scholarly journals Microbial and Molecular Screening of Swimmers Associated with Conjunctivitis from Public Swimming Pools in Erbil Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Sazan Q. Maulud ◽  
Lawin A. Omar ◽  
Ahmed Nawzad Hassan ◽  
Rastee H. Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Infection Frequency ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Safe Place ◽  
Microbial Agents

Public swimming pools, if not treated well could work as a reservoir of many microorganisms that cause infections among swimmers. Conjunctivitis is one of those common infections that resulted from microbial and non-microbial agents, microbial conjunctivitis caused by viral (mainly Human adenovirus HAdVs) and bacterial infections. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of microbial causative agents of swimming pool conjunctivitis and evaluating the swimming pools in terms of health and the extent of contamination in Erbil province. Eighty-eight specimens were isolated and identified from the swimmers showing signs and symptoms of swimming pool conjunctivitis from different public swimming pools in Erbil city from January to the end of February 2020. Sample identified using bacteriological methods, serology test, and nested PCR for detection of HAdVs. The swimmers samples consisted of 60 males and 28 females, and they were aged between 16-56 years. The obtained results showed that, out of 88 samples, 36 (40.91%) detected as a viral infection and 29 (32.95%) as bacterial infection, while, 23 (26.13%) showed no growth (non-microbial infection). Frequency of swimming pool conjunctivitis among male and female was 60 (68.2%) and 28 (31.8%) respectively. Depending on the obtained results, it can be concluded that conjunctivitis could result from viral, bacterial, and non-microbial agents, a viral infection is the main cause followed by a bacterial infection, also public swimming pools are not a safe place and swimmers are subjected to infection by different pathogens.

scholarly journals Viral and bacterial infection elicit distinct changes in plasma lipids in febrile children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinzhu Wang ◽  
Ruud Nijman ◽  
Stephane Camuzeaux ◽  
Caroline Sands ◽  
Heather Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cholesterol Sulfate ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Uk

AbstractFever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments in the UK. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection are often non-specific, and there is no definitive test for the accurate diagnosis of infection. As a result, many children are prescribed antibiotics often unnecessarily, while others with life-threatening bacterial infections can remain untreated. The ‘omics’ approaches to identifying biomarkers from the host-response to bacterial infection are promising. In this study, lipidomic analysis was carried out with plasma samples obtained from febrile children with confirmed bacterial infection (n=20) and confirmed viral infection (n=20). We show for the first time that bacterial and viral infection elicit distinct changes in the host lipidome. Glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphotidylcholine and cholesterol sulfate were increased in the confirmed virus infected group, while fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoserine, lactosylceramide and bilirubin were increased in cases with confirmed bacterial infection. A combination of three lipids achieved the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.918 (95% CI 0.835 to 1). This pilot study demonstrates the potential of metabolic biomarkers to assist clinicians in distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in febrile children, to facilitate effective clinical management and to the limit inappropriate use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Study of the role of an infectious factor in the development of stroke in children. Results of a 5-year retrospective analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
A. A. Ivanova ◽  
O. V. Shamsheva ◽  
I. O. Shchederkina
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Sinus Thrombosis ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Additional Risk Factor ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
One Year

Objective: Determine the role of infectious diseases in the development of strokes in children and to identify risk groups for its progression.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 660 case histories of children aged 1 months to 1 8 years old, hospitalized in Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital with stroke in the period from 201 6 to July 2020 was carried out.Results. An infectious disease or fever 4 weeks before stroke is diagnosed in 78 (1 2%) cases. Infections more often act as a stroke trigger in children under 7 years old (28% in children under one year old). The incidence of strokes against a background of a bacterial infection is higher than against a background of a viral infection (47% versus 35%). Among bacterial infections, meningitis (35%), otitis media (24%), pneumonia (1 8%) prevailed. With a viral infection, viruses of Herpes are more common (44%), as well as respiratory viruses (37%). Two cases of cerebrovascular accident were revealed in children who have undergone a new coro-navirus infection SARS-CoV-2 (7%). Among the types of stroke, with bacterial infection, sinus thrombosis was more common (50%), among viral infection, the most common was ischemic stroke (60%). The presence of an additional risk factor was revealed in 72%, most often these were prothrombotic conditions (35%).

scholarly journals MicroRNA-30e-5p Regulates SOCS1 and SOCS3 During Bacterial Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Mishra ◽  
Pandikannan Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Himanshu Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Major Player

Host innate immunity is the major player against continuous microbial infection. Various pathogenic bacteria adopt the strategies to evade the immunity and show resistance toward the various established therapies. Despite the advent of many antibiotics for bacterial infections, there is a substantial need for the host-directed therapies (HDTs) to combat the infection. HDTs are recently being adopted to be useful in eradicating intracellular bacterial infection. Changing the innate immune responses of the host cells alters pathogen’s ability to reside inside the cell. MicroRNAs are the small non-coding endogenous molecules and post-transcriptional regulators to target the 3’UTR of the messenger RNA. They are reported to modulate the host’s immune responses during bacterial infections. Exploiting microRNAs as a therapeutic candidate in HDTs upon bacterial infection is still in its infancy. Here, initially, we re-analyzed the publicly available transcriptomic dataset of macrophages, infected with different pathogenic bacteria and identified significant genes and microRNAs common to the differential infections. We thus identified and miR-30e-5p, to be upregulated in different bacterial infections which enhances innate immunity to combat bacterial replication by targeting key negative regulators such as SOCS1 and SOCS3 of innate immune signaling pathways. Therefore, we propose miR-30e-5p as one of the potential candidates to be considered for additional clinical validation toward HDTs.

scholarly journals Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinzhu Wang ◽  
◽  
Ruud Nijman ◽  
Stephane Camuzeaux ◽  
Caroline Sands ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Cholesterol Sulfate ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers

AbstractFever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection are often non-specific, and there is no definitive test for the accurate diagnosis of infection. The ‘omics’ approaches to identifying biomarkers from the host-response to bacterial infection are promising. In this study, lipidomic analysis was carried out with plasma samples obtained from febrile children with confirmed bacterial infection (n = 20) and confirmed viral infection (n = 20). We show for the first time that bacterial and viral infection produces distinct profile in the host lipidome. Some species of glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol sulfate were higher in the confirmed virus infected group, while some species of fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoserine, lactosylceramide and bilirubin were lower in the confirmed virus infected group when compared with confirmed bacterial infected group. A combination of three lipids achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.911 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.98). This pilot study demonstrates the potential of metabolic biomarkers to assist clinicians in distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in febrile children, to facilitate effective clinical management and to the limit inappropriate use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals The cGAS-STING Pathway in Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Immunity

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanxin Liu ◽  
Xiaoxiao Pang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Ping Ji
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sting Pathway

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), along with the adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), are crucial components of the innate immune system, and their study has become a research hotspot in recent years. Many biochemical and structural studies that have collectively elucidated the mechanism of activation of the cGAS-STING pathway with atomic resolution have provided insights into the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in innate immunity and clues to the origin and evolution of the modern cGAS-STING signaling pathway. The cGAS-STING pathway has been identified to protect the host against viral infection. After detecting viral dsDNA, cGAS synthesizes a second messenger to activate STING, eliciting antiviral immune responses by promoting the expression of interferons (IFNs) and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Recently, the cGAS-STING pathway has also been found to be involved in response to bacterial infections, including bacterial pneumonia, melioidosis, tuberculosis, and sepsis. However, compared with its functions in viral infection, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in bacterial infection is more complex and diverse since the protective and detrimental effects of type I IFN (IFN-I) on the host depend on the bacterial species and infection mode. Besides, STING activation can also affect infection prognosis through other mechanisms in different bacterial infections, independent of the IFN-I response. Interestingly, the core protein components of the mammalian cGAS-STING signaling pathway have been found in the bacterial defense system, suggesting that this widespread signaling pathway may have originated in bacteria. Here, we review recent findings related to the structures of major molecules involved in the cGAS-STING pathway and the effects of the cGAS-STING pathway in various bacterial infections and bacterial immunity, which may pave the way for the development of new antibacterial drugs that specifically kill bacteria without harmful effects on the host.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Value of Mid-regional Pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) as a Biomarker of Invasive Bacterial Infection in Children: A Systematic Review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Corr ◽  
Derek Fairley ◽  
James McKenna ◽  
Michael Shields ◽  
Thomas Waterfield
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Invasive Bacterial Infection

Abstract BackgroundIn children differentiating between the early stages of an invasive bacterial infection (IBI) and a benign self-limiting viral infection remains clinically challenging. This often leads to an over-use of antimicrobial drugs with resultant antimicrobial resistance due to the concern of not detecting a deteriorating child. Hence research into novel biomarkers for the early identification of IBI in children is of increasing interest. A more timely diagnosis through more accurate biomarkers may lead to improved clinical outcomes for children and reduced antimicrobial resistance. Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) is a biomarker that is found at elevated levels in patients with IBI compared with those with viral infections. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of MR-proADM at identifying children with IBI. MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus from 1980 to the present day for all human clinical trials involving children that report the test accuracy of MR-proADM. Eligibility was assessed by screening titles and abstracts of articles found during the search process. This was then followed by full-text assessment and data extraction. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool was used to assess the methodological quality of identified studies. The following test characteristics were extracted into 2 × 2 tables for all included studies: true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives. ResultsA total of 501 articles were initially identified. After the removal of duplicates and abstract screening 11 texts were fully reviewed. 4 studies (totaling 1404 patients) were able to be included in the systematic analysis. Only one study was of a high quality and that study accounted for the vast majority of patients. A single study reported the diagnostic accuracy of MR-proADM for invasive bacterial infection reporting an Area under the Curve of 0.69. The paucity of available studies made meta-analysis and studies of heterogeneity impossible.ConclusionThere is a paucity of research regarding the diagnostic accuracy of MR-proADM in the diagnosis of invasive bacterial infections in children. Initial results would suggest that MR-proADM testing alone is poor at identifying IBI in young children. It remains unclear if MR-proADM performs differently in older children or in children with signs and symptoms of IBI. Trial registrationPROSPERO CRD42018096295

scholarly journals 1334. Performance of C-Reactive Protein and Procalcitonin in Immunocompromised Children with SIRS

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S483-S483
Author(s):  
Leila C Posch ◽  
Craig L K Boge ◽  
Jeffrey Gerber ◽  
Julie Fitzgerald ◽  
Scott L Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplant ◽  
Reactive Protein

Abstract Background Biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], procalcitonin [PCT]) have been used in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to identify those with and without bacterial infection. However, their performance in immunocompromised (IC) children is not well studied. Methods Retrospective chart review of episodes of SIRS in IC children <19 years old admitted to the PICU August 2012–June 2016 with: (a) blood culture, PCT, and CRP obtained within 6 hours of SIRS, (b) no recent SIRS episodes (> 30 days), and (c) no positive blood culture in 2 days preceding SIRS. We defined IC as neutropenia (ANC< 500), solid-organ transplant (SOT), hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), and other (immunosuppressive medications or primary immunodeficiency). To identify a comparator group, we additionally reviewed a previously published cohort of non-IC children with SIRS (Downes, et al, JPIDS 2018), applying the same inclusion criteria. For each episode (first 48 hours after SIRS), we determined the presence of bacterial infection using NHSN definitions and viral infection as symptoms with positive PCR. We compared biomarkers in IC children with and without bacterial infection, and in IC and non-IC children, using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results We identified 108 SIRS episodes in 94 IC children (neutropenia = 35, SOT = 18, HCT = 22, other = 33) and 278 episodes in 250 non-IC children. Age (P = 0.15) and gender (P = 0.70) were similar among IC and non-IC groups. 41% of episodes in both IC and non-IC children had bacterial infections (P = 0.96). PCT and CRP were significantly higher in IC children with bacterial infection than those without (Figure 1). Biomarkers did not differ significantly among episodes in IC and non-IC children with bacterial infection; however, among episodes without bacterial infection, biomarkers were higher in IC than non-IC children (Table 1). Detection of a viral infection did not affect biomarker values in IC or non-IC children when bacterial infection was absent (Table 2). Conclusion In IC children with SIRS, PCT and CRP were higher when bacterial infection was present. Meanwhile, in the subset of non-bacterial SIRS episodes, biomarkers were higher in IC compared with non-IC children. PCT and CRP may be valuable markers to discriminate bacterial from non-bacterial causes of SIRS in IC children. Disclosures Kevin J. Downes, MD, Merck: Grant/Research Support, Research Grant; Pfizer: Grant/Research Support.

Procalcitonin Testingreduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Use in Bacterial Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Attabak Toofani Milani ◽  
Mahshid Mohammadian ◽  
Sadegh Rostaminasab ◽  
Roghayeh Paribananaem ◽  
Zohre Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Clinical Suspicion ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarker ◽  
Clinical Routine ◽  
Initial Rise

Conventional diagnostic test have limitations to deferential diagnosis in clinical suspicion ofbacterial infection cases, that in some cases lead to inappropriate antibiotic therapy and increases antibiotic resistance. A new diagnostic insight is procalcitonin (PCT) test to improve diagnosis of bacterial infections and to guide antibiotic therapy. Serum PCT levels are of useful test as a biomarker in patients with bacterial infections for several reasons. Initial rise of PCT levels due to bacterial infection, subsequent sequential PCT levels can be used to assess the effectiveness and duration of antibiotic therapy. Based on clinical researches results, in bacterial infections, promising good results obtained when use of PCT used as differential diagnostic test. But further intervention studies are needed before use of PCT in clinical routine tests. The goal of this review is to study the PCT reliability as infections diagnostic biomarker.

scholarly journals Assessment of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization does not permit discrimination between Canadian children with viral and bacterial respiratory infection: a matched-cohort cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Pernica ◽  
Kristin Inch ◽  
Haifa Alfaraidi ◽  
Ania Van Meer ◽  
Redjana Carciumaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Disease Category ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Pneumococcal Colonization

Abstract Background Readily-available diagnostics do not reliably discriminate between viral and bacterial pediatric uncomplicated pneumonia, both of which are common. Some have suggested that assessment of pneumococcal carriage could be used to identify those children with bacterial pneumonia. The objective of this study was to determine if nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization patterns differed between children with definite viral disease, definite bacterial disease, and respiratory disease of indeterminate etiology. Methods Three groups of subjects were recruited: children with critical respiratory illness, previously healthy children with respiratory illness admitted to the ward, and previously healthy children diagnosed in the emergency department with non-severe pneumonia. Subjects were categorized as follows: a) viral infection syndrome (eg. bronchiolitis), b) bacterial infection syndrome (ie. pneumonia complicated by effusion/empyema), or c) ‘indeterminate’ pneumonia. Subjects’ nasopharyngeal swabs underwent quantitative PCR testing for S. pneumoniae. Associations between categorical variables were determined with Fisher’s exact, chi-square, or logistic regression, as appropriate. Associations between quantitative genomic load and categorical variables was determined by linear regression. Results There were 206 children in Group 1, 122 children in Group 2, and 179 children in Group 3. Only a minority (227/507, 45%) had detectable pneumococcal carriage; in those subjects, there was no association of quantitative genomic load with age, recruitment group, or disease category. In multivariate logistic regression, pneumococcal colonization > 3 log copies/mL was associated with younger age and recruitment group, but not with disease category. Conclusions The nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae colonization patterns of subjects with definite viral infection were very similar to colonization patterns of those with definite bacterial infection or indeterminate pneumonia. Assessment and quantification of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization does not therefore appear useful to discriminate between acute viral and bacterial respiratory disease; consequently, this diagnostic testing is unlikely to reliably determine which children with indeterminate pneumonia have a bacterial etiology and/or require antibiotic treatment.

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