scholarly journals Gambaran Kesadaran Masyarakat terhadap Kawasan Tanpa Rokok di Indonesia

Author(s):  
Ingan Ukur Tarigan ◽  
Anni Yulianti

Abstrak Merokok merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terhadap penyakit yang membahayakan, seperti jantung, stroke, kanker, dan lain sebagainya. Perilaku masyarakat khususnya perokok aktif yang merokok di sembarangan tempat masih cukup memprihatinkan. Perokok membebankan risiko merokok bukan hanya pada diri sendiri tetapi juga kepada orang lain yang ada di sekitarnya. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan data GATS (Global Adult Tobacco Survey) 2011, dimana desain penelitian adalah cross sectional. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik sampling proportional probabilitas to size (PPS). Hasil dari analisis antara lain: masyarakat yang terpapar rokok di dalam rumah lebih banyak pada kelompok laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan, yang terbanyak pada kelompok umur 45-64 tahun dengan pendidikan tidak tamat SD, tempat tinggal di pedesaan, dan pekerjaan wiraswasta. Kebijakan keluarga yang mengizinkan merokok dalam rumah sebesar 46,9%, dan seseorang yang merokok dalam rumah setiap hari mencapai 62,5%. Masyarakat yang terpapar rokok di ruang kerja sebesar 51,4%, dan kantor yang mengizinkan merokok dalam ruang kerja sebesar 38,4% dan yang tidak ada kebijakan sebesar 19,8%. Terpapar rokok di kantor pemerintahan 66,4%, di universitas 55,3%, di sekolah atau fasilitas pendidikan lainnya 40,3%, di fasilitas keagamaan 17,9%, di fasilitas kesehatan 18,4%, di bar atau klub 91,8%, dan transportasi umum 70,8%. Hasil ini dapat menjadi data dasar untuk mengembangkan intervensi program pengendalian tembakau yang efektif, termasuk menyediakan layanan berhenti merokok, terutama di fasilitas kesehatan. Pemerintah pusat dan daerah perlu meningkatkan sosialisasi tentang bahaya merokok di tempat-tempat umum dan dampaknya terhadap masyarakat khususnya yang bukan perokok; yaitu dengan membuat peraturan yang jelas dan tegas tentang pelarangan merokok di tempat-tempat umum dan memberikan sangsi yang tegas terhadap yang melanggar peraturan tersebut. Upaya layanan berhenti merokok dapat dilaksanakan dengan meningkatkan kegiatan promosi oleh tenaga kesehatan, sosialisasi ‘Quitline’ Kementerian Kesehatan, skrining CO2, bantuan konseling dan mengembangkan metode terapi berhenti merokok bagi para perokok aktif di berbagai fasilitas kesehatan yang tersedia. Kata kunci: rokok, perokok pasif, pengendalian tembakau Abstract Smoking is one of the risk factors for severe diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, and so on. The behavior of active smokers who smoke arbitrarily at many public places is still quite alarming. Smokers impose the risk of smoking not only on themselves but also to others around them. The analysis was performed using GATS (Global Adult Tobacco Survey) 2011 data, where the research design was cross-sectional. The sample selection uses a proportional probability to size (PPS) sampling technique. The results of the analysis show people who are exposed to cigarettes in the house are mostly males than females with the characteristics were at age groups 45-64 years old, educational level was not completed elementary school, living in rural areas, and self-employee. Family policies that allow smoking in the home were 46.9%, and someone who smokes in the house every day reaches 62.5%. People who are exposed to cigarettes in the workspace were 51.4% and offices that allow smoking in the workspace were 38.4% and those without any ‘free smoking area’ policy were 19.8%. Exposure to cigarettes was 66.4% in government offices, 55.3% in universities, 40.3% in schools or other educational facilities, 17.9% in religious facilities, 18.4% in health facilities, 91.8% in bars or clubs, and 70.8% in public transportation. These results could be a reference or base evidence in developing an effective tobacco control program, including providing smoking cessation services. Central and local governments need to increase awareness about the risk of smoking in public places and their impact on public health, especially for non-smokers, by issuing a strict regulation on free smoking areas in public places and enforce punishment to people who violate these regulations. The efforts to stop smoking services can be implemented by increasing promotion activities by health workers, socialization of the Ministry of Health 'Quitline', CO2 screening, counseling assistance and developing methods of smoking cessation therapy for active smokers in existing health facilities. Keywords: cigarette exposure, passive smokers, tobacco control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Mugambe ◽  
Habib Yakubu ◽  
Solomon Wafula ◽  
Tonny Ssekamatte ◽  
Simon Kasasa ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Child birth in health facilities is generally associated with lower risk of maternal and neonatal mortality. However, in Uganda, little is known about factors that influence use of health facilities for delivery especially in rural areas. In this study, we examined the determinants of mothers’ decision of the choice of child delivery place in Western Uganda.Methods: Cross-sectional data was collected from 894 randomly-sampled mothers within the catchment of two private hospitals in Rukungiri and Kanungu districts. Data was collected on the place of delivery for the most recent child, mothers’ sociodemographic characteristics, health facility water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) status. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for the determinants of mothers’ choice of delivery place as well as determinants for the choice of private versus public facility for delivery at 95% confidence intervals. Results: Majority of mothers (90.2%) delivered in health facilities. Non-facility deliveries were attributed to fast progression of labour (77.3%), lack of transport (31.8%) and high cost of hospital delivery (12.5%). Being engaged in business as an occupation [APR = 1.06, 95% CI (1.01 – 1.11)] and belonging to the highest wealth quintile [APR = 1.09, 95% CI (1.02 – 1.17)] favoured facility delivery while higher parity of 3 – 4 [APR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.88 – 0.99)] was inversely associated with facility delivery as compared to parity of 1-2. Choice of private facility over public facility was influenced by how mothers valued factors such as high skilled health workers [APR = 1.15, 95% CI (1.05 – 1.26)], higher quality of WASH services [APR = 1.11, 95% CI (1.04 – 1.17)], cost of the delivery [APR = 0.85, 95% CI (0.78 – 0.92)] and availability of caesarean services [APR = 1.13, 95% CI (1.08 – 1.19)].Conclusion: Utilization of health facility child delivery services was high. Health facility delivery service utilization was influenced by engaging in business, belonging to wealthiest quintile and being multiparous. Choice of private versus public health facility for child delivery was influenced by health facility WASH status, cost of services, and availability of skilled workforce and caesarean services.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Mugambe ◽  
Habib Yakubu ◽  
Solomon T. Wafula ◽  
Tonny Ssekamatte ◽  
Simon Kasasa ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Health facility deliveries are generally associated with improved maternal and child health outcomes. However, in Uganda, little is known about factors that influence use of health facilities for delivery especially in rural areas. In this study, we assessed the factors associated with health facility deliveries among mothers living within the catchment areas of major health facilities in Rukungiri and Kanungu districts, Uganda. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from 894 randomly-sampled mothers within the catchment of two private hospitals in Rukungiri and Kanungu districts. Data were collected on the place of delivery for the most recent child, mothers’ sociodemographic and economic characteristics, and health facility water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) status. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for the determinants of health facility deliveries as well as factors associated with private versus public utilization of health facilities for childbirth. Results The majority of mothers (90.2%, 806/894) delivered in health facilities. Non-facility deliveries were attributed to faster progression of labour (77.3%, 68/88), lack of transport (31.8%, 28/88), and high cost of hospital delivery (12.5%, 11/88). Being a business-woman [APR = 1.06, 95% CI (1.01–1.11)] and belonging to the highest wealth quintile [APR = 1.09, 95% CI (1.02–1.17)] favoured facility delivery while a higher parity of 3–4 [APR = 0.93, 95% CI (0.88–0.99)] was inversely associated with health facility delivery as compared to parity of 1–2. Factors associated with delivery in a private facility compared to a public facility included availability of highly skilled health workers [APR = 1.15, 95% CI (1.05–1.26)], perceived higher quality of WASH services [APR = 1.11, 95% CI (1.04–1.17)], cost of the delivery [APR = 0.85, 95% CI (0.78–0.92)], and availability of caesarean services [APR = 1.13, 95% CI (1.08–1.19)]. Conclusion Health facility delivery service utilization was high, and associated with engaging in business, belonging to wealthiest quintile and having higher parity. Factors associated with delivery in private facilities included health facility WASH status, cost of services, and availability of skilled workforce and caesarean services.


2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deesha Deepak Ghorpade ◽  
Anchala Raghupathy ◽  
Jyoti Deepak Londhe ◽  
Sapna Jitendra Madas ◽  
Nisha Vijay Kale ◽  
...  

AbstractCOPD is the second leading cause of death and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in India, yet, it remains poorly recognized. We aimed to study the level of awareness of COPD in urban slums of Pune city in India and its neighboring rural areas. All male and female subjects above the age of 30 years residing in 13 randomly selected slums of Pune city (total population of 3000) and 7 randomly selected neighboring rural villages (total population of 3000) were invited to participate in this cross-sectional community survey. After obtaining written informed consent, 13 trained community health workers (CHWs) administered a questionnaire that captured their level of awareness of COPD. Of the 6000 subjects approached, 5420 residents (mean age ± SD = 48.0 ± 13.5 years; 38% males) consented and answered all questions. The number of people who had ever heard the word COPD was 49/5420 [0.9% (0.6–1.1%); 0.7% (0.5–1.3%) of the urban slum dwellers and 1.15% (0.5–1.3%) of rural residents]. Among those who had never heard the word COPD (n = 5371), when asked what was the name of the disease caused by long-term tobacco smoking, 38% said cancer, 16.7% said asthma, and 4.4% said TB. Among those who had heard the word COPD (n = 49), 6.1% said it was a disease of the heart, and 61% attributed COPD to smoke and dust pollution and 20% to tobacco smoking. The level of awareness of COPD in the Indian community is extremely low, highlighting the need to have nationwide mass awareness programs in India.


2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luu Thi Phuong Thao ◽  
Nguyen Thi Dao

Objectives: To determine the rate of physical activity and some associated factors between adequate physical activity and understanding, barriers, and support from family and friends in diabetic patients at the Long Ho district Health Center in Vinh Long province in 2021. Subjects and research methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study with analysis. The toolkit is based on the GPAQ (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire) questionnaire and related research [9]. Results and discussions: Patients with incorrect knowledge about diabetes accounted for 53%, with sufficient physical activity 43.6%. The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that there were relationship between sufficient physical activity and age (p<0.05), barriers including exercise taking a long time, remote locations, and a lack of facilities (p<0.05) and the patient was still confident in futures activities even when the weather was bad (OR = 0.486, p<0.05). The family and friends had not supported (OR= 0.317, p<0.05). Conclusions and recommendations: Patients need to sufficient physical activity as recommended with an average intensity of 150 minutes/week. It is necessary to update the knowledge of diabetes as well as the knowledge of sufficient physical activity from health workers, family and friends. Local governments should construct cultural houses and playgrounds to make it easier for patients to participate in activities.


2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Sushma Dahal ◽  
Sabina Maharjan ◽  
Raj Kumar Subedi ◽  
Juna Maharjan

Background: Nepal as a signatory to Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2003 has passed a new tobacco control bill entitled “Tobacco product control and regulatory bill, 2010” in 2011. On this background, it is imperative to assess the knowledge and attitude of people towards this new regulation that forbids smoking in public places.Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 394 students of higher secondary level in three randomly selected colleges of Kathmandu district, Nepal. Information on respondents’ awareness on current ban, source of information, implementation status and their attitude towards the new regulation were collected using self-administered questionnaire. Analysis of quantitative data was done using descriptive statistics whereas qualitative data were analyzed manually.Results: Majority of respondents (79.9%) said that there is ban on smoking in public places in Nepal. The most common source of information was television (72.3%), followed by friends (36.5%) and family members (33.9 %). Most of the respondents (67.4%) had frequently seen people smoking in public places and 48.8% had not seen or heard any penalty given to those people. Overall, 74.1% of the participants stated that the ban on smoking in public places was a ‘very good thing’. Majority of those who viewed that the ban was good, reasoned ‘it will protect people from diseases like cancer’. Those who viewed that the ban was not good, reasoned ‘people cannot be changed by compelling’ and ‘to smoke or not to smoke is people’s own will’.Conclusion: This study shows that majority of adolescents are aware of and have positive attitude towards new regulation on smoking ban in public places in Nepal. There is need of implementing the policy strictly by raising awareness among people and penalizing those who violate it.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Nafissatou Cisse Egbuonye ◽  
Ariun Ishdorj ◽  
E.L.J. McKyer ◽  
Rahma Mkuu

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in Niger. The stunting rate in children in Niger is over 50%, one of the highest in the world. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine children’s dietary diversity (CDD) and the maternal factors that impact CDD. A total of 1265 mother–child pairs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present maternal and child characteristics. To compare the mean scores of CDD in relation to the region, an independent sample t-test was conducted. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to evaluate the CDD score by different age groups. A linear regression model was estimated to identify household, maternal and child factors that affect the CDD score. Our results indicate that most of the participants of our survey resided in rural areas and the majority (80.7%) of the mothers had no education. Factors such as region, children’s age, woman’s empowerment, vitamin A intake and wealth index were significant predictors of CDD (p < 0.05). The children residing in rural areas were more likely to have lower CDD scores (p < 0.05) than the children in urban areas, therefore becoming more susceptible to malnutrition.


Author(s):  
Vijayan Neena ◽  
Neelakandhan Asokan ◽  
Rajany Jose ◽  
A. Sarin

Background: There are very few population-based studies on the prevalence of eczema among older persons Aims: To estimate the prevalence and types of eczema in those aged 65 years or more in the community and to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based interventions for case finding. Methods: In the first stage of this cross-sectional survey, trained health workers of a non-governmental organization surveyed the eligible population and identified persons likely to have eczema. In the second stage, dermatologists examined such persons to ascertain the diagnosis. Statistical analysis was done using Epi Info software version 7. Prevalence of eczema was expressed in percentages. Chi-square test was used for comparing the difference in prevalence of eczema in various age groups and sex. Results: Health workers identified 98 persons as possible cases of eczema after interviewing 385 older persons in the community. Among them 95 persons were examined by dermatologists and 44 were confirmed to have eczema (diagnostic accuracy of health workers = 46.3%).Point prevalence of eczema was 11.4% (44/385). Prevalence was similar in males and females. It was greater (18.2 %) among persons aged 81 years or more. Asteatotic eczema, gravitational eczema and lichen simplex chronicus were the more common types of eczema. Limitations: Possible underestimation of the prevalence rates due to limited medical knowledge of health workers; limited facilities for examination and investigations at the medical camps and home visits. Conclusion: There appears to be a considerable burden of eczema among older persons in the community. A community-based approach involving non-governmental organizations has the potential to identify cases and offer care close to their homes.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Jupsa-Mbiandou ◽  
Samuel Fosso ◽  
Edimo Billé ◽  
Tito T Mélachio-Tanekou ◽  
Gideon Ajeagah-Aghaindum ◽  
...  

Introduction: Blastocystis spp. is a protist found in humans. Although usually the most frequent protozoa found in stool samples of both symptomatic and healthy subjects, its pathogenic or rather opportunistic role is yet to be clearly elucidated. To attempt to fill this gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the frequency of Blastocystis spp. in HIV positive (HIV+) versus HIV negative (HIV-) individuals in four health facilities of the Center Region of Cameroon. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 283 HIV positive and 245 HIV negative subjects and analyzed using direct diagnostic tests. Results: A total of 46 (8.7%) individuals were found infected with Blastocystis spp., including 6.7% HIV positive and 11.0% HIV negative. This species was more frequent in urban and semi-urban areas than in rural areas, but evenly distributed among genders and age groups as well as among all sectors of activity. The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. (11.3%) was higher in HIV+ patients with a CD4 count ≥ 500 cells / mm3, but no significant difference was found among HIV clinical stages. Likewise prevalence, the mean number of cysts per gram of stool was similar between HIV positive and HIV negative individuals. People infected with Blastocystis spp. showed diverse clinical signs, but only flatulence was significantly more prevalent. The frequencies of these clinical signs were not related to HIV status. Conclusion: No clear relationship links the infection with Blastocystis spp. to HIV, although its presence was associated with digestive disorder, suggesting that this parasite might not be opportunist.


NSC Nursing ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Lia Artika Sari ◽  
Yuli Suryanti ◽  
Enny Susilawati

Introduction: The low number of deliveries assisted by midwives or health workers is an indicator of the low utilization of health facilities by mothers in labor. This study analyzes the factors related to the utilization of childbirth in health facilities in the Sungai Lokan Community Health Center Work Area, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. Materials and Methods: This research is an analytic observational using a cross-sectional approach involving 74 participants. The research was conducted from January to July 2019 in the Sungai Lokan Health Center Work Area, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. Results: The results showed that the factor of the utilization of childbirth in health facilities was related to family culture (p = 0.0001) and family support (p = 0.003), while the service access factor was not related (p = 0.364). Conclusion: The role of health workers in socializing the importance of utilizing health facilities as a place of delivery is significant in reducing maternal mortality Keywords: Health Facilities; Family Culture; Family Support; Access To Services


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Adinda Sekar Tanjung ◽  
Puspita Dirgahayani

Abstract   The demand for rural public transportation is dominated by people who cannot access private vehicles. In terms of the number of operating routes and the performance of their services, currently rural public transport services tend to decline. The mobility of rural communities to reach social facilities can be hampered if there is no public transportation service, which in turn will reduce the quality of human resources in rural areas. This study focuses on the movement characteristics of rural public transport passengers in Kuningan Regency. Several rural transportation routes were taken as samples, namely route 030 Cilimus-Linggarjati, route 061 Cilimus-Mandirancan, and route 037 Lengkong-Rancakeusik. This study shows that the characteristics of the movement of rural public transport passengers are an integral part in an effort to maintain rural public transport services. These characteristics of passenger movement can be used to improve the performance of public transportation, become input for public transport operators, and become material for local governments to make policies   Keywords: rural public transportation; public transport routes; public transport services; public transport performance.     Abstrak   Permintaan angkutan umum perdesaan didominasi oleh masyarakat yang tidak dapat mengakses kendaraan pribadi. Dari sisi jumlah trayek yang beroperasi dan kinerja layanannya, saat ini layanan angkutan umum perdesaan cenderung semakin menurun. Mobilitas masyarakat perdesaan untuk menjangkau fasilitas sosial dapat terhambat jika tidak ada layanan angkutan umum, yang pada akhirnya akan menurunkan kualitas sumber daya manusia di kawasan perdesaan. Studi ini berfokus pada karakteristik pergerakan penumpang angkutan umum perdesaan di Kabupaten Kuningan. Beberapa trayek angkutan perdesaan diambil sebagai sampel, yaitu trayek 030 Cilimus-Linggarjati, trayek 061 Cilimus-Mandirancan, dan trayek 037 Lengkong-Rancakeusik. Penelitian ini  menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik pergerakan penumpang angkutan umum perdesaan merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dalam upaya mempertahankan layanan angkutan umum perdesaan. Karakteristik pergerakan penumpang ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja angkutan umum, menjadi masukan bagi operator angkutan umum, serta menjadi bahan pemerintah daerah untuk membuat kebijakan.   Kata-kata kunci: angkutan umum perdesaan; trayek angkutan umum; layanan angkutan umum; kinerja angkutan umum.


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