scholarly journals Effects of hybrid on maize grain and plant carbohydrates

Genetika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Radosavljevic ◽  
Marija Milasinovic-Seremesic ◽  
Dusanka Terzic ◽  
Goran Todorovic ◽  
Zorica Pajic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Maize Plant ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Maize Grain

Maize is one of the most important naturally renewable carbohydrate raw materials. The basic chemical composition (content of starch, protein, oil, crude fibre and ash) and the content of lignocellulose fibres (content of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicelullose and cellulose) were determined for grain and the whole maize plant of the seven ZP maize hybrids. The negative very significant correlation between protein and starch content (r=-0.78) and significant correlation between oil and starch content (r=-0.65) was obtained in grain. The hybrid ZP 666 had the highest starch, crude fibre, ADF and cellulose content, high NDF content, the lowest ADL and low protein content in grain. The lowest starch, crude fibre, ADF, cellulose content and the highest protein and oil content in grain was determined in hybrid ZP 158. The hybrid ZP 730 had the highest and hybrid ZP158 the lowest dry matter yield of whole plant, whole plant without ear, ear and yield of digestible dry matter of whole plant. The differences in the contents of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicelluloses, cellulose and digestibility of the whole maize plant among observed ZP hybrids were 6.21%, 4.01%, 0.79%, 5.65%, 3.88% and 6.79%, respectively. Obtained values for the content of lignocellulose fibres differed significantly among hybrids and were closely related to digestibility.

scholarly journals A genetic base of utilisation of maize grain as a valuable renewable raw material for bioethanol production

Genetika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Semencenko ◽  
Milica Radosavljevic ◽  
Ljiljana Mojovic ◽  
Dusanka Terzic ◽  
Marija Milasinovic-Seremesic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Bioethanol Yield

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops, and as such, one of the most significant naturally renewable carbohydrate raw materials for the production of energy and multitude of different products. Many studies have shown that the kernel composition and starch structure of maize are highly influenced by genetic background of the maize. Maize grain consists of approximately 70% of starch, which makes it a very suitable feedstock for the bioethanol production. This study was conducted with aim to understand how different genetic background affects bioethanol yield and other fermentation properties of the selected maize genotypes in the process of maize grain- based bioethanol production. Twenty seven maize hybrids, including genotypes of standard chemical composition as well as specialty maize hybrids such as popping, waxy, white kernel and red kernel hybrids, developed at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, were investigated in this study. The lowest bioethanol yield of 7.25% w/w obtained for hybrid ZP 611k after 48 h of fermentation and the highest by genotype ZP 434 (8.96% w/w). A very significant positive correlation was determined between kernel starch content and the bioethanol yield after 48h of fermentation, as well as volumetric productivity (48h) (r=0.67). Between bioethanol yield after 48h of fermentation and soft endosperm content in kernel of the investigated ZP maize hybrids a very significant positive correlation was assessed (r=0.66). Higher overall bioethanol yields have been obtained from genotypes containing higher starch and lower protein and lipid contents.

Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. I. The kales

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
The Other ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Plant Basis ◽  
Matter Basis

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kales, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale were grown at three centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for the proximate constituents and minerals.2. Leaf to stem ratios were measured on both a green and dry matter basis and the latter values used to calculate whole plant values for the chemical constituents.3. The leaves of the marrow stem kales were higher in dry matter than the stems, except in the case of the Purple Stem Kale. This variety resembled the thousand headed and rape-type kales in having a higher dry matter in the stems. On a dry matter basis, the leaves of all the varieties were richer than the stems in ether extract, crude protein, total ash and all the minerals except potassium and sodium. These elements occurred to a greater extent in the stems of the fleshy stemmed marrow stem kales than in the leaves. The stems were higher in crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives.4. The leaves of the rape-type kales were higher than those of the other varieties in silica, phosphorus and potassium. They were the best source of phosphorus on a whole plant basis. The marrow stem kales had considerably higher leaf and stem values for sodium and were markedly superior to the other varieties as a source of the element.

scholarly journals Starch and flour extraction and nutrient composition of tuber in seven cassava accessions

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
MSA Fakir ◽  
M Jannat ◽  
MG Mostafa ◽  
H Seal
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Cassava Plant

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots (tubers) are used as staple food. Starch extracted from tubers is widely utilized as raw materials in industries. Dry matter (DM) content, starch and flour extraction and proximate composition were investigated in seven cassava accessions (Coc-A1, Kh-A2, Cow-A3, Sa-A4, Me-A5, Va-A6 and Sy-A8.) in 2010- 2011. Leaf DM varied from 20.51% in Me-A5 to 29.01% in Sy-A8; that of stem from 27.24% in Va-A6 to 32.10% (average of Sy-A8, Me-A5 and Sa-A4); and that of tuber from 37.30% in Kh-A2 to 45.26% in Sy-A8. Starch was extracted by blending chopped tuber followed by decantation. Tubers were sliced, sun dried and milled into flour. Tuber starch content (fresh wt. basis) varied between 15.04% in Sy-A8 and 24.97% (average of Coc-A1 and Me-A5); that of peel from 4.54% in Va-A6 to 5.85% in Coc-A1. Crude protein varied from 1.80% (average of Kh-A2, Cow-A3 and Sy-A8) to 4.53% in Va-A6. Crude fiber content varied from 1.95% (average of Sa-A4 and Coc-A1) to 4.27% in Cow-A3. Cyanogens present in cassava plant escape as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) during harvesting and processing. Variation for HCN existed and it was 140.95 mg/kg fresh tuber (average of Sy-A8 and Coc-A1) to 546.0 mg/kg fresh tuber in Va-A6. There was no detectable HCN in the extracted flour and starch. It may be concluded that genetic variation for DM, starch, protein and HCN existed in seven cassava accessions, and Coc-A1 may be a better one due to its lower HCN, higher DM and starch content. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14698 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 217-222, 2012

The lignin and cellulose contents of certain grassland species at different stages of growth

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Armstrong ◽  
H. Cook ◽  
Brynmor Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Large Samples

1. The lignin and cellulose contents of the dry matter of seven herbage species, including three grasses, two legumes and two herbs, have been determined at different stages of growth. Similar analyses of large samples of crude fibre isolated from early and late cuts of all species were made.2. No considerable differences between the lignin contents of the dry matter of the species were found when comparisons were made at the same stage of growth.3. In a majority of the species examined a marked rise in lignin content was found to occur at the flowering stage.4. The cellulose content of grasses, whether expressed as a percentage of the dry matter or of the carbohydrate fraction, is much higher than that of either legumes or herbs. In consequence, crude fibre contents are greater in the former than in the latter.5. The findings of earlier workers that the composition of the crude fibre varied as between species have been confirmed. It has been shown that, in any one species, the crude fibre make-up is dependent on the stage of growth.6. The recovery of lignin and cellulose in the crude fibre of the different species has been studied. Several possible explanations of the variable recoveries found have been suggested and discussed.7. The case for modification of the conventional method of feeding-stuff analysis, as it applies to the non-fatty and non-nitrogenous organic matter, has been discussed in the light of conclusions reached in the course of this work.

Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. II. The rapes

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Organic Sulphur ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

1. Three varieties of giant rape, two broad leaved Essex rapes, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale, were grown at two centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and the samples divided into separate leaf and stem samples. These samples were used to calculate leaf to stem ratios on a green and dry-matter basis.2. The levels of the proximate constituents, silica, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and ‘organic’ sulphur were determined in the dried samples. Whole plant values were calculated from the leaf and stem values with the appropriate leaf to stem ratios.3. The leaf values for ether extract, crude protein, silica-free ash, silica, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorine, total sulphur and ‘organic’ sulphur are higher than the corresponding stem values. For dry matter, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extractives and sodium the reverse is found, whilst for sulphate sulphur there is no definite distribution.4. There are no significant differences in composition between the main groups of varieties, and the rape-type kales are very similar to the other rapes in this respect.

The ratio of naturally occurring 13C and 12C isotopes in sheep diet and faeces as a measurement for direct determination of lucerne hay and maize grain digestibilities in mixed diets

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bruckental ◽  
A. Halevi ◽  
S. Amir ◽  
H. Neumark ◽  
Hanna Kennit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
High Level

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with eight rams in a latin-square design of four treatments with different lucerne hay (LH): maize grain (MG) ratios: 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 20:80. In Expt 1 the amount of food offered was restricted to 1 kg/day. In Expt 2 the rams were offered 1·5 kg/day, which was about the maximum amount the animals in the 100% LH treatment were able to consume. Animals were kept on each treatment for 4 weeks; during the final 8 days the faeces were oollected and weighed for each animal and analysed for dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude fibre and δCThe values of δC in LH, MG and different faeces samples were used for direct determination of LH and MG digestibilities of mixed diets in the different treatments.The increase of MG in the ration and the decrease of LH improved the digestibility of total OM. The effect of MG was more pronounced at the low than at the high level of consumption. At the low level of intake, an increase in the amount of MG in the ration did not affect the digestibility of LH, and MG digestibility was close to the extrapolated value. At a food intake level 1·5 times that of Expt 1, the addition of grain to more than 50 % of the ration caused a marked depression in digestibility of LH.Results of the δC method were discussed in comparison with calculated values of LH and MG digestibilities and with whole ration crude-fibre digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Plant Arrangements on Maize Morphology and Forage Quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Jana Jirmanová ◽  
Pavel Fuksa ◽  
Josef Hakl ◽  
Václav Brant ◽  
Jaromír Šantrůček
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Whole Plant

Abstract A study was carried out in Central Bohemia to understand the effect of row spacing and stand density on plant morphology, productivity and quality of silage maize in two row spacing treatments (0.70 m and 0.35 m) at two stand densities (92,000 plants/ha and 110,000 plants/ha). The results of the study showed that row spacing and stand density had no effect on plant height or weight; however, significantly higher ear ratio and dry matter content was found in narrow rows at 110,000 plants/ha. It was observed that plant morphology was affected more by the interaction between row spacing and stand density than by a single effect of tested factors. Significantly higher dry matter yield was recorded at higher stand density, but there was no row spacing × stand density interaction. Row spacing had no impact on the whole plant neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, crude protein of stover and starch content of ear, while narrow rows resulted in almost significantly higher stover NDF content. Our results suggest that narrow rows could be advantageous for maize morphology and quality in cases where higher stand density is applied.

scholarly journals Proximate, Crude Fiber and Starch Content of Maize Hybrids Developed in Indonesia in Natural Climatic Condition

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Edy Suryadi ◽  
D. Ruswandi ◽  
H. Marta ◽  
I. Musfiroh
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Code

Corn is one of strategic commodities becoming the main priorities to be developed in Indonesia. Aside from being a strategic foodstuffs, corn contains starch which is used for an excipient in pharmaceutical raw materials of "filler" or filler material for tablets. However, until now local starch production cannot meet the needs of the pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia, and still relies on imported starch. The purpose of this research was to develop maize hybrids from Universitas Padjadjaran which has high of starch and meet the quality for an excipient of pharmaceutical preparations. This research was conducted to determine a formation of a single cross hybrid based on the diallel crosses. Evaluation of fused power was determined by proximate analysis and starch analysis. The selection of hybrid high yield power was done in monocropping and agroforestry systems. The results retrieved 28 types of hybrid corn that comes from 7 different types of strains of mutant reproduction results. The lowest moisture content was the corn M7DR 7.4.1 (9.45%), whereas the highest moisture content of corn was DR. 8 (16.03%). Low starch content was obtained from maize hybrid code 4.8.8 while the highest was obtained from maize hybrid code 18.5.1 ranging from 30-40%. Therefore, corn hybrid 18.5.1 has a potential to be developed as an excipient of  various raw materials in the field of pharmacy. Keywords: corn, a hybrid, starch, excipient pharmacy

In situ techniques to predict in vivo digestibility and to evaluate the impact of flint maize processing methods on degradation parameters

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
B. C. Silva ◽  
A. C. B. Menezes ◽  
F. A. S. Silva ◽  
H. M. Alhadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to (1) evaluate the effects of flint maize processing methods on the estimation of the readily soluble fraction (a), the potentially degradable fraction (b) and the rate of degradation of b (c) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and starch in the rumen; and (2) verify whether two different applications of in situ technique can be used to estimate in vivo DM, OM and starch digestibilities. Five ruminally cannulated Nellore bulls (265 ± 18.2 kg; 8 ± 1.0 mo) were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Three experimental diets were composed of 0.30 whole-plant maize silage, 0.10 supplement and 0.60 of one of the following processing methods: dry ground maize grain (DMG); high-moisture maize (HMM); reconstituted maize grain silage (RMG). Two additional diets were composed of 0.10 supplement, 0.80 snaplage and 0.10 stalklage (SNAP-80); or 0.10 supplement and 0.90 snaplage (SNAP-90). Digestibilities were estimated using in vivo procedure or predicted from in situ technique using a single 24 h incubation point or an equation proposed in previous literature. Diets based on ensiled grains presented greater (P < 0.05) fraction a and c and lower (P < 0.05) fraction b of DM, OM and starch compared to DMG. Both alternative use of in situ technique accurately estimated (P > 0.05) in vivo DM, OM and starch digestibilities. The results suggest that ensilage process may increase the availability of nutrients. The two different applications of in situ technique showed precision and accuracy to estimate in vivo digestibility.

YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE CORN AS AFFECTED BY FROST AND HARVEST DATE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. WHITE ◽  
K. A. WINTER ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Whole Plants

Corn (Zea mays L.) for silage was harvested at approximately 10-day intervals between 5 September and 15 November in 1973 and 1974 at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Dry matter (DM) yields of the whole plant and of grain increased up to first frost which occurred in late September. Following frost, the DM yields of the whole plants declined, while DM yields of grain remained essentially constant or increased slightly. In vitro DM digestibility and in vitro digestible DM yields were highest and the cellulose content was lowest at the time of first frost. Nitrogen and K contents of the whole plant declined significantly with time after frost. The total amounts of N, P, and K harvested in the crop also declined after frost. It is recommended that silage corn in the Maritime Provinces be harvested prior to or immediately after being frozen to obtain maximum yields and quality.

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