil such as antioxidant, analgesic, antiinflammation, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and anticancer activity. But large intake of nutmeg oil could cause intoxication which is shown through symptoms in cardiovascular, central nervous system, anticholinergic, and local effects in the stomach. These symptoms are mainly attributed to the effect of myristicin, safrole, and elemicin overdose. This updated review paper intends to attract more attention to nutmeg oil and its potential to be developed into a medicinal product for the prophylaxis and therapy of diseases.

scholarly journals The Essential Oil and Hydrolats from Myristica fragrans Seeds with Magnesium Aluminometasilicate as Excipient: Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-inflammatory Activity

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Matulyte ◽  
Aiste Jekabsone ◽  
Lina Jankauskaite ◽  
Paulina Zavistanaviciute ◽  
Vytaute Sakiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Nutmeg Essential Oil

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oil has antimicrobial, antiseptic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. We have recently demonstrated that hydrodistillation of nutmeg essential oil by applying magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient significantly increases both the content and amount of bioactive substances in the oil and hydrolats. In this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity of hydrolats and essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation in the presence and absence of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method revealed that magnesium aluminometasilicate did not significantly improved antioxidant activity of both essential oil and hydrolat. Antibacterial efficiency was evaluated by monitoring growth of 15 bacterial strains treated by a range of dilutions of the essential oil and the hydrolats. Essential oil with an excipient completely inhibited the growth of E. faecalis, S. mutans (referent), and P. multocida, whereas the pure oil was only efficient against the latter strain. Finally, the anti-inflammatory properties of the substances were assessed in a fibroblast cell culture treated with viral dsRNR mimetic Poly I:C. The essential oil with an excipient protected cells against Poly I:C-induced necrosis more efficiently compared to pure essential oil. Also, both the oil and the hydrolats with aluminometasilicate were more efficient in preventing IL-6 release in the presence of Poly I:C. Our results show that the use of magnesium aluminometasilicate as an excipient might change and in some cases improve the biological activities of nutmeg essential oil and hydrolats.

scholarly journals Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils from the Leaves and Fruits of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Anne Carolina ◽  
Maman Maman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Myristica Fragrans Houtt ◽  
Fruit Oil

The aim of this research was to examine the larvicidal activity of essential oil (EO) extracted from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) leaves and fruits by steam distillation, and to analyze its chemical compounds. The EO yield of nutmeg leaves and fruits collected from the same tree was 0.66% and 0.30%, respectively. Larvicidal tests with the EO were carried out against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The concentrations of nutmeg EO used for the larvicidal assay were 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/mL. The results showed that fruit oil was more toxic than the leaf oil. LC50 values of leaf and fruit EOs were 133.8 and 110.1 µg/mL, respectively. The chromatogram of GC-MS showed that the chemical components in nutmeg leaf and fruit EOs were dominated by α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, delta-3-carene, limonene, β-phellandrene, α-terpinolene, linalool, safrole, croweacin, and myristicin.

scholarly journals GC-MS Analysis of the Composition of the Extracts and Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans Seeds Using Magnesium Aluminometasilicate as Excipient

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Matulyte ◽  
Mindaugas Marksa ◽  
Liudas Ivanauskas ◽  
Zenona Kalvėnienė ◽  
Robertas Lazauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ultrasound Bath ◽  
Nutmeg Essential Oil ◽  
First Time

Myristica fragrans (f. Myristicaceae) seeds are better known as a spice, but their chemical compounds may have a pharmacological effect. The yield of their composition of extracts and essential oils differs due to different methodologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate an excipient material—magnesium aluminometasilicate—and to determine its influence on the qualitative composition of nutmeg extracts and essential oils. Furthermore, we wanted to compare the yield of essential oil. The extracts were prepared by maceration (M) and ultrasound bath-assisted extraction (UAE), and the essential oil—by hydrodistillation (HD). Conventional methods (UAE, HD) were modified with magnesium aluminometasilicate. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. From 16 to 19 chemical compounds were obtained using UAE with magnesium aluminometasilicate, while only 8 to 13 compounds were obtained using UAE without an excipient. Using our conditions and plant material, for the first time eight new chemical compounds in nutmeg essential oil were identified. Two of these compounds (γ-amorphene and cis-α-bergamotene) were obtained with the use of excipient, the other six (β-copaene, bergamotene, citronellyl decanoate, cubebol, cubenene, orthodene) by conventional hydrodistillation. Magnesium aluminometasilicate significantly increased the quantity of sabinene (from 6.53% to 61.42%) and limonene (from 0% to 5.62%) in essential oil. The yield of the essential oil from nutmeg seeds was significantly higher using magnesium aluminometasilicate; it increased from 5.25 ± 0.04% to 10.43 ± 0.09%.

scholarly journals A Design of Experiment Approach for Ionic Liquid-Based Extraction of Toxic Components-Minimized Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Fruits †

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Lanari ◽  
Maria Marcotullio ◽  
Andrea Neri
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Myristica Fragrans ◽  
Myristica Fragrans Houtt ◽  
Nutmeg Essential Oil

The effect of the addition of ionic liquids (ILs) during the hydrodistillation of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) essential oil was studied. The essential oil of M. fragrans is characterized by the presence of terpenes, terpenoids, and of phenylpropanoids, such as methyl eugenol and safrole, that are regarded as genotoxic and carcinogenic. The aim of the work was to determine the best ionic liquid to improve the yield of the extraction of M. fragrans essential oil and decrease the extraction of toxic phenylpropanoids. Six ILs, namely 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride (1), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate (2), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride (3), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate (4), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (5), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate (6), were prepared by previously reported, innovative methods and then tested. An experimental design was used to optimize the extraction yield and to decrease the phenylpropanoids percentage using the synthesized ILs. The influence of the molarity of ILs was also studied. MODDE 12 software established 0.5 M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as the best co-solvent for the hydrodistillation of M. fragrans essential oil.

scholarly journals Insecticidal activity of citronella grass essential oil on Frankliniella schultzei and Myzus persicae

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Fontes Pinheiro ◽  
Vagner Tebaldi de Queiroz ◽  
Vando Miossi Rondelli ◽  
Adilson Vidal Costa ◽  
Tiago de Paula Marcelino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Frankliniella Schultzei ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Citronella Grass

The thrips, Frankliniella schultzei, and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, cause direct damage to plants of economic importance and transmit phytoviruses, causing large economic losses. Chemical constituents of essential oils present a wide range of biological activities. The aim of this work was to evaluate insecticidal activity of essential oil from citronella grass, Cymbopogon winterianus, on F. schultzei and M. persicae. This essential oil was obtained by steam distillation and components were identified by GC/FID and GC/MS. A Potter spray tower was used to spray insects with the essential oil. The major constituents are geraniol (28.62%), citronellal (23.62%) and citronellol (17.10%). Essential oil of C. winterianus at 1% (w v-1) causes mortality in F. schultzei and M. persicae at 34.3% and 96.9%, respectively. The LC50 value for M. persicae was 0.36% and LC90 0.66%. Thus, citronella grass essential oil at 1% (w v-1) is more toxic to M. persicae than F. schultzei. This essential oil shows promise for developing pesticides to manage M. persicae.

scholarly journals Assessment of camel thorn (Alhagi maurorum) as new sources of bioactive compounds using GC-MS technique

Plant Omics ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Reham M. Mostafa ◽  
Heba S. Essawy
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Mass Analysis ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Anticancer Compounds ◽  
The Family

Alhagi maurorum (A. maurorum) is one of the medicinally important plants belonging to the family leguminasae, commonly known as camel thorn. This research was amid to identify the chemical compounds in the aerial part of A. maurorum using GC-mass analysis. Three solvents with different polarities were used for the extraction of chemical constituents (water, methanol and petroleum ether). The results of GC-MS analysis led to identification of various compounds. In total, thirty-nine compounds from petroleum ether extract, thirty-two compounds in methanolic extract and seventeen compounds in aqueous extract were identified. Majority of the identified compounds have been reported to possess many biological activities. Among them, we reported 10 new anticancer compounds (Vitamin E; Hexadecanoic acid; Stigmast-5-en-3-ol; Phytol,2-hexadecen-1-ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl; Squalene; Hexadecanoic acid; 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; Oxime,methoxy-phenyl,methyl N-hydroxyben-zenecarboximidoate; Ergost-5-en-3-ol; 9,12- Octadecad-ienoic acid and Farnesol) from A. maurorum using three solvent, while the best effective solvent was petroluem ether. Therefore, we report that A. maurorum has great potential to be developed into anticancer drugs.

scholarly journals Biological Activity and Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil and Extracts of Murraya microphylla

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000
Author(s):  
Hai-Ning Lv ◽  
Ke-Wu Zeng ◽  
Bing-Yu Liu ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Peng-Fei Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Human Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Promising Development ◽  
Carbazole Alkaloids

Murraya microphylla is the most closely related species to M. koenigii (Curry tree). Inspired by the traditional effects of M. koenigii, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil and extracts of M. microphylla were evaluated for the first time. The light petroleum and chloroform extracts were found to be able to scavenge DPPH free radicals, inhibit linoleic acid peroxidation, and nitric oxide production, as well as to present cytotoxicity to the human cancer cell lines HepG2, Bel7402, Bel7403, and Hela, but the essential oil only showed moderate activities. Chemical analysis of the active extracts by LC-DAD-MSn indicated that carbazole alkaloids were the main constituents. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in identification of 91 constituents, representing 96.9% of the total oil, with ( E)-caryophyllene (18.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (12.6%) as the major constituents. These results demonstrate that M. microphylla has similar biological activities, as well as chemical constituents to M. koenigii, and the carbazole alkaloids were disclosed to be the main potential active components. A promising development as a flavor and potential therapeutic agent could thus be predicated for this plant.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Solanum spirale

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukanya Keawsa-ard ◽  
Boonsom Liawruangrath ◽  
Saisunee Liawruangrath ◽  
Aphiwat Teerawutgulrag ◽  
Stephen G. Pyne
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Hexahydrofarnesyl Acetone ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mcf 7

The essential oil of the leaves Solanum spirale Roxb. was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed for the first time using GC and GC-MS. Thirty-nine constituents were identified, constituting 73.36% of the total chromatographical oil components. ( E)-Phytol (48.10%), n-hexadecanoic acid (7.34%), β-selinene (3.67%), α-selinene (2.74%), octadecanoic acid (2.12%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (2.00%) were the major components of this oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated by using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. The oil exhibited week antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 41.89 mg/mL. The essential oil showed significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 43.0 μg/mL and 21.5 μg/mL, respectively. It also showed significant cytotoxicity against KB (oral cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and NCI-H187 (small cell lung cancer) with the IC50 values of 26.42, 19.69, and 24.02 μg/mL, respectively.

scholarly journals Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil from Mentha longifolia: effects of different extraction methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1951-1960
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Bai ◽  
Aoken Aimila ◽  
Nurbolat Aidarhan ◽  
Xiaomei Duan ◽  
Maitinuer Maiwulanjiang
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Mentha Longifolia
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