scholarly journals ENCOURAGING STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH CONFIDENTIAL LETTERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Borkovska I.P. ◽  
Karachun Yu.H.
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Degree ◽  
Continuous Selection ◽  
Confidential Information ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Text Version ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Descriptive Method

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to identify the main types of encouraging constructions in English letters of confidentiality.Methods. Both general scientific methods and linguistic methods are used in the work. The research is methodologically based on analysis, descriptive method, continuous selection, definitional, semantic and syntactic analysis.Results. A confidential letter as a text version of the sub-style of commercial correspondence within the official business functional style is interpreted as a regulated type of business letters, which has both specific and general features, due to the affiliation of genre groups to one functional style. It is characterized by certain language features; stability of stylistic devices of the genre, its form provides the communicative properties of the document, which are manifested in the composition and architectonics. The text of the confidential letter provides information about the reason for writing the letter, states the need to ensure the confidentiality of information related to the contract, regulates specific mechanisms of cooperation between partners in the use and disposal of classified information. Since the main purpose of such a letter is to force the recipient to perform certain actions, a confidential letter contains many constructions with a motivating value. Encouraging constructions in the texts of business letters are diverse in their semantics, among which the most frequent constructions express directives.The directive is implemented in the form of three types, which are classified by the degree of categoricalness: the actual directive (with the maximum degree of expression of categoricalness); directive-instruction (the degree of categoricalness decreases); directive-request (categoricalness is minimal, but the directive remains). Typical language formulas are presented, which help to classify these types of speech.Conclusions. Therefore, a confidential letter refers to regulated letters, the purpose of which is to establish the procedure for the use of confidential information. To do this, the addressee uses encouraging constructions, diverse in their semantics, among which constructions that express directives stand out.Key words: business letter, genre, modal verbs, confidentiality, directives. Мета. Мета цієї статті – виявити основні типи cпонукальних конструкцій в англомовних конфіденційних листах.Методи. У роботі використано як загальнонаукові методи, а саме: аналізу, описовий метод, суцільного вибирання, так і лінгвістичні методи: дефініційний, семантичний та синтаксичний аналізи.Результати. У процесі дослідження доведено, що діловий лист виокремлюється як жанр, який має критерії, що характерні будь-якому жанру, а саме: текстовий варіант ділового листа має свою назву завдяки наявності формуляру, який і відповідає назві цього документа; ділові листи оформлюються з урахуванням чітких вимог до композиції, що співвідноситься з жанро-вою формою; сюжет, що представлений у тексті листа, наповнений мовними етикетними формулами; діловий лист має обсяг, який відповідає типу листа; жанрова група ділових листів представлена різними текстами-варіантами.Конфіденційний лист належить до регламентованих листів зі своїм набором реквізитів, архітектонікою і композицією. Текстова частина дає інформацію про привід складання листа, констатує необхідність забезпечення конфіденційності відо-мостей, пов’язаних із договором, регулює конкретні механізми співпраці партнерів під час користування і розпорядження секретною інформацією. Оскільки основна мета такого листа – змусити адресата виконати певні дії, конфіденційний лист міс-тить значну кількість конструкцій зі спонукальним значенням. Спонукальні конструкції в текстах ділових листів різноманітні за своєю семантикою, які можуть виражати розпорядження, прохання, пропозиції. Розпорядження реалізуються у вигляді трьох типів, які прокласифіковано за ступенем категоричності: власне-розпорядження (з максимальним ступенем вираження категоричності); розпорядження-інструкція (ступінь категоричності знижується); розпорядження-прохання (категоричність мінімальна, але директивність зберігається).Представлено типові мовні формули, які допомагають класифікувати зазначені типи мовлення. Типова мовна формула для першого типу мовлення, а саме власне-розпорядження, акцентує увагу на тому, що суб’єкт повинен здійснити певні дії, необхідні для досягнення результату. Ефективність виконання розпорядження визначається правильно поставленою метою адресантом та адекватним вибором мовних засобів, серед яких превалюють модальні дієслова will, must, shall. Розпоряджен-ня-інструкція належить до другого типу розпоряджень, коли ступінь категоричності в повідомленні знижується. Такий тип розпорядження означає висловлювання вимоги щодо правил і необхідних умов типових дій у тій чи іншій ситуації. Розпоря-дження-прохання реалізує комунікативну мету адресанта змусити адресата підписати лист або зробити заключні дії, необхідні для підписання контракту.Висновки. Отже, конфіденційний лист належить до регламентованих листів, текст яких розвивається в певну жанрову форму і реалізує мовний задум адресанта встановити порядок використання конфіденційної інформації. Конфіденційний лист як текстовий варіант жанру ділового листа містить спонукальні конструкції, які характеризуються різноманітністю мовних засобів вираження.Ключові слова: діловий лист, жанр, модальне дієслово, конфіденційність, розпорядження.

scholarly journals Metaphorization as a basis for transterminologization in the sphere od subject terminological nominations

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
Natal’ya N. Gorbunova ◽  
Rustam A. Archakov ◽  
Lalita A. Akhtayeva
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Selection ◽  
Stock Trading ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of terminological metaphorization in the context of the hypothesis that this process is the cognitive basis for transsterminologization in the field of subject terminological nominations. The authors have selected such areas as programming and stock trading as an empirical base. To solve the research issues, the authors used the following general scientific and linguistic methods: descriptive method, method of definition analysis, method of continuous selection. The selection of 78 metaphorical terms of software development and exchange trading selected by the method of continuous selection from the total corpus of 2870 analyzed terms has served as the material for the research. The analysis has shown that a significant number of terms in the areas of programming and exchange trading are formed on the basis of metaphorical transfer. Subject terminological nominations designating certain fragments of the professional picture of the world has moved into this area without changing their form (simple terms) and served as the basis for the construction of derived term combinations based on a metaphorical transfer in new subject areas. The transition of a term to a different field of knowledge is conditioned by an analogy in the description of the phenomenon, or an analogy in the structure of the term, in its stylistic properties, in the functional and lexical meaning of the words that make up the term. The process of transsterminologization appears as a multi-stage and multidimensional phenomenon, which includes both the discursive use of the term, and its formal and semantic-stylistic characteristics. In general, the process of metaphorization plays an important role in term formation. The properties of metaphors suggest that the metaphor should be considered within the framework of an anthropocentric approach with the help of the cognitive-linguistic analysis.

Russian Accounting Standard (PBU) 18/02: Principles on the balance method use

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1356-1382
Author(s):  
E.V. Olomskaya ◽  
A.A. Aksent'ev
Keyword(s):  
Balance Method ◽  
Deferred Taxes ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Original Approach ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Tax Accounting

Subject. This article discusses the methodological features of Russian Accounting Standard (PBU) 18/02 Income Tax Accounting when using the balance method to account for deferred taxes. It considers whether the clarification of permanent tax differences is justified, and it analyzes in detail the features of accounting for temporary differences and offers a visual and descriptive method for determining and correlating them in accounts. Objectives. The article aims to justify the reason for linking permanent tax differences to such accounting categories as Income and Expenses. It also aims to develop a methodological toolkit that simplifies the perception of the balance method and demonstrates the procedure for determining temporary differences. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis, synthesis, observation, comparison, and other general scientific methods. Results. The article justifies the clarification of permanent differences from the position of accounting categories. It offers an original approach that helps visually classify temporary differences. The formalization of the balance method helped identify the logic of its reflection in accounting statements. Conclusions and Relevance. To ensure that accounting is not distorted due to the impact of taxation, it is necessary to develop a unified conceptual framework, as well as develop existing methods and introduce new ones that do not contradict the public concept of interaction between accounting and tax accounting. The research results are intended for training, scientific and practical activities of specialists in the field of accounting and audit, as well as students studying under this program, in order to study the features of applying the balance method for accounting for deferred taxes.

scholarly journals ANTHROPONYMS IN GENRE DIVERSITY IN THE ADVERTISING TEXTS OF VETERINARY PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-50
Author(s):  
Svitlana NASAKINA
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Veterinary Pharmaceuticals ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Linguistic Methods

Introduction. The article discusses the features of proper names in advertising texts of veterinary pharmaceuticals. Attention is paid to the description of structural and semantic features of anthroponyms. We investigate proper names as the part of the structure of advertising texts of veterinary pharmaceuticals. The purpose of the article is the analysis of anthroponyms in advertising texts of veterinary pharmaceuticals. The object of the study is proper names in advertising texts of veterinary pharmaceuticals. The subject of the study is anthroponyms in advertising texts in the beginning of the 20th century. Materials and methods. The purpose determines the choice of methods in our study: general scientific methods of systematization, analysis and synthesis, quantitative analysis were used. The descriptive method of advertising texts is used in the work. Among the special linguistic methods, structural one was used, which helped in determining the features of the structure of anthroponyms. Anthroponyms for our research have been taken from the newspaper “Public Veterinary Bulletin” for the period of 1904-1906 years. Results. As a result of the study, structural and semantic features of anthroponyms were established. Сonclusions. Anthroponyms learned in advertising texts of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the beginning of the 20th century had been used almost in all analyzed texts. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the analysis of anthroponyms in advertising texts opens up prospects for further researches, which may be connected with the identification of the specific characteristics of proper names in the advertising texts of veterinary pharmaceuticals in different languages. Summing up, a thorough analysis of the advertising texts of veterinary pharmaceuticals helped to establish the structure and functioning peculiarities of anthroponyms.

scholarly journals Evolution of correlation of terms sign and symbol in general semiotics, linguistics, and cultural studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiia Pashkova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Conclusion ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Linguistic Methods

The purpose of the article is to analyze the views on the relation between sign and symbol in modern linguistics and cultural studies and to formulate a theoretical conclusion in order to avoid misunderstandings in scientific works. The methodology is based on the application of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the central concepts of semiotics, linguistics, and cultural studies. In addition to general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, a cultural-genetic method was used, as well as such linguistic methods as descriptive, comparative, methods of functional and conceptual-ideographic analysis. The scientific novelty of the study is that it first revealed the cause of differences in the interpretation of the relation between sign and symbol in traditional semiotics, modern linguistic and cultural studies, and formulated recommendations for their definition. Conclusions. It is proved that the opposition of sign and symbol in modern humanities is based on the special symbolism of the symbol, which distinguishes it from the other signs, classified by Ch. Pierce in traditional semiotics. Genetically, a symbol is a sign that has developed particular anthropogenic trait distinctions, contrasting with other signs, which nevertheless does not completely remove its sign properties and functions.

scholarly journals Modified Phrases in Modern Media Headlines

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Nadiya Figol ◽  
Tatyana Faychuk
Keyword(s):  
Component Composition ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Media ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Method Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Method

The Ukrainian phraseology is constantly evolving; the obsolete and infrequent phraseologisms disappear, instead the new phraseologisms appear and the traditional ones are being updated, changed and evolved. At the same time, not only the component composition of phraseological richness of the Ukrainian language is being changed, but also the understanding of the concept “phraseologism”, which determines the relevance of our research and explains its objective – to ascertain which phraseologisms are used by the media in order to attract the reader’s attention and to find out the transformations that occur with traditional phraseologisms in the modern editions. Among the methods used to conduct the research, one can mention firstly the general scientific methods: descriptive method; analysis and synthesis; typologization. Along with general scientific methods, a modern methodology was used to study effectiveness of use of modified phrasemes in the modern media: a discourse analysis, which included the study of interrelations of the text or its unit with other elements and texts, dependence of the text on speech, social and political situation. The study also used a content analysis method aimed at collecting quantitative data about the phenomenon which allowed drawing the objective conclu-sions about the spread and use of phrasemes in the headlines complex. The article deals with phraseologisms as an actively used language trope in the modern print and online media. It has been found out that in the modern periodicals the phraseologisms become an effective tool for attracting the reader’s attention through emotionally-expressive component. The phraseme modification processes that contribute to the relevance of these language constuc-tions are analyzed. The phraseme modification techniques are investigated: complete or partial modification of semantics, adding author’s comment, spreading a phraseologism with the help of new components. It is determined that a large part of phraseme used in online media is formed as a result of transformation of traditional stable units through spreading their compo-nent composition, complete or partial modification of semantics.

ORGANIZED CRIME - MODERN GLOBAL THREAT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Gerginova
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
International Security ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Descriptive Method

"The modern world is faced with new challenges, risks and threats to security that are increasingly unpredictable, asymmetrical and transnational in nature. Organized crime poses a global threat to the security and overall development of states and societies. The analysis is based on electronic sources and a review of domestic and foreign scientific literature. In the preparation of the content of the paper, the author will apply the general scientific methods: the descriptive method and the normative method, and the Method of content analysis as a separate scientific method. In the paper, the author will define the term organized crime and define the types of organized crime. In the final part of the paper, the author will identify the detrimental effects of organized crime internally and externally. The subject of research in this paper is organized crime and its threatening effects on national and international security. The purpose of the research in this paper is to study organized crime as a global threat in the scientific literature with its particularities."

scholarly journals DEGREES OF LATENCY OF ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSE AGENT (A CASE STUDY OF BRITISH ONLINE NEWSPAPERS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
O. I. Morozova ◽  
O. S. Zeniakin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Environmental Discourse ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Online Newspapers ◽  
Zero Degree ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Research Account ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
The Guardian

This article proposes a study of degrees of latency of the agent, which is a semantic role performed by a participant of the communicative situation described in a sentence; this role correlates with the instigator of the action. The agent can be expressed explicitly, so that everybody understands who the action is performed by, or in a hidden, latent way. Drawing on Goatly’s (2018) research which demonstrates that degrees of agent’s latency can vary, we modify his scale of latency by taking into consideration non-verbal (visual) means. A great societal concern for environmental issues around the globe nowadays, together with the ecolinguistic vector of this research account for its timeliness. The purpose of this research is to identify the degrees of latency of the agent of environmental discourse. Syntactic constructions, lexical units, and visual images that render the agent were chosen as the object-matter of analysis, while the degrees of latency – as its subject-matter. The methods comprise general scientific methods, such as induction and deduction, synthesis and analysis, observation and contrast, as well as linguistic methods proper: critical discourse analysis, semantic analysis, and multimodal analysis. The sample is selected from online versions of most widely read British newspapers, both broadsheets and tabloids, The Guardian and Metro respectively. A modified scale of degrees of agent’s latency is suggested, where six categories of linguistic means are differentiated according to the degree of their latency. Explicit predication is characterized by a zero degree of latency; its measure increases in grammatical constructions, tropes, nominalizations, ellipsis, and indefinite agent respectively. The prospects of this research lie in comparison and quantitative counts of the agent’s latency in different types of British media.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN ACADEMIC TEXT IN DENTISTRY IN TERMS OF LINGUISTIC NORMS: GRAMMAR IMPERFECTIONS AND SOME PRACTICAL RECCOMENDATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-191
Author(s):  
M.M. Zhovnir ◽  
N.V. Bondar
Keyword(s):  
High Rate ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Verbal Nouns ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Grammatical Skills ◽  
Normative Basis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Linguistic Methods

There are different types of discourses and each of them possesses its own particular tools and wars of their linguistic implementation. These phenomena are in the focus of close attention of linguists. The relevance of the chosen study is determined by the importance of high-rate spreading scientific dental knowledge. The effect of such exchange and the quality of the scientific text depends on language skills, basic grammatical norms and communicative qualities of scientific speech. Scientists, who deliberately and consciously have mastered the normative basis of the Ukrainian language, are able to formulate his opinion correctly. It is necessary to know and to use the basic grammatical norms for the correct presentation of scientific thoughts. The purpose of this article is to search for and analyze the frequency of grammatical mistakes recorded in fragments of different genres of scientific dentistry texts: original articles, abstracts, manuals, textbooks, monographs. General scientific methods (observation, comparison, generalization, synthesis, description) and linguistic methods (functional-stylistic, semantic-stylistic, discourse analysis, etc.) were used. In this work the emphasis is placed on the importance of common rules of effective using dictionaries, and the need for an analysis of scientific dental discourse in the normative aspect has been determined. We have pointed out that  the grammatical skills of doctors, their linguistic senses and skills to produce high-quality scientific texts are essential components of professional communicative competence. The article provides the details for correct use of verbal nouns and forms of active adjectives as based on our study these are the weak grammar point for young dental academic writers. The frequency of their representation in the analyzed analytical sources has been analyzed. In addition, we offer practical language recommendations that can be helpful for medical and dental professionals.

scholarly journals BEEKEEPING OF THE PEOPLES OF DAGESTAN IN THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-495
Author(s):  
Zoya B. Ramazanova
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The Status ◽  
Private Research ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cultural Types ◽  
Descriptive Method

The article is devoted to the study of one of the components of the subsidiary sectors of the economy of the peoples of Dagestan in the XIX – early XX century – beekeeping. Studies of historically developed systems of life support of ethnic groups are particularly relevant at the present time, when traditional economic systems, including ancillary occupations of the peoples of Dagestan, are leveled and disappear. Their study is important not only in the development associated with radical changes in social and domestic life, but also in ethnic and cultural interactions. The relevance of the topic is determined by the recently emerging increased interest in the origins of economic and cultural types. The author made a special emphasis on the study of domestic beekeeping, which was combined with bortnichestvo. When writing the article, General scientific methods were used: (analysis, synthesis, induction), allowing to consider the role and place of beekeeping in the system of auxiliary occupations, to show in it the General and special in connection with various conditions (socio-ecological, ethnographic, ecological) of the development of certain regions of the mountainous Dagestan. However, important for this work was the method of logical research, the task of which is to reveal the role played by the individual elements of the system as a whole. Together with General scientific the article uses private research methods: the identification of a specific, descriptive method, etc. The author gives information from the literature on the development of domestic beekeeping, which at the time was combined with beekeeping, Terekemens, Hvarsins, Genuchtens, Gunzibs, Gogoberins, Surgens, Lezgins. Also based on information from a Review of the Dagestan region is composed of a table on the status of beekeeping in 7 districts of the Dagestan region in 1900: Avar, Gunibsky, Dargin, Kazikumukh, Kaitago-Tabasaran, Kyurinsky and Temir-Khan-Sorenstam. The author concludes that in the XIX – early XX century natural-geographical, socio-economic, ethnic and spiritual factors actively influenced the traditional economic activities, in particular, beekeeping.

scholarly journals AUXILIARY PREMISE THE PEOPLES OF SOUTHERN DAGESTAN IN THE XIX-BEGINNING. XX CENTURY. (ETHNO-ECOLOGICAL ASPECT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-769
Author(s):  
Zoya B. Ramazanova ◽  
Sevda A. Suleymanova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Ecological Aspect ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
Soviet Time ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Descriptive Method

The article is based on field ethnographic material collected by the author in southern Dagestan. Mainly considered buildings of the XIX-beginning. XX century. Auxiliary premises and buildings that had additional (applied) functions affected not only the volume of housing, but also significantly determined its appearance, the layout of the housing and economic complex, the composition of construction materials, the size and build-up of the yard, and the sanitary condition. The article indicates the attachment to the home of a storeroom for food and other auxiliary buildings. When writing the article, we used General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), which allow us to consider the role and place of auxiliary buildings in the ethnoculture of the peoples of southern Dagestan, and show what is special in connection with various conditions (environmental). In addition to General scientific research, the article uses special research methods: identification of the specific, descriptive method, etc. In the article, we came to the following results – the considered auxiliary (economic, applied) buildings had two ecological functions: storage of food and household equipment (barn, sheds) and for keeping livestock. In conclusion, a little is said about the Soviet time, and the post-Soviet time is not affected, since at this time there is no certain pattern of development of the traditional economic complex.

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