scholarly journals KHANTY-ORIGIN LEXEMES WITH FIGURATIVE MEANING IN RUSSIAN WRITTEN SOURCES, 1870–1930

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Светлана Владимиривна Панченко
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Etymological Dictionary ◽  
New Material ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Written Sources

Исследован корпус хантыйской лексики с переносными значениями, зафиксированной в статусе слов-вкраплений в русских письменных источниках 1870–1930 гг. Цели анализа: 1. Выявить способы номинации и семантические особенности указанной лексики. 2. Добавить новую информацию к этимологическому словарю хантыйского языка В. Штейница. 3. Показать причины возникновения лексико-семантических вариантов лексем и специфику передачи хантыйских слов в русских текстах. Методами исследования выступили общенаучные (анализ, синтез, сравнение) и частные лингвистические методы: описательный, этимологический, сопоставительный, метод реконструкции и статистической обработки материала. Переносные значения слов показаны в контекстах из источников, даны этимологии лексем по словарю В. Штейница, буквальный перевод. В результате исследования в статье приведены лексемы и их графические варианты по хронологии в рамках отдельных групп с учетом способа номинации: типы метафорического переноса 1) по форме (6 единиц), 2) по цвету (2), 3) по расположению в пространстве (3), 4) по функции (2); примеры метонимического переноса (4) и синекдохи (1). Указана многокомпонентная лексика, называющая животных и включающая в буквальном значении слова «мужчина» (2), «женщина» (4), «зверь» (4). Перечислены новые лексемы, дополняющие диалектные данные этимологического словаря хантыйского языка В. Штейница с учетом разных говоров, соседних или отдаленных друг от друга диалектов. Отмечены 4 сложных слова, не зафиксированные в указанном словаре. В статье проанализированы причины возникновения вариативности на лексико-семантическом уровне, отраженной в источниках: 1) в сравнении с фиксациями в словаре В. Штейница некоторые лексемы имеют новый компонент и вследствие этого семантический оттенок сложного слова (3 единицы); 2) полисемия в хантыйском языке в лексемах с компонентом ЮХ «дерево», при которой одно из значений на основе метонимии — «приспособление из дерева» (4). Исследование отражает специфику передачи в русских письменных текстах переносных значений словвкраплений в дописьменный период хантыйского языка, а также особенности осознания и отражения авторами внутренней формы сложных лексем при переводе: обобщение литературным словом, сокращение одного из компонентов при сохранении переносного смысла слова, буквальный перевод, описание предметов при переводе или без него. Статья вводит в научный оборот новый материал и может быть интересна для лингвистов, этнографов, историков, археологов. The study examines Khanty lexemes with figurative meanings recorded as borrowings in Russian written sources from 1870 through 1930. Analysis objectives: 1) Establish nomination methods and semantic characteristics of recorded lexemes; 2) Add new content to the etymological dictionary by W. Steinitz; 3) Show reasons for lexemes’ emerging lexico-semantic variations and specifics of how Khanty words get recorded in Russian texts. The study’s methodology incorporates general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and specific linguistic methods: descriptive, etymological, comparative, as well reconstructive and statistical processing of materials. Figurative meanings of words are presented in the source context, accompanied by their etymologies from the Steinitz dictionary, as well as literal translations. The study lists lexemes and their graphical variants chronologically, in groups based on the nomination approach: metaphoric transference according to 1) form (6 units); 2) color (2); 3) spatial orientation (3); 4) function (2); examples of metonymic transference (4) and synecdoche (1). Included multicomponent lexemes are used for naming animals and including the words “man” (2), “woman” (4), and “beast” (4). The study lists new lexemes, which complement the dialect data of the Steinitz dictionary taking into account various geographic variants and dialects. They include 4 compound words not recorded in the above dictionary. The study analyzes the causes of emerging lexico-semantic variability as presented in the examined materials: 1) compared to those recorded in the Steinitz dictionary, some lexemes show new components and therefore semantic facets of a compound word (3 units); 2) polysemy of the Khanty language in lexemes with component ЮХ “tree” includes cases with one of the metonymy-based meanings being “a wooden utensil” (4). The study points out specific ways, in which Russian written texts recorded figurative meanings of borrowings from the Khanty language before it became a written language. The study shows cognitive and linguistic processing, on the part of creators of examined sources, of the inner form of complex lexemes when translating them: using a more general literary term; shortening one of the word components while preserving its figurative meaning; literal translation; describing an object (in combination with translation or without it). The article introduces new material to the scientific domain and could be of interest for linguists, ethnographers, historians and archeologists.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINING

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-166
Author(s):  
Olena Kruhlij ◽  
Oksana Cherniak
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Free Position ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Linguistic Methods

The article is devoted to the study of distributive characteristics of combining forms in Modern English. The material of the study is words and terms taken from the Modern English dictionaries. A number of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, classification, systematization), as well as purely linguistic methods (method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources, lexico-semantic analysis, study of vocabulary definitions, contextual interpretation) is applied. The morpheme structure of derivatives with these formants is considered. The positions of the studied units in the morpheme structure of the word are analyzed, as well as the classes of morphemes that are in contact with them. The ways of word formation with the participation of combining forms in Modern English word formation and term formation are singled out. It is revealed that combining forms take an active part in terminological word formation in accordance with the existing patterns and models in the language. In derivation with the participation of the studied elements, depending on the formal means of word formation, affixation, composition and abbreviation are distinguished. The classification of distributive classes with a relatively free and fixed position in the word is given through a detailed study of the sum of all environments of combining forms, order and place, compatibility, properties of their use in relation to other elements are fixed. It was found that the studied elements are characterized by wide combinatorial possibilities, which are manifested in their ability to occupy different positions in the word, which can be relatively free or fixed. Three distributive classes are traced among combining forms the units with relatively free position in a word and fixed position. Bases and prefixes are found in the contact environment of a limited number of combining forms. The vast majority of these forms are combined with elements of the same status and suffixes. Only conditionally complex combining forms are characterized by an identical contact environment on the left and right. Combining forms are mainly characterized by the environment of units with the same status as them (right and left) and suffix environment. A characteristic feature of these elements’ compatibility is the absence of grammatical affixes among the morphemes adjacent to them, and the limited number of prefixes and root morphemes among their contact environment. It seems promising to expand the scope of the study by studying these derivational forms, which function in different terminological systems and in different styles of texts in Modern English. The comparison of combinatorial forms in different modern languages is of particular interest.

scholarly journals TRANSPOSITION OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES IN THE NOVELS BY CHARLOTTE BINGHAM

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Haidenko Yu.O.
Keyword(s):  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Negative Sentence ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Interrogative Sentence ◽  
Linguistic Methods

Purpose. The purpose of the current article is to describe syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures. The above-mentioned figures are classified, their percentage ratio and stylistic functions in the novels by Charlotte Bingham are outlined.Methods. The current study uses a combination of general scientific (analysis-synthesis method, continuous sampling method, descriptive method, quantitative analysis) and linguistic methods. The definitional analysis is used to clarify linguistic terms and notions specified by the research topic. The word-formation analysis is used to single out word-formation patterns of the analysed language units. The stylistic analysis is used to research into syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures and study their stylistic colouring in certain communicative situations.Results. The article presents a study of syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures in the novels by Charlotte Bingham. The term “transposition of syntactic structures” has been defined as transposition of the sentence model in the context that results in the unexpected turn in the logical meaning and additional connotations. Syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures have been classified into three groups: quasi-declarative, quasi-interrogative and quasi-negative sentences. It has been researched that in the novels by Charlotte Bingham transposition of syntactic structures is chiefly represented by quasi-affirmative sentences (48.8%). It has been revealed that quasi-declarative sentences are used in dialogues to mark colloquial speech. It has been ascertained that the transposition of interrogative sentences is less frequent (41.3%) and is mainly used to refer to the character’s self-talk. It has been substantiated that quasi-negative sentences are infrequent (9.9%) and are chiefly used to weaken the positive qualities of the denoted reality.Conclusions. The novels by Charlotte Bingham contain all types of syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures. The above-mentioned figures are chiefly represented by the transposition of declarative (48.8%) and interrogative (41.3%) sentences. Quasi-negative sentences are infrequent (9.9%).Key words: declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, negative sentence, reevaluation, syntactic stylistic figures. Мета пропонованого дослідження – розглянути синтактико-стилістичні фігури із транспозицією типів речень, здійснити їхню типологізацію, визначити їхнє кількісне співвідношення та охарактеризувати їхні стилістичні функції у романах Шарлотти Бінґхем.Методи. У роботі використано загальнонаукові (аналіз та синтез, суцільна вибірка, описовий метод, кількісний аналіз) і власне лінгвістичні методи. Дефініційний аналіз – для уточнення лінгвістичних термінів та понять, окреслених темою дослі-дження; словотвірний аналіз – для встановлення словотвірних структур відповідно до способів словотвору; стилістичний аналіз – для вивчення синтактико-стилістичних фігур із транспозицією типів речень, з’ясування їхнього стилістичного забарвлення в аналізованих комунікативних ситуаціях.Результати. Дослідження присвячено вивченню синтактико-стилістичних фігур із транспозицією типів речень у романах Шарлотти Бінґхем. Визначено, що транспозиція типів речень – це використання синтаксичних структур у невластивих їм логіко-предметних значеннях та з додатковими конотаціями. Синтактико-стилістичні фігури з транспозицією типів речень поділено на три групи: із переосмисленням розповідного (І група), запитального (ІІ група) та заперечного (ІІІ група) речень. Встановлено, що у романах Шарлотти Бінґхем превалюють фігури першої групи (48,8%). Розкрито, що вони використовуються у діалогічному мовленні персонажів як маркер розмовного стилю. З’ясовано, що фігури другої групи вживаються авторкою дещо рідше (41,3%), передусім позначаючи ведення персонажем внутрішнього діалогу. Розкрито, що третя група фігур є найменш численною (9,9%) і використовується насамперед задля послаблення позитивних якостей позначуваного.Висновки. У романах Шарлотти Бінґхем представлено всі різновиди синтактико-стилістичних фігур із транспозицією типів речень. З-поміж них найбільш поширеними є фігури з переосмисленням розповідного (48,8%) та запитального (41,3%) речень. Група фігур із переосмисленням заперечного речення є найменш репрезентативною (9,9%).Ключові слова: заперечне речення, запитальне речення, переосмислення, розповідне речення, синтактико-стилістичні фігури

scholarly journals On jurisdiction in case of extradition of a foreign citizen by the Russian Federation: the problems of theory and law enforcement practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Alexander Fedyunin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Specific Regulation

The subject of this research is the issues emerging in consideration of jurisdiction of the material on extradition of a foreign citizen by the Russian Federation. The article touches upon the peculiarities of national and territorial aspect of jurisdiction, and its specific regulation in the criminal procedure law. The article employs the general scientific and private scientific methods, such as scientific analysis, generalization, comparative-legal, formal-logical, which allowed to most fully reflect the essence and problematic aspects of the selected topic. The question at hand is of major importance for the theory of criminal procedure and law enforcement practice, as the mistakes in determination of jurisdiction of the material are a severe violation of the rights, including the convict, and entail the unconditional annulment of court decision. The analysis of the most common mistakes occurred in application of the norms regulating the jurisdiction of extradition of a foreign citizen convicted by the court of the Russian Federation, as well as theoretical issues associated with determination of the court that deals with the particular issue allows outlining the vector and finding solution to the indicated problems.

scholarly journals Preliminary Reviews Of The Late Medieval Historical Geography Of Jizzakh (On The Basis Of Written Sources And Archaeological Data)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Pardaev Ahrorqul Hasanovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Written Sources

The article examines the historical medieval towns, fortresses and other geographical areas of the Jizzakh oasis based on written sources and data obtained from archeological excavations. As a result of scientific analysis, the geographical locations of the Jizzakh Horde and its environs, which are the location of the modern city of Jizzakh in the late Middle Ages, have been clarified.

scholarly journals Communicative sabotage, suicide and avoidance as evidences of communicative discomfort

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1201
Author(s):  
Valeria Koroliova ◽  
Olena Hurko ◽  
Iryna Popova ◽  
Nataliia Holikova ◽  
Nataliia Maiboroda
Keyword(s):  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Psychoemotional State ◽  
Action Analysis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Linguistic Methods

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the article is to compare and distinguish between the communication phenomena of sabotage, suicide, and avoidance displayed in the speech of characters of modern Ukrainian plays; to define them as communicative tactics that do not always violate communicative comfort and lead to conflict in communication; to characterize the main communicative goals and maxims affected by these communicative tactics. The key methods of the study, in addition to general scientific ones, were such dedicated linguistic methods as contextual and situational, speech and action analysis of communicative sabotage, suicide, and avoidance, as well as the method of structural and pragmatic analysis to provide characteristics of speech abnormal behavior of characters in modern Ukrainian plays, to identify of the consequences of communicative sabotage, suicide, and avoidance. The tactics violating the rules of the communication code are communicative sabotage, communicative suicide, and communicative avoidance. Communicative sabotage is mainly used by characters in a negative psychoemotional state as a way to express irritation and contempt, which causes changes in the focus of communication and hinders the achievement of the objective, informative and communicative goals of communication.

scholarly journals RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS UNDER RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW: ISSUES OF LEGISLATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND LAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1078-1099
Author(s):  
Nina Yu. Skripchenko
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Definition Of

Today, no state in the world can say with confidence that it does not face the problem of human trafficking as it does not depend on the geopolitical position of the country, nor on the socio-economic situation. The negative social consequences of the transformations in Russia at the end of the last century determined not only its transit destination during the illegal migration of labor, but also the role of the sender and recipient of human commodity (mainly women and children) intended for exploitation (i.e. including sexual), surrogacy, removal of organs and tissues. Trying to adhere to the international definition of human trafficking as much as possible and drawing on the existing experience of regulation, the Russian legislator enshrined the norm in the Criminal Code (Article 1271) containing editorial flaws that impeded its implementation. The purpose of the study is to formulate proposals to address the deficiencies identified during the study of the legislative definition of trafficking in persons, which cause difficulties in enforcement. The methodological basis is constituted by general scientific (analysis and synthesis, dialectics) and private scientific research methods (system-structural, formal-legal, logical, linguistic). The paper notes the terminological difficulties associated with the inclusion of Convention norms in the system of Russian law. Noting the need to establish enhanced guarantees of child safety, the author does not see the need for independent criminalization of trafficking in minors. By identifying technical and legal shortcomings in the definition of human trafficking and human exploitation, the author suggests ways to solve them by reforming the criminal law and judicial interpretation at the level of the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals JURISDICTION OF APPLICATIONS FOR THE REVISION OF JUDICIAL ACTS ON NEWLY DISCOVERED OR NEW CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE PROCEDURAL AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ITS VIOLATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1168
Author(s):  
Safura T. Bagylly ◽  
Larisa N. Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Administrative Proceedings ◽  
Legal Consequences

The article deals with the problematic items of choosing a court competent to review court decisions that have entered into legal force on newly discovered or new circumstances in civil and administrative proceedings. The aim of the authors is to conduct a study of the legal regulation of the jurisdiction of applications for review. The methodological basis of the article was formed by general scientific (analysis, analogy, description, synthesis, and systemic approach) and particular scientific methods (historical-legal, comparative-legal, and formal-legal). A retrospective analysis of legal acts of domestic legislation has been carried out. According to the results of the study, difficulties relate to interpreting and applying the existing rules on determining the appropriate instance for revision. Based on the analysis of the judicial practice of courts of general jurisdiction and arbitral courts, the authors come to the conclusion that there is no unified approach of the courts in determining the procedural and legal consequences of violations of the rules of jurisdiction. The conclusion summarizes proposals for improving the current legislation to eliminate ambiguities and achieve uniformity in judicial practice.

scholarly journals ENCOURAGING STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH CONFIDENTIAL LETTERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Borkovska I.P. ◽  
Karachun Yu.H.
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Degree ◽  
Continuous Selection ◽  
Confidential Information ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Text Version ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Descriptive Method

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to identify the main types of encouraging constructions in English letters of confidentiality.Methods. Both general scientific methods and linguistic methods are used in the work. The research is methodologically based on analysis, descriptive method, continuous selection, definitional, semantic and syntactic analysis.Results. A confidential letter as a text version of the sub-style of commercial correspondence within the official business functional style is interpreted as a regulated type of business letters, which has both specific and general features, due to the affiliation of genre groups to one functional style. It is characterized by certain language features; stability of stylistic devices of the genre, its form provides the communicative properties of the document, which are manifested in the composition and architectonics. The text of the confidential letter provides information about the reason for writing the letter, states the need to ensure the confidentiality of information related to the contract, regulates specific mechanisms of cooperation between partners in the use and disposal of classified information. Since the main purpose of such a letter is to force the recipient to perform certain actions, a confidential letter contains many constructions with a motivating value. Encouraging constructions in the texts of business letters are diverse in their semantics, among which the most frequent constructions express directives.The directive is implemented in the form of three types, which are classified by the degree of categoricalness: the actual directive (with the maximum degree of expression of categoricalness); directive-instruction (the degree of categoricalness decreases); directive-request (categoricalness is minimal, but the directive remains). Typical language formulas are presented, which help to classify these types of speech.Conclusions. Therefore, a confidential letter refers to regulated letters, the purpose of which is to establish the procedure for the use of confidential information. To do this, the addressee uses encouraging constructions, diverse in their semantics, among which constructions that express directives stand out.Key words: business letter, genre, modal verbs, confidentiality, directives. Мета. Мета цієї статті – виявити основні типи cпонукальних конструкцій в англомовних конфіденційних листах.Методи. У роботі використано як загальнонаукові методи, а саме: аналізу, описовий метод, суцільного вибирання, так і лінгвістичні методи: дефініційний, семантичний та синтаксичний аналізи.Результати. У процесі дослідження доведено, що діловий лист виокремлюється як жанр, який має критерії, що характерні будь-якому жанру, а саме: текстовий варіант ділового листа має свою назву завдяки наявності формуляру, який і відповідає назві цього документа; ділові листи оформлюються з урахуванням чітких вимог до композиції, що співвідноситься з жанро-вою формою; сюжет, що представлений у тексті листа, наповнений мовними етикетними формулами; діловий лист має обсяг, який відповідає типу листа; жанрова група ділових листів представлена різними текстами-варіантами.Конфіденційний лист належить до регламентованих листів зі своїм набором реквізитів, архітектонікою і композицією. Текстова частина дає інформацію про привід складання листа, констатує необхідність забезпечення конфіденційності відо-мостей, пов’язаних із договором, регулює конкретні механізми співпраці партнерів під час користування і розпорядження секретною інформацією. Оскільки основна мета такого листа – змусити адресата виконати певні дії, конфіденційний лист міс-тить значну кількість конструкцій зі спонукальним значенням. Спонукальні конструкції в текстах ділових листів різноманітні за своєю семантикою, які можуть виражати розпорядження, прохання, пропозиції. Розпорядження реалізуються у вигляді трьох типів, які прокласифіковано за ступенем категоричності: власне-розпорядження (з максимальним ступенем вираження категоричності); розпорядження-інструкція (ступінь категоричності знижується); розпорядження-прохання (категоричність мінімальна, але директивність зберігається).Представлено типові мовні формули, які допомагають класифікувати зазначені типи мовлення. Типова мовна формула для першого типу мовлення, а саме власне-розпорядження, акцентує увагу на тому, що суб’єкт повинен здійснити певні дії, необхідні для досягнення результату. Ефективність виконання розпорядження визначається правильно поставленою метою адресантом та адекватним вибором мовних засобів, серед яких превалюють модальні дієслова will, must, shall. Розпоряджен-ня-інструкція належить до другого типу розпоряджень, коли ступінь категоричності в повідомленні знижується. Такий тип розпорядження означає висловлювання вимоги щодо правил і необхідних умов типових дій у тій чи іншій ситуації. Розпоря-дження-прохання реалізує комунікативну мету адресанта змусити адресата підписати лист або зробити заключні дії, необхідні для підписання контракту.Висновки. Отже, конфіденційний лист належить до регламентованих листів, текст яких розвивається в певну жанрову форму і реалізує мовний задум адресанта встановити порядок використання конфіденційної інформації. Конфіденційний лист як текстовий варіант жанру ділового листа містить спонукальні конструкції, які характеризуються різноманітністю мовних засобів вираження.Ключові слова: діловий лист, жанр, модальне дієслово, конфіденційність, розпорядження.

scholarly journals MOTIVES OF THE LOCAL POLICE REGARDING PARTICIPATION IN THE HOLOCAUST IN THE GENERAL DISTRICT "DNIPROPETROVSK" (EVIDENCE FROM THE DISTRICTS OF KRYVYI RIH AND STALINDORF)

2021 ◽  
pp. 368-389
Author(s):  
Roman Shliakhtych
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Economic Motives ◽  
First Time

Summary. The purpose of the research is to study the motives that prompted local policemen in the Kryvyi Rih and Stalindorf districts to participate in Holocaust. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, system-formation, scientific character, verification, the author’s objectivity, moderated narrative constructivism, and the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and specially-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic, etc.) methods. Scientific novelty for the first time on the basis of video evidence from the Yahad-In Unum archive and other archives, we researched features of the motives for local policemen to participate in Holocaust in the Kryvyi Rih and Stalindorf districts. Concise conclusions - Video evidence from the Yahad-In Unum archive gave the opportunity to analyze the motives of local policemen and also the stages of the Holocaust in which they took part. There were several main motives: socio-economic motives, which were associated with the satisfaction of their material needs; ideological motives associated with the negative attitude of some policemen to the Soviet authority (they also saw the Jews as the representatives of Soviet power); envy (which bordered on anti-Semitism); the desire for power. These motives forced the local police to take part in the Holocaust. The direct executors, together with the Germans, were ordinary police officers. They were mainly engaged in the collection and guard of the Jews before the execution, the escorting of the Jews to the places of execution, guarding the places of mass murder, and sometimes directly committed murders of the Jews.

scholarly journals The Policy of Poland and Romania Concerning Interned Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1921–1924s): Modern Domestic Historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Mykola Stopchak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
First World

The article focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the historiographical achievements of modern Ukrainian historians on the policy of the leadership of Poland and Romania regarding the interned in the camps of these countries, the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The methodological basis of the study comprises the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematics. General scientific and special research methods were used in solving the set tasks: historiographical analysis and synthesis of knowledge development, generalization, quantitative, historical-comparative, chronological, retrospective, etc. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the state of study in modern domestic historiography of the policy of the leadership of Poland and Romania during 1921-1924s concernig interned Army of the UPR. Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical achievements of modern Ukrainian historians proved they have made significant progress in studying the scientific field. Having gained access to previously closed domestic and foreignarchival materials, scholars of independent Ukraine cooperated with foreign historians and rejected unscientific, ideologically biased approaches and conclusions of Soviet historiography regarding the policy of the Polish and Romanian leadership towards the interned army. The shortcomings of Ukrainian foreign historiography on this problem, which consisted of a number of inaccuracies and a weak source base, were eliminated, which led to the distortion of historical realities. Domestic historians have clearly shown that the policy pursued by the governments of Poland and Romania regarding the internment of the UPR Army in the camps of these countries was aimed at ensuring their own national interests. It varied depending on the state of relations with its aggressive northern neighbor – Bolshevik Russia. The orientation of this policy was significantly influenced by the position of the Entente states, the victors of the First World War/ They viewed the UPR Army as a force capable of counteracting the expansionist aspirations of Bolshevik Russia. At the same time, despite significant progress in the study of this topic, especially in the 1990s – early XXI century, in the last twenty years, domestic historians didn’t pay enough attention to its study. A number of aspects of this problem remain unexplored and require further scientific analysis.

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