Strong earthquakes in Azerbaijan for historical and contemporary periods (conceptual review)

Based on the results of the study of literary and archival primary sources, the paper clarifies the available information about catastrophic and destructive earthquakes in Azerbaijan for the historical period with a magnitude of M≥6. Among the strong historical earthquakes in Azerbaijan there are the following: earthquakes in 427, the Ganja (Goygol in 1139), the Ganja in 1235, the East Caucasian in 1667 (± 1 year), the Mashtaga (1842), numerous Shamakhi earthquakes (1192, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1828, 1859, 1868, 1872, 1902), Ardebil (1924), Lankaran (1913), Caspian earthquakes (957, 1812, 1842, 1852, 1911, 1935, 1961, 1963, 1986, 1989, 2000), which caused both changes in the relief of the Earth’s surface, and the destruction of buildings and numerous human casualties. The background seismicity was investigated based on the results of continuous instrumental observations for the period 1902—2019. Seismic processes are unevenly distributed on the territory of Azerbaijan. Existing catalogs of seismic events have been investigated. The behavioral changes in seismicity parameters have been studied. An overview conceptual analysis of two main methods for assessing seismic hazard is given: probabilistic and deterministic, which have found their wide application in recent decades. In conclusion, the most important and general tasks of future seismological studies are emphasized, which are to be performed in the next decades.

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Integrating macroseismic intensity distributions with a probabilistic approach: an application in Italy

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-21-2299-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 2299-2311

Author(s):

Andrea Antonucci ◽

Andrea Rovida ◽

Vera D'Amico ◽

Dario Albarello

Keyword(s):

Southern Italy ◽

Central Italy ◽

Probabilistic Approach ◽

Source Characterization ◽

Strong Earthquakes ◽

Intensity Prediction ◽

Macroseismic Intensities ◽

Earthquake Effects ◽

Available Information

Abstract. The geographic distribution of earthquake effects quantified in terms of macroseismic intensities, the so-called macroseismic field, provides basic information for several applications including source characterization of pre-instrumental earthquakes and risk analysis. Macroseismic fields of past earthquakes as inferred from historical documentation may present spatial gaps, due to the incompleteness of the available information. We present a probabilistic approach aimed at integrating incomplete intensity distributions by considering the Bayesian combination of estimates provided by intensity prediction equations (IPEs) and data documented at nearby localities, accounting for the relevant uncertainties and the discrete and ordinal nature of intensity values. The performance of the proposed methodology is tested at 28 Italian localities with long and rich seismic histories and for two well-known strong earthquakes (i.e., 1980 southern Italy and 2009 central Italy events). A possible application of the approach is also illustrated relative to a 16th-century earthquake in the northern Apennines.

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Maria Sibylla Merian: uma mulher transformando ciência em arte

História da Ciência e Ensino construindo interfaces ◽

10.23925/2178-2911.2018v18i1p88-105 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Elaine Ferreira Machado ◽

Awdry Feisser Miquelin

Keyword(s):

Life Cycles ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Historical Period ◽

Spontaneous Generation ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

History Of ◽

Rich Material ◽

Teaching Learning ◽

Reproductive Cycles ◽

Learning Relations

ResumoEste artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar a vida e, principalmente, a obra de uma artista-cientista do século XVII, Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), bem como o potencial da sua produção para as relações de ensino-aprendizagem em Ciências. Para isso, foram feitas pesquisas bibliográficas tanto de fontes primárias como fontes secundárias relativas à biografia da autora. Considera-se sua obra e, principalmente, seus estudos sobre os seres vivos, com seus respectivos ciclos de vida, uma produção inédita ao período histórico em que viveu. Nesse período, acreditava-se na geração espontânea e, no entanto, ela conseguiu observar, descrever e pintar em tela os seres vivos e seus ciclos reprodutivos. Assim, as inúmeras telas por ela produzidas e publicadas em seus livros constituem material riquíssimo para a exploração e transposição no ensino. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; Maria Sibylla Merian; Ensino.AbstractThis article aims to present the life and mainly the work of a seventeenth-century artist-scientist, Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), as well as the potential of its production for teaching-learning relations in Sciences. For this, bibliographical research was done both from primary sources and secondary sources related to the biography of the author. Her work, and especially her studies of living beings with their respective life cycles, is an unprecedented production of the historical period in which she lived, where she believed in spontaneous generation, and yet she was able to observe, describe and paint on canvas the living beings and their reproductive cycles. The innumerable canvases she produces and published in her books are very rich material for exploration and transposition in teaching.Keywords: History of Science; Maria Sibylla Merian; Teaching.

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THE CONCEPT OF RISALAT AND ITS HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ROLE

The Light of Islam ◽

10.47980/tloi/2020/3/9 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 86-92

Author(s):

Farrukh Kushbayev

Keyword(s):

Comparative Method ◽

Political Life ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Historical Period ◽

Young Generation ◽

Way Of Life ◽

Scientific Heritage ◽

Lexical Meaning ◽

The Social ◽

Ideological Influence

The main goal of the article is to give a clearer picture of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and his activities to spread the idea of monotheism based on the verses of the Koran. In particular, by objectively illuminating the historical essence of the formation of medieval Arab society during the period of rising, to prevent the emergence of misconceptions about Islam and its prophet in the minds of the modern young generation. The article first explains the lexical meaning of the term “risolat (mission)”, and then analyzes the ideological influence of this concept as a historical process on the political life of the Arab peoples and peoples of the world. In particular, dictionaries reveal the comparative meaning and relevance of this word, as well as its use in the Quran, the main source of Islam. In academic and traditional translations and interpretations of the meanings of the Koran into other languages, in particular Uzbek, Russian and Eng., the word “messenger” is also explained on the basis of individual comparisons - using the method of comparative analysis. At the same time, the radical changes that took place in the social and cultural life of people as a result of the mission that took place in medieval Arab society were analyzed based on a comparative method using historical facts and verses from the Koran. The article also emphasizes the need to rely on an objective approach to research in the study of the history and culture of Islam. Also, the article lists the author’s research on this topic, carried out during his scientific research. At the same time, it explains in detail with the help of examples of how the verses sent at the beginning of Islam influenced the way of life of people. It also reveals the scientific and analytical study of a separate historical period of Islam - the period of the life of the Prophet. In the final part of the article, a conclusion is made about the importance of the primary sources and the scientific heritage of our scientists in the study and coverage of historical facts.

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ABOUT SOIL SEISMIC VIBRATIONS SPECTRA IN EARTHQUAKE NEAR ZONE

Геология и геофизика Юга России ◽

10.23671/vnc.2015.2.55271 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Э.Г. Геодакян ◽

С.М. Оганесян ◽

С.Н. Саргсян ◽

Дж.К. Карапетян

Keyword(s):

Earthquake Source ◽

Dynamic Parameters ◽

Seismic Zoning ◽

Strong Earthquakes ◽

Earthquake Sources ◽

Instrumental Observations ◽

Near Zone ◽

Seismic Vibrations ◽

Source Physics ◽

Seismic Impacts

Изучение спектральных и динамических параметров очагов землетрясений по данным инженерных макросейсмических и инструментальных наблюдений необходимо для решения многих задач фундамен- тальной и прикладной сейсмологии. Это задачи физики очага, процессов подготовки сильных землетря- сений, задачи сейсмического районирования, микрорайонирования, расчета сейсмических воздействий, геофизической защиты территории и т. д. Study of spectral and dynamic parameters of earthquake sources with the help of the data of engineering macroseismic and instrumental observations is necessary for many fundamental and applied seismology problems solving. These are the problems of earthquake source physics, processes of strong earthquakes origination, problems of seismic zoning, microzonation, seismic impacts calculation, geophysical protection of territory etc.

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Prolegomena to the Study of the Jewish Magical Tradition

Currents in Biblical Research ◽

10.1177/1476993x09339445 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 107-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Gideon Bohak

Keyword(s):

Cross Cultural ◽

First Century ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Historical Period ◽

Main Claim ◽

Jewish Communities ◽

Jewish Society ◽

Starting Point ◽

Trace Processes ◽

Twenty First Century

Recent years have seen a steady rise in the scholarly interest in Jewish magic. The present paper seeks to take stock of what has already been done, to explain how further study of Jewish magical texts and artifacts might make major contributions to the study of Judaism as a whole, and to provide a blueprint for further progress in this field. Its main claim is that the number of unedited and even uncharted primary sources for the study of Jewish magic is staggering, and that these sources must serve as the starting point for any serious study of the Jewish magical tradition from antiquity to the twenty-first century. Such a study must both compare the Jewish magical texts and practices of each historical period with those of the contemporaneous non-Jewish world, and thus trace processes of cross-cultural contacts and influences, and compare the Jewish magical texts and practices of one period with those of another, so as to detect processes of inner-Jewish continuity and transmission. Finally, such a study must flesh out the place of magical practices and practitioners within the Jewish society of different periods, and within different Jewish communities.

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Locking Status and Earthquake Potential Hazard along the Middle-South Xianshuihe Fault

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs10122048 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2048 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rumeng Guo ◽

Yong Zheng ◽

Wen Tian ◽

Jianqiao Xu ◽

Wenting Zhang

Keyword(s):

Slip Rate ◽

Relaxation Effect ◽

Historical Earthquakes ◽

Coulomb Stress ◽

Deformation Model ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Viscoelastic Deformation ◽

Strong Earthquakes ◽

Coulomb Stress Changes ◽

Stress Changes

By combining the seismogenic environment, seismic recurrence periods of strong historical earthquakes, precise locations of small–moderate earthquakes, and Coulomb stress changes of moderate–strong earthquakes, we analyze the potential locking status of a seismically quiet segment of Xianshuihe fault between Daofu County and Kangding City (SDK). The interseismic surface velocities between 1999 and 2017 are obtained from updated global positioning system (GPS) observations in this region. After removing the post-seismic relaxation effect caused by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake that occurred around the fault segment, the observed velocities reveal a pronounced symmetric slip pattern along the SDK trace. The far field slip rate is 7.8 ± 0.4 mm/a, and the fault SDK is confirmed to be in an interseismic silent phase. The optimal locking depth is estimated at 7 km, which is perfectly distributed on the upper edge of the relocated hypocenters. A moment deficit analysis shows cumulative seismic moment between 1955 and 2018, corresponding to an Mw 6.6 event. Finally, based on a viscoelastic deformation model, we find that moderate–strong earthquakes in the surrounding area increase the Coulomb stress level by up to 2 bars on the SDK, significantly enhancing the future seismic potential.

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El deporte en la educación física escolar. La revisión histórica de una crítica inacabada (Sport in school physical education. Historical review of an unfinished critique)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i34.57963 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 403-411

Author(s):

Xavier Torrebadella-Flix ◽

José Antonio Domínguez Montes

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

19Th Century ◽

Great Part ◽

Historical Review ◽

Primary Sources ◽

Historical Period ◽

Current State ◽

Original Works ◽

Siglo Xix ◽

Siglo Xx

El deporte apareció como un nuevo sistema de educación física, creando y configurando su propia escuela y enfrentándose a las tres grandes escuelas o tendencias gimnásticas dominantes en la Europa del siglo XIX. El presente artículo de corte histórico, plantea los posicionamientos entre defensores y detractores del deporte, en relación a la educación física escolar; se expone y desarrolla una revisión histórica y crítica la cual se diría que está inacabada. Para dar alcance al objeto de estudio suscitado, nos apoyamos en la metodología heurística, basada principalmente en la búsqueda de fuentes documentales primarias, donde gran parte de la indagación documental se ha obtenido de la revisión y del análisis crítico en torno a las obras originales del período histórico comprendido entre finales del siglo XIX y el primer tercio del siglo XX. Renombrados especialistas en la materia, posicionados como partidarios y detractores exponen sus ideas y justifican su tesis a través de aportaciones de gran peso y calado histórico, hasta el punto de que hoy día este espacio de controversia didáctica y pedagógica perdura entre los docentes en el marco de la educación física escolar.Abstract. Sport appeared as a new system of physical education, creating and forming its own school and facing three big schools or gymnastic dominant trends in 19th-century Europe. The present article raises the positioning between defenders and detractors of sport in relation to school physical education; exposing and developing a historical and critical review which might be seen as unfinished. We used heuristic methodology based on the search of documented primary sources, which constituted a great part for the review and critical analysis concerning original works of the historical period between the end of 19th century and the first third of the 20th century. Renowned specialists in this matter, positioned as supporters and detractors, exposed their ideas justifying their theory by using contributions of great weight and historical importance up to the current state outlining the prolonged didactic and pedagogic controversy among teachers in the framework of school physical education.

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Geomagnetic effect of earthquakes

Доклады Академии наук ◽

10.31857/s0869-56524882197-201 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 488 (2) ◽

pp. 197-201

Author(s):

A. A. Spivak ◽

S. A. Riabova

Keyword(s):

Maximum Amplitude ◽

Geomagnetic Disturbances ◽

Geomagnetic Variations ◽

Strong Earthquakes ◽

Long Period ◽

Geomagnetic Effect ◽

Instrumental Observations ◽

Short Period ◽

Geosphere Dynamics ◽

Academy Of Sciences

Based on the results of instrumental observations carried out at a number of mid-latitude observatories of the INTERMAGNET network and at the Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory of Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of Russian Academy of Sciences, it is shown that strong earthquakes are accompanied by increased variations of Earth’s magnetic field. In this case, the short-period stage (period ~ 0.5-0.8 min) and long-period stage (period ~ 5-20 min) of increased geomagnetic variations are clearly distinguished. The maximum amplitude of induced geomagnetic variations is 1.5-2 nT and 2- 4 nT, respectively, for short-period and long-period variations. A similar in morphology and almost synchronous nature of the induced geomagnetic disturbances at the observatories located at significantly different distances from the earthquake source is noted.

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Using Google Earth Images to Extract Dense Landslides Induced by Historical Earthquakes at the Southwest of Ordos, China

Frontiers in Earth Science ◽

10.3389/feart.2020.633342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Du Peng ◽

Xu Yueren ◽

Tian Qinjian ◽

Li Wenqiao

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Source Parameters ◽

Extended Period ◽

Historical Earthquakes ◽

Google Earth ◽

Historical Documents ◽

Historical Earthquake ◽

Strong Earthquakes ◽

Ordos Block ◽

Earthquake Zone

As historical earthquake records are simple, determining the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes over an extended period is difficult. There are numerous uncertainties in the study of historical earthquakes based on limited literature records. Co-seismic landslide interpretation combined with historical documents can yield the possibility of reducing these uncertainties. The dense co-seismic landslides can be preserved for hundreds to thousands of years in Loess Plateau, North China; furthermore, there are notable attribute differences between earthquake landslides and rainfall-triggered landslides. Along the southwestern margin of the Ordos Block, only one severe earthquake has been recorded in the past 3,000 years. The records of “Sanchuan exhaustion and Qishan collapse” provide clues for an investigation of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake. In this study, combined with historical documents, current high-resolution Google Earth images were used to extract historical landslides along the southwestern of the Ordos Block. There were 6,876 landslides with a total area of 643 km2. The landslide-intensive areas were mainly distributed along the Longxian–Qishan–Mazhao Fault in the loess valley area on the northeastern side of the fault. Loess tableland and river terraces occur on the southwest side of the fault; dense landslides have not been examined due to the topographical conditions in this area. By analyzing the spatial distribution of historical earthquake damage in this region, comparing the characteristics of rainfall-triggered landslides, and combining existing dating results for bedrock collapse and loess landslides, the interpretation of dense historical landslides can be linked to the Qishan Earthquake. The interpretation results are associated with historical records. Analyses of current earthquake cases show that the distribution of dense landslides triggered by strong earthquakes can indicate the episeismic area of an earthquake. In addition, the non-integrated landslide catalog without small- and medium-scale coseismic landslides can be used to effectively determine the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes and perform quantitative evaluations. This study evaluates the focal parameters of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake based on interpretations of the spatial distribution range of historical landslides as representations of the range of the extreme earthquake zone.

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Seismotectonics of Armenia: main problems

Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Earth Sciences ◽

10.21638/spbu07.2021.310 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Rudolf S. Sargsyan ◽

◽

Karlen S. Ghazaryan ◽

Valeriy Yu. Burmin ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seismic Hazard ◽

Historical Earthquakes ◽

Probabilistic Assessment ◽

Strong Earthquakes ◽

Seismological Data ◽

Observation Systems ◽

Fault Tectonics ◽

Discrete Nature ◽

Lattice Network ◽

Instrumental Period

The article describes the main problems in the existing researches on the seismotectonics of the territory of Armenia. A review was conducted on certain issues related to the accuracy of the initial seismological data, the problem of identifying possible focal zones of strong earthquakes, and the probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard of the territory of Armenia. As the results of numerous studies show, the initial seismological data from catalogs and bulletins are characterized by their heterogeneity. Different observation systems and different methods of seismological data processing have led to the fact that when visualizing the spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters on the territory of Armenia, during the instrumental period of observations, an artificially lattice network of epicenters is obtained, which does not agree in any way with the fault tectonics of the territory. During the stud of distribution of earthquake hypocenters by depth, the discrete nature of their distribution was revealed. There is also a number of disadvantages in the area of allocation of focal zones of strong earthquakes. The main part of the conducted research was mainly based on data on previously recorded strong seismic events, as well as on data on historical earthquakes, as a result, for the most part of the studied territory, in fact, no research was conducted. In addition, there are relevant questions about the tectonic basis used in these studies. The last group of problems concerns the probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard of the territory of Armenia. It is shown that in the existing works, there are quite a lot of unsubstantiated assumptions.Based on the analysis, it is concluded that in the field of seismotectonic studies of the territory of Armenia, there are a number of urgent tasks that require priority solutions.

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