scholarly journals TRAGIC VISUALIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE OF THEBES IN STATIUS’ THEBAID

Author(s):  
Виктория Константиновна Пичугина ◽  
Андрей Юрьевич Можайский

Сочинение Публия Папиния Стация «Фиваида» представляет собой самое обширное дошедшее до нас изложение войны, развязанной сыновьями фиванского царя Эдипа – Этеоклом и Полиником. Братоубийственная война у Стация является преступлением, о котором он хочет поведать читателю, утвердив себя в роли морализирующего поэта, который является настолько же римским, насколько и греческим. В случае с детьми Эдипа война является божественным наставлением-наказанием, которое не могут или не хотят предотвратить смертные. Этеокл и Полиник в изображении Стация – это злые по природе юноши, ненависть которых друг к другу и жажда власти являются врожденными. Осуществив пересечение жанров, Стаций создал новую версию мифологических событий, к которой обращались как древнегреческие, так и древнеримские драматурги. В его версии Этеокл и Полиник не являются последним поколением, к которому перешло проклятие, передающееся по мужской линии между потомками фиванского царя Лая и неизбежно затрагивающее линию женскую. Словно давая Этеоклу и Полинику шанс стать лучше, Стаций постоянно отсрочивает начало войны, что позволяет Полинику обзавестись ребенком, которому уготовано стать четвертым поколением «нечестивого рода». О судьбе этого ребенка Стаций не сообщает, давая читателю право самому решить, станет ли он очередным педагогическим фиаско или обернется педагогической победой над проклятьем дома Лая. В статье также была проанализирована терминология Стация и Гигина относительно погребения Полиника – одной из ключевых точек сюжета. Для обозначения погребального костра Гигин использует слово pyra, которое заимствовано из греческого языка (πυρά). Стаций предпочитает использовать латинский аналог (bustum) для определения погребального костра Этеокла, куда Антигона с Аргией водружают тело Полиника. Сцена погребения Полиника Антигоной и Аргией, описанная Стацием и Гигином, имеет свое визуальное воспроизведение на мраморном саркофаге конца II в. н. э. (Villa Doria Pamphilj). Подтверждением тому, что версия погребения Полиника Антигоной и Аргией не придумана в римское время, а является древнегреческой традицией, которая уходит корнями в архаический период, являются данные материальной культуры. Например, саркофаг из Коринфа, датируемый серединой II в. н. э., имеющий в своем художественном выражении классическое греческое влияние, а также этрусская амфора ок. 550 г. до н. э. (Basel: Inv. Züst 209), где изображен поединок Полиника с Тидеем, за которым наблюдают Аргия и ее сестра Деипила. The Thebaid by Publius Papinius Statius is the most extensive surviving account of the war started by the sons of the Theban king Oedipus—Eteocles and Polynices. This fratricidal war is a crime that Statius wants to tell the reader about, having established himself in the role of a moralizing poet who is equally Roman and Greek. In the case of Oedipus’ children, the war is a divine instruction-punishment that mortals cannot or do not want to prevent. Eteocles and Polynices, as described by Statius, are young men evil by nature, experiencing the innate hatred of each other and lust for power. Having mixed the genres, Statius created a new version of the mythological events, which both ancient Greek and ancient Roman playwrights turned to. In his version, Eteocles and Polynices are not the last generation to whom the curse passed. Though the curse descended on the male line among the descendants of the Theban king Laius, it inevitably affected the female line as well. As if giving Eteocles and Polynices a chance to become better, Statius keeps delaying the beginning of the war, which allows Polynices to have a baby who is destined to become the fourth generation of the “wicked family”. Statius does not report on the fate of this child, giving readers the right to decide for themselves whether he will become the next pedagogical fiasco or turn into a pedagogical victory over the curse of the House of Laius. The article also analyzes the terminology used by Statius and Hyginus regarding the burial of Polynices—one of the key points of the plot. To refer to the funeral pyre, Hyginus uses the word ‘pyra’ borrowed from Greek (πυρά). Statius chooses to use the Latin word ‘bustum’ to refer to the funeral pyre of Eteocles, where Antigone and Argia place the body of Polynices. The scene of Antigone and Argia burying Polynices, described by Statius and Hyginus, is reproduced on a marble sarcophagus dating back to late II AD (Villa Doria Pamphilj). The fact that the version of Antigone and Argia buried Polynices was not invented in the Roman times but is rooted in an ancient Greek tradition going back to the archaic period is confirmed by the artifacts from material culture: for example, a sarcophagus from Corinth dating from the middle of the second century AD, which demonstrates a classical Greek influence, and an Etruscan amphora dating from approx. 550 BC (Basel: Inv. Züst 209), which depicts a combat between Polynices and Tydeus that Argia and her sister Deipyle watched.

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel W. Palka

Throughout Maya history the left and right sides of the human body, left/right spatial orientation, and handedness have had important cultural and symbolic meanings. This essay examines left/right symbolism in relation to the body, which is generally overlooked in studies of archaeological societies and material culture, and discusses how it relates to ancient Maya ideology and behavior. New information from Classic Maya iconography, plus corroborative information from Maya ethnography and cross-cultural investigations, support the proposition that left/right symbolic differences and hierarchies were present in ancient Maya society. For the Classic Maya, as with contemporary Maya peoples, the right hand or side of the body often signified “pure, powerful, or superordinate,” and the left frequently symbolized “weaker, lame, or subordinate” in particular cultural contexts. Hence, in Classic Maya imagery, kings face to their right and use their right hands, while subordinates are oriented to their left and frequently use their left hands. Following comparative anthropological analyses, consideration of handedness and human body symmetry help explain the left/right dichotomy and the apparent primacy of the right in Classic Maya spatial reference, social order, and worldview. The findings of this study have important implications for the examination of left/right symbolism in material culture, images of the body, and ideology in other societies.


1921 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-415
Author(s):  
I. I. Rusetsky

Patient V.A., 15 years old, school student. From the side of heredity: a) female line: in the mother's family - tuberculosis, c) male line: the father and his mother - petit mal, uncle - mentally ill, two aunts committed suicide, brother - mentally ill, with weak mi light. A. did not have any special diseases in childhood. In December 1919, scarlet fever. In May 1920 cold, weakness, cough for some time. After recovery, general weakness remained, which gradually intensified and seized in December 1920 all the muscles of the body. The patient stopped walking, sitting. poor control of hands, developed some ptosis, difficulty chewing and swallowing, obstipatio chronica, severe headaches with dizziness and nausea, tinnitus, weight loss. There were no painful phenomena (except for headache). Since January 1921, some weakening of symptoms appeared: the patient began to control his hands, swallow, chew, the bowel movements became self-reliant, only rapid muscle fatigue remained. In the last two months, there has been a renewed weakness.


1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E Leonard

Historically Western medicine has been divided into two main schools that were based on the ancient Greek tradition. These are the Hygeian school, based on the views of Hippocrates (born 460 BC), and the Asclepian school which is named after the Greek god of medicine but probably based on the physician Asclepius who was said to have performed miracles!In brief, the Hygeian school of medicine views health as a natural state of the body. The body is believed to be endowed with inherent healing powers which, if one lives in harmony with these powers, maintains health and helps to restore it should it become impaired. Disease is seen as a manifestation of a weakness of the inherent healing powers of the body and the function of the physician is to help the patients to live within the natural law (vis medicatrix naturae) and to remove impediments to those mechanisms that maintain and restore health.The second school that has profoundly influenced the development of modern medicine is the Asclepian school which arose in about 1200 BC around the teaching of Asclepius. This school focuses on diseases, their causes and cures. Each disease is considered to be the effect of, or response to, a specific cause that primarily affects a specific organ system. For every disease it is postulated that there is a specific drug or procedure which can alleviate the symptoms or cure the disease. Thus, the successful physician is the one who can make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the correct therapy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
V. I. Molodin ◽  
L. N. Mylnikova ◽  
M. S. Nesterova ◽  
E. S. Shvetsova

Purpose. Turkic peoples started to spread in the Baraba forest-steppe in the 8th century AD, bringing in their material culture and mixing with local population. At present, there have been recorded two settlements: Lozhka-4 and Sadovka in the Baraba forest-steppe. More commonly studied burial complexes include Chulym-2, Bolshie Luki-1, -3, Vladimirovka-3, Tretie Otdelenie-1, -2, Bazovo-1, Bazovo-2, Vengerovo-1, Vengerovo VII, Preobrazhenka-3, Sopka-2, Turunovka-3A, Hodunekovo, Aul-Koshkul, Oltary-1, Osintsevo-IV. Burial grounds are represented in three types: single mounds, groups of mounds and ground burials. We described the content of the ground burial found in 2016, which belongs to the Early Middle Age and was situated on the settlement of the Krotovo culture Vengerovo-2. Results. It was a single ground burial, located in the South-East – North-West direction. The skeleton was placed in an elongated position, arms along the body, the skull turned to the left and tilted to the shoulder. There was an iron knife in a poor condition near the diseased man’s left hand. There were found two horn buckles to the left of the sacrum and to the right of the lumbar spine. According to the classification by V. I. Molodin of the bone buckles of the Baraba forest-steppe, the full buckle can be referred to the type I, subtype 2, and it can be dated to the 7–8th centuries. By analogy with the buckles of the Srostkinskaya culture, the buckle from Vengerovo-2 is rectangular with a rounded frame, has a T-shape, and the slot for rolling the tongue is separated from the end of the slot isthmus. Such products were widely spread in the Middle Age cultures of Siberia and are dated in a broad range to the 8–10th centuries. The closest analogues to these items can be found in materials of the site Tartas-1, where burials of different times and cultures are represented, and which is situated near Vengerovo-2 settlement. Similar ground burials had been found at the Tartas-1 cemetery in 2008, 2009 and 2011. By the traits of their burial rite and inventory, they were referred to the ancient Turkic culture. Tartas-1 is an elite cemetery of the Turkic epoch on the territory of the Baraba forest-steppe as the site contained stuffed horses and a wide set of accessories such as weapons, jewelry, art objects and horse harness in its burials. There is another similar site, Turunovka-3A, where three shallow-dug soil graves were uncovered at the edge of the high shore terrace. The ancient graves of the Baraba burial ground Vengerovo-2 also do not include ceramic vessels. Conclusion. On the basis of the specific features of the burial rite and inventory, the burial on the site Vengerovo-2 is referred to a common type which was left by the population of the ancient Turkic culture of the Baraba.


2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. Abeke ◽  
A. A. Sekoni ◽  
A. I. Adeyinka ◽  
C. A. Igbozurike ◽  
E. O. Ubani ◽  
...  

A study was carried out to monitor the effect of feed manipulation on the growth and development of male and female line Hubbard broiler parent stock reared under tropical open sided poultry house without any form of cooling system or any temperature regulating mechanism. A total of 255 females and 105 males for the male line and 360 females and 150 males for the female line were used. The birds were fed a normal soya cake/groundnut cake and maize based broiler starter ration of 2900kcal/kg ME and 20% CP and a grower ration containing 2650kcal/kg ME with 16% CP as stipulated by the Hubbard rearing guide. The birds were fed ad libitum for the first 2 weeks and thereafter placed on restricted feeding in line with the standard rearing guideline provided by the Hubbard breeding company for optimum growth and development. It was observed that the body weights of the birds did not differ much from the standard body weight expected at 20 weeks even though they were reared in the normal tropical open sided poultry house without sophisticated modern facilities. This shows that feed manipulation can be used to achieve desired weight in broiler parent stock rearing


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 8-28
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Kutasi

Based on the knowledge of ancient Greek philosophers, medieval Arabic theoretical anatomy describes the organs, their roles and function as well as their mutual relationships on a philosophical basis wherever there are organs with higher and subordinate roles. According to Ibn Sīnā Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn b. ‘Alī (Avicenna) (370-428 AH or 980-1037 AD), everything in nature is connected with everything else, and the main operator of the body is the immortal divine soul (rūḥ). While breathing, a part of the divine soul enters the lungs, and then the heart as its mixture with blood where 'pneuma' is formed, which spreads out along the arteries throughout the body. The soul part of the inhaled air (al-hawāʼ) regulates the heat of the heart and nourishes it. According to Ibn Sīna, the heart has three cavities: one on the right side, one on the left side, and the third in the middle, which serves as a kind of blood store. The liver governs the right side, the spleen governs the left one. The heart is located in the middle of the chest maintaining a kind of balance between the two vascular systems. The left side has been exalted by the fact that the divine soul comes from the air to the left side of the heart, and from here it floods the whole body through the arteries. The right side of the body is dedicated to bodily functions like turning food into blood, nourishing the organs, and removing the excess. The right half of the body is operated by the left half through nerves originating from the brain. In the brain, the two sides merge. The source of the veins in the liver, while the arteries originate from the heart. As part of a close reading of the text, I created a diagram of branches of the blood vessels to facilitate their identification. In many passages of the anatomical description, we only learn that the vessel in question branches in three, four or five directions and travels in a certain direction or towards certain parts of the body. There is always a branch among them, indeed the largest one, and by connecting these largest branches, we get the full path of a given blood vessel from the beginning to the end. Such as the route v. cava superior from the right ventricle (branches in two directions) - v. brachiocephalica (branches to five) - v. subclavia (branches towards 4) - v. axillaris (branches towards 3) - v. basilica (2 branches branch to 4 at the forearm) - v. mediana cubiti (branches towards 2) - v. salvatella from the heart to fingers. In some cases, erroneous conclusions can be identified in Ibn Sīna's description wherever he connects blood vessels with different origins. Sometimes Ibn Sīna begins to describe a route of a blood vessel and then continues to describe another blood vessel as if it were a continuation of the previous one. Alternatively, he also assigns branches belonging to one blood vessel to branches belonging to another one, such as the v. jugularis interna in the description of branches of the v. jugularis externa.


2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (2) ◽  
pp. L121-L128 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. West

Galen (129–c. 216 AD) was a key figure in the early development of Western physiology. His teachings incorporated much of the ancient Greek traditions including the work of Hippocrates and Aristotle. Galen himself was a well-educated Greco-Roman physician and physiologist who at one time was a physician to the gladiators in Pergamon. Later he moved to Rome, where he was associated with the Roman emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. The Galenical school was responsible for voluminous writings, many of which are still extant. One emphasis was on the humors of the body, which were believed to be important in disease. Another was the cardiopulmonary system, including the belief that part of the blood from the right ventricle could enter the left through the interventricular septum. An extraordinary feature of these teachings is that they dominated thinking for some 1,300 years and became accepted as dogma by both the State and Church. One of the first anatomists to challenge the Galenical teachings was Andreas Vesalius, who produced a magnificent atlas of human anatomy in 1543. At about the same time Michael Servetus described the pulmonary transit of blood, but he was burned at the stake for heresy. Finally, with William Harvey and others in the first part of the 17th century, the beginnings of modern physiology emerged with an emphasis on hypotheses and experimental data. Nevertheless, vestiges of Galen's teaching survived into the 19th century.


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-18
Author(s):  
Lauren Rebecca Sklaroff

This state of the field essay examines recent trends in American Cultural History, focusing on music, race and ethnicity, material culture, and the body. Expanding on key themes in articles featured in the special issue of Cultural History, the essay draws linkages to other important literatures. The essay argues for more a more serious consideration of the products within popular culture, less as a reflection of social or economic trends, rather for their own historical significance. While the essay examines some classic texts, more emphasis is on work published within the last decade. Here, interdisciplinary methods are stressed, as are new research perspectives developing by non-western historians.


Author(s):  
Anne Phillips

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.


2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Doni Budiono

The  authority  of justice in Indonesia  is executed by  the Supreme Courts and  the  justice  boards/body under the Supreme Courts, including  the general  justice, religious affairs justice, military justice,  state administration  justice,  and  the Constitution Court. According to  certainty in  the Act of  Tax Court, Article1, clause  (5),  tax  dispute   refers to the legal dispute arising in the  taxation  affairs between the  tax payer or the  body  responsible for the  tax with   the government   executives  ( Directorate General of Tax) as the consequence of   the issue of  the decree for the  appeal  to the Tax  Court in accordance with the  tax Act, including the  charge  against the  execution of collection   in accordance with the  Act of Tax Collection by force. The  formation of Tax Court is  designed by  the Executives, in this case, the  Department of Finance, specifically  the Directorate   General  of Tax  which has the right to issue  law  more technical about  tax accord to Article 14,  letter A,  President Decree  no. 44  year 1974,  concerning the  basic  organization of the Department.  Based on  it,  it  is clear that  in addition to execute the government  rules and policy,  this body  has to execute judicial   rules and policy. This is against the  principles of  Judicative  Power/Authority in Indonesia,  which   clearly states that this body  should be under the Supreme Court.   Therefore. It is suggested that   the Act  No UU no.14 Year 2012 concerning  Tax Court   be revised  in accordance with the system of  Power Division  of Justice  as  stated in 45 Constitutions.


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