EVALUATION OF ENZYMIC AND NON-ENZYMIC ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN VERNONIA CINEREA EXTRACTS

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant levels in various solvent extracts of Vernonia cinerea leaves.Methods: The fine powder of leaf (180 g) was extracted successively with methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether (40–60°C), benzene, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and aqueous in a Soxhlet extractor for 18 h. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure at low temperature (40– 50°C), and the extracts were analyzed for the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidise, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), polyphenol oxidase, glutathione (GSH) reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and non-enzymic antioxidants such as Vitamin A, C, E, reduced GSH, and total phenol.Results: Significant activities of enzymic antioxidants such as CAT (23.68 μ mole of H2O2 decomposed/min/mg protein, SOD (19.75 inhibition of 50% nitrite form/min/mg protein), and GST (73.28 μ mole of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene conjugate formed/min) were observed higher in the methanolic extracts. Whereas, ethanolic extract exhibits maximum activity of GPx (1.054 μ mole of GSH utilized/min) and Px (102.1 μ mole of pyrogallol oxidized/ min/mg protein). Total GSH (172.3 μM/g), Vitamin E (23.76 μM/g), and total phenols were significantly predominant in the ethanolic extracts followed by methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.Conclusion: V. cinerea seems to be a promising plant in respect of its antioxidant potential, there is a lot more to be done to understand the mechanisms behind these effects as well as to employ them as possible therapeutic agents.

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Evaluation of the Phytochemistry of Aqueous, Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Morus mesozygia Linn. Stapf., Twig

Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jocamr/2021/v15i130258 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-61

Author(s):

Marcella Tari Joshua ◽

Edna O. Wachuku ◽

N. Boisa ◽

Nsirim Nduka

Keyword(s):

Fine Powder ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Complex Compounds ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Anatomy And Physiology ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Aim: The aim of this study was to phytochemically analyze the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic twig extracts of the species Morus mesozygia Linn. Stapf. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Plant Anatomy and Physiology Research Laboratory, University of Port Harcourt, between July, 2018 and November, 2018. Methodology: Morus mesozygia linn twigs were collected and washed with distilled water, air dried for seven days and milled into fine powder. Maceration method was used to extract the powdered twig into a brownish paste using three different solvents; distilled water, ethanol and methanol. The different plant extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, tannins and anthraquinones. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was done using a Gas chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy machine. Results: The results of this study showed that the powdered Morus mesozygia linn twigs contained flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, but not anthraquinones. The methanolic and aqueous twig extracts contained high amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins, while the ethanolic extract also contained high amounts of the aforementioned phytochemicals in the same proportion, but had saponins in moderate amounts. It also showed that the methanolic twig extract had more carbohydrate than the other two extracts. The result of the GC-MS analysis showed that the three extracts contained complex compounds in varying amounts. Conclusion: The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses test results of Morus mesozygia Linn Stapf. revealed the presence of the substances like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, oils, phenolic compounds, tannins and some complex compounds discovered using GC-MS technique, in their varying concentrations for the three different extracts.

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Counteracting adriamycin-induced oxidative stress by administration of N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin E

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm.2005.140 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Periandavan Kalaiselvi ◽

Viswanathan Pragasam ◽

Srinivasan Chinnikrishnan ◽

Coothan Kandaswamy Veena ◽

Rajaguru Sundarapandiyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Rat Kidney ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Tubular Necrosis ◽

Wistar Strain ◽

Acetyl Cysteine ◽

Enzymic Antioxidants ◽

Histopathological Studies ◽

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

AbstractAdriamycin (ADR), a cytotoxic antineoplastic drug, is used in the treatment of various solid tumors. However, its efficacy continues to be challenged by significant toxicities including nephrotoxicity. In the present study, the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and vitamin E, known antioxidants, were investigated on ADR-induced peroxidative damage in rat kidney. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were administered ADR as a single dose (10mg/kg body weight, i.v.). Histopathological studies indicated that ADR-treated kidney sections show focal tubular necrosis and casts. ADR-injected rats showed a significant decline in the activities/levels of enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase) and non-enzymic antioxidants (thiols, vitamin C and vitamin E) with high malondialdehyde levels. The extent of nephrotoxicity was evident from the increased activities of urinary marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyltransferase). Treatment with NAC and vitamin E (50mg/kg b.w., i.p.) 1day prior to ADR administration maintained near normal activities of the enzymes, significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and prevented the necrosis caused by ADR, thereby proving to be an effective thiol replenishing agent and antioxidant.

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Antipyretic activity of Calotropis gigantea, Vernonia cinerea,and Cissampelos pareiraextractsonlipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia in rabbits

Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam ◽

10.31276/vjst.63(12).25-29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (12) ◽

pp. 25-29

Author(s):

Thi Xoan Le ◽

◽

Thi Phuong Nguyen ◽

Van Hiep Nguyen ◽

Thi Nguyet Hang Pham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Reference Drug ◽

Calotropis Gigantea ◽

Butanol Fraction ◽

Antipyretic Activity ◽

Water Residue ◽

Vernonia Cinerea

This study aims to evaluate the antipyretic activity of Calotropis gigantea (CG), Vernonia cinerea (VC), and Cissampelos pareira (CP)extracts. Rabbits were received an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after being orally administered with the plant extracts or paracetamol, a reference drug. The treatment of CG and VC ethanolic extract (125 and 250 mg/kg) and paracetamol (150 mg/kg) significantly reduced LPS-induced pyrexia. Moreover, ethyl acetate fraction (50 mg/kg) of CG showed a more significant effect in lowering the hyperthermia than dichloromethane, n-butanol fraction, or water residue. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CG and VC ethanolic extract possess antipyretic activity. Besides, the components in the ethyl acetate fraction of CG play an important role in the antipyretic property of this herb

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Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous, Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Morus mesozygia Linn. Stapf., Leaves

Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.9734/ajbgmb/2020/v5i130119 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 38-46

Author(s):

Marcella Tari Joshua ◽

Edna O. Nwachukwu ◽

N. Boisa ◽

Nsirim Nduka

Keyword(s):

Fine Powder ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Complex Compounds ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Methanolic Extracts

Aim: This study focused on the phytochemical screening of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts on the species Morus mesozygia linn. Study Design: This study was a cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Plant Anatomy and Physiology Research Laboratory, University of Port Harcourt, between July, 2018 and November, 2018. Methodology: Morus mesozygia linn leaves were collected and washed with distilled water, air dried for seven days and milled into fine powder. Maceration method was use to extract the powdered leaf into a brownish paste using three different solvents; distilled water, ethanol and methanol. The different plant extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, tannins and anthraquinones. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was done using a Gas chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy machine. Results: Results showed that the powdered Morus mesozygia linn leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, but not anthraquinones. The methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts contained high amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins, while the ethanolic extract also contained high amounts of the aforementioned phytochemicals in the same proportion, but had saponins in moderate amounts. The result of the GC-MS analysis showed that the three extracts contained complex compounds in varying amounts. Conclusion: Phytochemical screening test of Morus mesozygia has revealed the presence of the substances like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, oils, phenolic compounds, tannins and some complex compounds discovered using GC-MS technique.

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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Artemisia vulgaris Leaves, Originating from Three Different Altitudes of Nepal

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/6678059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jitendra Pandey ◽

Sushma Bhusal ◽

Laxman Nepali ◽

Maya Khatri ◽

Rasmita Ramdam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Formalin Injection ◽

Artemisia Vulgaris ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Different Altitudes

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the in vivo chronic anti-inflammatory efficacy, from the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Artemisia vulgaris leaves, grown at three different altitudes in Nepal, by formalin-induced paw edema in Swiss albino mice. Edema was induced on the mice paw by administering 0.2% of formalin injection. Indomethacin was used as a standard drug at the concentration of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Ethyl acetate and ethanolic leaves extract, at the concentration of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, were used as test drugs. Standard drug and all the extracts were administered 30 min before formalin injection. The paw thickness was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours after formalin injection, using a Vernier caliper. It was observed that both ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract from all the altitudes exhibited significant inhibition of paw edema ( p < 0.05 ) induced by formalin. Maximum activity was shown by 400 mg/kg of the plant leaf extract taken from the temperate zone, with 54.05% of paw edema inhibition, and it is almost similar to the inhibition of standard drug (56.75%). Moreover, the ethanolic extract was found to be more effective than ethyl acetate extract in all the plant samples. The results suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of A. vulgaris leaves increases with an increase in altitudes and this plant can be used as a useful source of medicine to treat chronic inflammation.

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Potential of Thai Herbal Extracts on Lung Cancer Treatment by Inducing Apoptosis and Synergizing Chemotherapy

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010231 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 231 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juthathip Poofery ◽

Patompong Khaw-on ◽

Subhawat Subhawa ◽

Bungorn Sripanidkulchai ◽

Apichat Tantraworasin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Apoptotic Cell ◽

Primary Lung Cancer ◽

A549 Cells ◽

Cancer Cell Line ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Lung Cancer Cell Line ◽

Lung Cancer Treatment

The incidence of lung cancer has increased while the mortality rate has continued to remain high. Effective treatment of this disease is the key to survival. Therefore, this study is a necessity in continuing research into new effective treatments. In this study we determined the effects of three different Thai herbs on lung cancer. Bridelia ovata, Croton oblongifolius, and Erythrophleum succirubrum were extracted by ethyl acetate and 50% ethanol. The cytotoxicity was tested with A549 lung cancer cell line. We found four effective extracts that exhibited toxic effects on A549 cells. These extracts included ethyl acetate extracts of B. ovata (BEA), C. oblongifolius (CEA), and E. succirubrum (EEA), and an ethanolic extract of E. succirubrum (EE). Moreover, these effective extracts were tested in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. An effective synergism of these treatments was found specifically through a combination of BEA with methotrexate, EE with methotrexate, and EE with etoposide. Apoptotic cell death was induced in A549 cells by these effective extracts via the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Additionally, we established primary lung cancer and normal epithelial cells from lung tissue of lung cancer patients. The cytotoxicity results showed that EE had significant potential to be used for lung cancer treatment. In conclusion, the four effective extracts possessed anticancer effects on lung cancer. The most effective extract was found to be E. succirubrum (EE).

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Ethanolic Extracts of Adlay Testa and Hull and Their Active Biomolecules Exert Relaxing Effect on Uterine Muscle Contraction through Blocking Extracellular Calcium Influx in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Studies

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11060887 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 887

Author(s):

Yun-Ju Huang ◽

Yu-Chieh Chen ◽

Hsin-Yuan Chen ◽

Yi-Fen Chiang ◽

Mohamed Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Uterine Contraction ◽

Calcium Influx ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Human Myometrium ◽

Writhing Test

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent disorders in gynecology. Historically, adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. Ma-yuen Stapf.) has been explored for its anti-tumor, pain relief, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adlay seeds on the inhibition of uterine contraction and thus dysmenorrhea relief, in vitro and in vivo. HPLC-MS and GC were used to elucidate the ethyl acetate fraction of adlay testa ethanolic extract (ATE-EA) and ethyl acetate fraction of adlay hull ethanolic extract (AHE-EA). Elucidation yielded flavonoids, phytosterols, and fatty acids. Uterine leiomyomas and normal adjacent myometrial tissue were evaluated by oxytocin- and PG-induced uterine contractility. ATE-EA and AHE-EA suppressed uterine contraction induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α), oxytocin, carbachol, and high-KCl solution ex vivo. In addition, the external calcium (Ca2+) influx induced contraction, and increased Ca2+ concentration was inhibited by ATE-EA and AHE-EA on the uterine smooth muscle of rats. Furthermore, ATE-EA and AHE-EA effectively attenuated the contraction of normal human myometrium tissues more than adjacent uterine leiomyoma in response to PGF2α. 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Heptamethoxyflavone and chrysoeriol produced a remarkable inhibition with values of IC50 = 24.91 and 25.59 µM, respectively. The experimental results showed that treatment with ATE-EA at 30 mg/day effectively decreased the writhing frequency both on the oxytocin-induced writhing test and acetic acid writhing test of the ICR mouse.

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WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF THE WHOLE PLANT OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA LINN. IN RATS

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.55.11.11317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (11) ◽

pp. 64-70

Author(s):

M.P Singh ◽

◽

Y.S. Sarangdevot ◽

S.S. Sisodia

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Momordica Charantia ◽

Alcohol Extract ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Healing Property ◽

Aqueous Ethanolic Extract ◽

Wound Healing Activity

The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of wound healing activity of the whole plant of Momordica charantia Linn. in rats. The effect of aqueous ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia Linn. (Family; Cucurbetaceae) was evaluated on resutured incision, granuloma pouch and excision wound models in rats. The wound healing activity was measured by the rate of wound contraction, skin breaking strength, weight of the granulation tissue, and collagen content. The concentrated ethyl alcohol extract was subject to fractionation by using petroleum ether (40-60o V/V), solvent ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, butanone, ethanol and methanol in succession. All the fractions were screened for wound healing property. The results of pharmacological activity led to the conclusion that the petroleum ether fraction exhibited more significant wound healing promotion property followed by solvent ether and butanone, from all the parameters studied. Ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol fractions were least effective.

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In vitro Antidiabetic, anti-obesity and antioxidant proprities of Rosemary extracts

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY ◽

10.24297/jac.v10i2.5497 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 2305-2316 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Manel Ben Ali ◽

Kais Mnafgui ◽

Abdelfattah Feki ◽

Mohamed Damak ◽

Noureddine Allouche

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Pancreatic Lipase ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Inhibitory Potential ◽

Prevention Of Diabetes ◽

First Time

Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem worldwide that has adverse and long-lasting consequences for individuals, families, and communities. Hence, this study sought to investigate the inhibitory potential of rosemary extracts on key-enzymes related to diabetes such as α-amylase and pancreatic lipase activities, as well as to assess their antioxidant properties in vitro. The IC50 values of Rosemary essential oil, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts against α-amylase were 28.36, 34.11 and 30.39 µg/mL respectively, and those against pancreatic lipase were 32.25, 36.64 and 34.07 µg/mL, suggesting strong anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of Rosemary. The methanolic extract was found to be the highest in levels of phenolic (282.98 µgGAE/mg extract) and flavonoids (161.05 µg QE /mg extract) contents as well as in the antioxidant activity (IC50 = 15.82 µg/mL) as compared to other extracts ethyl acetate (IC50 = 32.23 µg/mL) and essential oil (IC50 = 96.12 µg/mL).Antioxidant efficacy of Rosemary extracts has been estimated in the stabilization of sunflower oil (SFO) at three different concentrations, i.e. 200 (SFO-200), 500 (SFO-500) and 1000 ppm (SFO-1000). Results showed the highest efficiency of SFO-1000.The results obtained in this study demonstrated for the first time that Rosemary is a potent source of natural inhibitors of α-amylase and pancreatic lipase with powerful antioxidants proprieties that might be used in the food stabilization and the prevention of diabetes and obesity complications as a complementary pharmacological drug.

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Comparative Antioxidant Activity on The Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata Leaves

International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) ◽

10.11591/ijphs.v4i1.4707 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Nyi Mekar Saptarini ◽

Irma Erika Herawati

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Hexane Fraction ◽

Ficus Benjamina ◽

Water Fraction ◽

Free Radical Formation ◽

Annona Reticulata

Antioxidants can prevent free radical formation. Natural antioxidants found in many plants, such as Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata. The study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of Ficus benjamina and Annona reticulata leaves against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl. The steps of this study consist of extraction, fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity determination, and comparing the IC50 values. Percentage scavenging activity of the extracts and fractions against DPPH was calculated to determine the antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of Ficus benjamina was 127.86 ppm for ethanolic extract, 94.01 ppm for water fraction, 115.48 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 335.50 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The IC50 value of Annona reticulata was 274.31 ppm for ethanolic extract, 211.42 ppm for water fraction, 367.91 ppm for ethyl acetate fraction, and 741.08 ppm for n-hexane fraction. The results showed that the Ficus benjamina water fraction was the best antioxidant compared to other extract and fraction.

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