scholarly journals EVALUATION OF NATURAL GAS QUALITY BY ITS CALORIFIC VALUE

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Vasil Motalo ◽  
◽  
Bohdan Stadnyk ◽  
Andrij Motalo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Own Gas ◽  
Experimental Researches

The article develops and analyzes a method of the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of natural gas as an energy source. The method is based on establishing the calorific value of natural gas as a determinative index of its quality, taking into account all gas properties: both those that positively affect the gas calorific value and its energy content, and those that adversely affect. The generalized definition of natural gas quality as the degree to which the set of the own gas characteristics (component composition and physical properties) meet the requirements concerning energy content, safety, ecology, and other factors is given. The results of experimental researches on natural gas quality according to the developed procedure are also presented.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF METHODS AND MEASURES OF MEASUREMENT OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF NATURAL GAS IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
K. M. Shynkaruk
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

In connection with the increase in prices for natural gas, the urgent issue is to calculate not only the amount of gas consumed, but also its quality precisely with the consumer. The quality of gas is the compliance of its physicochemical parameters with established regulatory documents. With the current gas accounting and payment system in Ukraine, consumers using the same number of cubic meters receive different heat of combustion. The paper analyzes the regulatory framework for assessing the energy performance of natural gas. The necessity of the transition to accounting for natural gas in energy units is substantiated. Existing methods and means for determining the calorific value of natural gas that are used in Ukraine and abroad are considered. Currently, direct and indirect methods are used to determine the calorific value of natural value of natural gas. The most common is the calculation method based on chromatographic analysis, the implementation of which requires expensive equipment. Other methods for determining the calorific value of natural gas is correlation. The essence of which is to establish the relationship between a certain physicochemical property of natural gas and calorific value, which can be established by experimental observations and based on theoretical analysis, which makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the calorific value of natural gas. Based on the analysis, it was found that currently there are no simple in design and not expensive means of controlling the qualitative characteristics of natural gas commercially available. Therefore, it is relevant to solve the problem of operational control of the quality of natural gas, through scientific justification, development and improvement of tools that enable the indirect accounting of the energy value of natural gas in accordance with global trends in energy accounting. A correlation analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the thermal conductivity and the calorific value of natural gas. The use of the thermocatalytic method for determining the calorific value of gas is proposed, which will allow designing a relatively cheap and easy-to-use device for monitoring the quality of natural gas specifically for the consumer.

scholarly journals Composition and Physical Properties of the Natural Gas Supplied for Domestic Use through the Distribution Network

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
M. C. Fernández-Feal ◽  
B. Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
L. R. Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
J. R. Pérez-Prado
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Superior Calorific Value

Aims: To assess the composition of the Natural Gas (NG) supplied for domestic consumption through the distribution network to correlate the physical properties linked to it were to be determined in order to investigate their fluctuations. Study Design:  The samples were analyzed in accordance with the method described in the ISO 6974‑4 standard, “Natural Gas. Determination of Composition with Defined Uncertainty by Gas Chromatography”. Place and Duration of Study: Center of Technology Research, Fuels Laboratory, between January and December 2016. Methodology: Over the course of the year, a total of eighty-four samples of natural gas for domestic use were analyzed.  These were collected at a rate of one per month in seven cities in the geographical zone under study (Galicia_Spain), in which the number of users is significant. Results and Conclusion: The protocols for technical management of the Gas System have a section on quality specifications for Natural Gas at entry points to the system.  This sets limits for only three of the physical properties of natural gas: Wobbe index, superior calorific value and relative density. The figures obtained for Wobbe index, superior calorific value and relative density from the eighty-four samples studied showed that the quality of the Natural Gas distributed remained steadily within the acceptable limits throughout the whole year. The values for standard deviations bore witness to the fact that any variations did not significantly alter the quality of the Natural Gas supplied. The concentrations of the odorant, THT, were always above the recommended value of 18.0 mg/Nm3, the fluctuations noted over the course of the year were such as to make it possible to see them as excessive. In some instances, a high concentration of odorant may lead users to erroneous impressions, so that they come to think that there are leaks from the gas-pipes or even that the gas is not burning properly.

scholarly journals Technical aspects of natural gas energy metering implementation

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Mykola Kuz ◽  
Leonid Zamikhovskyi ◽  
Vitalii Shulha
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Energy Metering ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Energy Conversion Devices

In modern conditions, the issue of the quality of natural gas, including the development of gas energy measuring instruments, is becoming increasingly relevant. The Law of Ukraine “On the natural gas market” establishes the need for instrumental metering of natural gas “in order to obtain and register reliable information about the volumes and quality of natural gas during its transportation, distribution, supply, storage and consumption”. In accordance with the “Rules of natural gas supply” in force in Ukraine, settlements with consumers for natural gas should be carried out in cubic meters, reduced to standard conditions and expressed in energy units. However, this contradicts the requirement of the “Technical Regulations on measuring instruments”, which state that settlements with consumers should be based on the results of measuring gas volumes read from the indicating device. However, the indicating devices of gas meters that are operated in Ukraine reflect the measured volumes of gas in cubic meters. Currently, the requirements of the above regulatory documents are partially implemented, in particular, in full-scale industry and partly in the municipal sphere, the readings of measuring the volume of gas by the meters are being adjusted depending on the temperature and pressure of the gas. The purpose of this work is to assess the regulatory requirements and technical possibilities of introducing natural gas metering in energy units in Ukraine. It is proposed to use energy conversion devices to determine the energy of natural gas. A methodology has been developed for measuring natural gas energy by indirect methods based on measurements of the consumed gas volumes, air temperature around the gas meter and the results of measuring the calorific value of gas. The assessment of the metrological characteristics of the indirect measurement of natural gas energy has been carried out.   Keywords: natural gas; energy; volume conversion device.

scholarly journals Investigation of amine based carbon-dioxide and hydrogen-sulphide separation technologies for biogases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Szolyák ◽  
István Szunyog
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 19Th Century

Biogas has been used since the beginning of the 19th century, which is a gaseous material formed during the anaerobic fermentation of organic substance. It is extremely versatile in its use, it is mostly used to produce heat and electricity, but it can also be used as a motor fuel. To produce these gases we can use organic materials and wastes from agriculture, food industry and communal sector. When the produced biogas is utilized, less CO2 is released into the environment than with other primary energy sources, it has zero emissions for the whole “carbon cycle” and can therefore be considered positive. The calorific value of biogas is much lower than in the case of natural gas, however, we can increase the energy content by compression and decarbonisation, which can even produce a biomethane which can be equivalent to natural gas. Depending on the feedstock, the methane content of the biogas can change over a very wide range, and the gas mixture can also contain other gases and water vapor. Thus, in order to improve these parameters, undesirable components must be removed from the gas. Several methods can be used to remove unwanted components of the biogas, however, this study focuses exclusively on amino purification technology.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPLEX EVALUATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy Yu. Bykov ◽  
Oleksandr Yu. Kuchanskyi ◽  
Andrii O. Biloshchytskyi ◽  
Yurii V. Andrashko ◽  
Oleksandr V. Dikhtiarenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
International Programs ◽  
Complex Evaluation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Systems ◽  
Educational Component

This paper presents a method for complex evaluation of higher education institutions based on a generalized volume of m-simplex calculation. Every kind of activities of higher education institutions (educational, scientific, innovative, etc.) determines an axis in the multidimensional space used to build the m-simplex. After evaluating higher education institutions in the specified m-activities, the points are put on the respective axis. M-simplex with vertices in these points is built. The generalized volume of this m-simplex, which is calculated based on the Cayley-Menger determinant, defines the integral quantitative assessment of higher education institutions’ activities. To verify the specified method for evaluating higher education institutions, we reviewed well-known evaluation methods and described some types of activities that could be used as a basis for a definition of the axes on which the m-simplex is built. The research component of higher education institutions’ activities is determined by the volume of articles published and their citations in international scientometric databases. The educational component relates to the quality of graduates, their competitiveness in the labour-market. The international component concerns the participation of higher education institutions and their departments in international programs and projects. The described method could be used to monitor the activities of higher education institutions and their separate structural subdivisions. The results of the monitoring are important for a comprehensive evaluation of scientific, educational, international, innovative and other types of activities of higher education institutions in a particular region and the country as a whole. In this article, we have formed a list of indicators, according to which several Ukrainian higher education institutions were evaluated. Besides, the comparison of quantitative evaluations with ratings of higher education institutions in international systems of university activities evaluation was made.

Effects of Hole Geometry on Film Coverage and Cooling Capability

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Liu ◽  
X. F. Peng
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Constant Cross Section ◽  
Shaped Hole ◽  
Hole Geometry ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Compound Angle

A numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the film effectiveness of film cooling using a single hole with two types of geometry: cylindrical hole with constant cross section and shaped hole with conically widened exit. The film cooling jet was injected through a 30° inclined hole to the surface and with lateral directions of 0°, 45° and 90°, for the blowing rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. The film effectiveness analyzing method was discussed based on the simulation. An effort is performed to form a more comprehensive evaluation technology with the definition of three parameters, film coverage, average cooling capability and uniformity of film. The results indicate that the film quality of compound angle injection depends on the equilibrium between the lateral and axial momentum components of coolant jet, and that the film protects the surface effectively at moderate blowing rate. The use of a shaped hole shows noticeable advantage.

scholarly journals Sustainable Green Charcoal Briquette from Food Waste via Microwave Pyrolysis Technique: Influence of Type and Concentration of Binders on Chemical and Physical Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433
Author(s):  
Siti Shawalliah Idris ◽  
Muhammad Izwadi Zailan ◽  
Nabihah Azron ◽  
Norazah Abd Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Combustion Characteristic ◽  
Index Value

Turning the food waste into a fuel source such as charcoal briquette was one of the alternatives in managing the food wastes disposal. In this present work, food waste was converted into charcoal by microwave irradiation technique. Application of binders such as potato starch and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at ratios of 5%,10% and 15% for briquetting purpose were investigated in terms of its chemical and physical characteristics. Result showed that the briquette formed using the starch as the binder performed better in combustion quality than that of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). A good quality of charcoal briquette has capability to withstand impact during packaging, handling, and transportation. Standard physical characteristic that was tested for briquette includes moisture content, compressive strength, and impact resistance. Calorific value of briquette was studied to analyse energy content in the briquette. The study showed that food waste charcoal has calorific value comparable to that of the commercial charcoal. However, the addition of binders showed some reduction in the energy content, with more reduction when CMC is added. In terms of combustion characteristic, the addition of binders does not alter the combustion profile in comparison to the raw food waste charcoal’s profile. The ignition and burnout temperatures of the food waste charcoal briquette showed a better performance with and without binders as compared to the commercial charcoal.  In terms of physical characteristics, CMC has showed as an excellent binder with highest shatter index value. Overall, in terms of chemical properties, addition of 10% starch showed a better performance, while addition of 10% CMC showed a better performance in terms of physical characteristics. This finding is beneficial for briquette industry in the development of green product using biomass, but further research is essential before production of briquette take place.

scholarly journals MUTU BRIKET ARANG KULIT BUAH KAKAO DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KANJI SEBAGAI PEREKAT

PERENNIAL ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
M. Natsir Usman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Natural Energy ◽  
Charcoal Particle

The development of an alternative energy is now becoming important due to the decrease of natural energy source, The current research was conducted to observe the quality of making charcoal briquette from cocoa pod shell with the particle size of 30 mesh, 50 mesh, 70 mesh and 7 % starch as adhesive. The result showed that charcoal particle size of 70 mesh gave the best charcoal briquette quality having characteristics: moisture 10.67 %, density of 1.15 g/cm3, 18.98% ash content, 49.93 % fixed carbon, 24.99% volatile matter and the calorific value of 4372.54 cal/g. Charcoal briquette from cocoa pod shell was utilized as alternative energy. Key words: Cocoa pod shell, charcoal briquette, starch as adhesive. References

scholarly journals Improvement of organizational and methodological issues of analytical control of natural gas quality in Testing laboratory

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
A. F. Battalov ◽  
◽  
R. T. Saetova ◽  
Ya. V. Denisova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Analytical Laboratory ◽  
Analytical Control ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Gas Sampling ◽  
Quality Of Products

The increased requirements for the quality of natural gas transported and used in industrial and domestic purposes have significantly increased the role of the analytical laboratory in the production process, since if the results of analyzes that determine the quality of products depend on the entire work of the gas transportation company as a whole, then the quality and reliability of the analysis results themselves are determined by the work of the testing laboratory. The basis of consumer confidence in the purchased products is ensured by the reliability of confirmation of the conformity of products established in the requirements of technical regulations and standards. Confirmation of the quality of products constantly requires the analytical laboratory to implement methods and techniques for monitoring the quality of analyzes. The research base is Gazprom Transgaz Kazan LLC, one of the gas transmission subsidiaries of Gazprom PJSC serving the Uzhgorod and Novopskov gas trunkline corridors, the Nizhnyaya Tura–Perm–Gorky 1,2 gas pipelines, Orenburg–Zainsk, Kazan–Nizhny Novgorod, etc. The object of the study is the analytical control of the quality of natural gas, the subject is organizational and methodological issues for its implementation. This article proposes a method for calculating the frequency of gas sampling using automated algorithms taking into account data on changes in the composition and properties of gas streams for the reporting period. The description of the method is presented on the example of calculating the frequency of determining the calorific value of the lowest (actual calorific value) and density of natural gas. The central chemical-analytical laboratory of the Gazprom Transgaz Kazan’s engineering and technical center and the points of gas sampling at the gas distribution stations of the main gas pipelines in the service area of the сompany are used as objects of the method implementation

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIOPELET DARI KAYU PUTIH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN GONDORUKEM SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Sofia Mustamu ◽  
Gysberth Pattiruhu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon

Biopelet is one of the renewable energy alternatives that have uniformity of size, shape, density, and energy content. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of biopelet consisting of a mixture of cajeput and gondorukem, and to determine the composition of the raw materials that can produce a biopelet with the best quality. The compositions of a mixture in this research are as follow 95%:5%, 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40%, 50%:50%, cajeput 100% and gondorukem 100%. The manufacture of biopelet used a 20 mesh of dust with the pressure of 526.4 kg/cm2  at a temperature of 200 ◦C for 15 minutes. Types of tests performed on biopelet include density, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, carbon bonded, and calorific value. The results of the best quality of biopelet was in the percentage of cajeput and gondorukem was 70%:30%,  tests showed densities of biopelet 0,84 g/cm3, moisture content5,89%, ash content 2,42%, volatile matter 73,99%, fixed carbon 18,96%, and calorific value 5152 kkal/kg.

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