scholarly journals PerkecambahanPeronosclerospora spp. Asal Beberapa Daerah di Jawa Barat pada Fungisida Berbahan Aktif Metalaksil, Dimetomorf dan Fenamidon

Agrikultura ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitri Widiantini ◽  
Dwisari Januarily Pitaloka ◽  
Ceppy Nasahi ◽  
Endah Yulia
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
West Java ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Major Disease ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Corn Plants

ABSTRACTGermination of Peronosclerospora spp. isolated from several maize plantation areas in West Java on fungicides containing active ingredient of metalaxyl, dimetomorph and fenamidoneDowny mildew is a major disease in corn plants that affect the world corn production, include in Indonesia. The control of downy mildew that caused by pathogen Peronosclerospora spp. are relying on the use of synthetic fungicides. However, the emergence of the Peronosclerospora spp. resistant against fungicides rise awareness for the need of constant surveillance. The aim of this study was to know the effectiveness of three commonly used active ingredients fungicide (Metalaxyl, Dimetomorph, and Fenamidone) in controlling Peronosclerospora spp. from five regions in Wes Java (Sumedang District,Bandung District, Majalengka District, Garut District and West Bandung District). Experiment was conducted using conidia germination method. The results of this study demonstrated that fungicide with active ingredient of Dimethomorph was able to suppress the germination of conidia Peronosclerospora spp. with 0% of conidia germination in 4 districts (Sumedang, Bandung, Majalengka and Garut) and only 0.47% conidia germinated in isolate collected from West Bandung District. Meanwhile, fenamidon experienced a decrease in effectiveness at West Bandung District. In this study, it was also found that the number of conidia germinated on isolates treated with Metalaxyl did not show any significant difference compared to control. This suggested that Peronosclerospora spp. might resistant to Metalaxyl.Keywords: Downy mildew, Peronosclerospora spp., metalaxyl, dimetomorph, fenamidoneABSTRAKPenyakit bulai merupakan penyakit utama pada tanaman jagung yang berpengaruh terhadap produksi jagung dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Pengendalian penyakit bulai yang disebabkan oleh patogen Peronosclerospora spp. masih bertumpu pada penggunaan fungisida sintetik. Akan tetapi, terjadinya penurunan keefektifan fungisida terhadap Peronosclerospora spp. menyebbkan diperlukannya monitoring secara berkala. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan tiga jenis bahan aktif fungisida yang umum digunakan (Metalaksil, Dimetomorf, dan Fenamidon) dalam mengendalikan penyakit bulai terhadap patogen Peronosclerospora spp.asal lima daerah di Jawa Barat (Kab. Sumedang, Kab. Bandung, Kab. Majalengka, Kab. Garut dan Kab. Bandung Barat). Pengujian keefektifan fungisida dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode perkecambahan konidia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan fungsida dimetomorf terhadap isolat Peronosclerospora spp. asal semua daerah dapat menekan perkecambahan konidia dengan persentase perkecambahannya 0% pada 4 daerah dan 0,47% pada isolat asal daerah Kab. Bandung Barat. Sementara Fenamidon menujukkan indikasi penurunan keefektifan di daerah Bandung Barat. Pada penelitian ini, ditemukan pula adanya indikasi resistensi patogen Peronosclerospora spp. terhadap fungisida Metalaksil. Hal ini terlihat dari perkecambahan konidia yang diperlakukan dengan Metalaksil yang hasilnya tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol yang tidak diperlakukan dengan fungisida.Kata Kunci: Penyakit bulai jagung, Peronosclerospora spp., Metalaksil, Dimetomorf, Fenamidon

scholarly journals Pengaruh Sodium Hipoklorit dan Kalsium Hipoklorit terhadap Daya Hidup Leptospira Patogenik

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
Arief Nugroho ◽  
Esti Rahardianingtyas ◽  
Rendro Wianto ◽  
Nurhidayati Nurhidayati ◽  
Farida Dwi Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Statistical Results

Leptospirosis is still a health problem in the word. Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans trough contact with environment infected with pathogenic Leptospira. Efforts to control pathogenic Leptospira in the environment can be done one of them by disinfecting. Effective desinfectants for the control of pathogenic Leptospira include the active ingredients Calcium hypochlorite 60% and Sodium hypochlorite 5,25%. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Calcium hypochlorite 60% and Sodium hypochlorite 5,25% against the life power of pathogenic Leptospira. This research is a laboratory study with pure experimental design. Serovar of pathogenic Leptospira used is Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae desnsity used as much as 5.7 x 106 Leptospira/ml. The concentrations of desinfectans and bacteria are: 5 ppm, 50 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 10.000 ppm, and 25.000 ppm. Observations are made every ten minutes and twenty minutes with three repeats. The results showed that Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae could not survive when tested on 60% calcium hypochlorite and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, respectively, at a concentration of 2000 ppm and a concentration of 1000 ppm. Statistical results showed there was a significant difference in the concentration of each disinfectant active ingredient. Thus, a disinfectans of chlorine with the active ingredient Calcium hypochlorite 60% and Sodium hypochlorite 5,25% effectively affects the viability of the Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Keywords : Sodium Hypochlorite, Calcium Hypochlorite, Leptospira, Disinfectant Abstrak Leptospirosis masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia. Leptospirosis dapat menular ke manusia lewat kontak dengan lingkungan yang mengandung Leptospira patogenik. Upaya pengendalian Leptospira patogenik di lingkungan dapat dilakukan salah satunya dengan pemberian disinfektan. Disinfektan yang efektif untuk pengendalian Leptospira patogenik diantaranya adalah bahan aktif kalsium hipoklorit 60% dan sodium hipoklorit 5,25%. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas bahan aktif kalsium hipoklorit 60% dan sodium hipoklorit 5,25% terhadap daya hidup Leptospira patogenik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian skala laboratorium dengan rancangan eksperimental murni. Serovar Leptospira patogenik yang digunakan adalah Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Kepadatan Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae yang digunakan sebanyak 5,7 x 106 Leptospira/ml. Konsentrasi campuran disinfektan dan bakteri yaitu: 5 ppm, 50 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm, 10.000 ppm, dan 25.000 ppm. Pengamatan dilakukan tiap 10 menit dan 20 menit dengan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae tidak dapat hidup saat diujikan ke kalsium hipoklorit 60% dan sodium hipoklorit 5,25% berturut-turut pada konsentrasi 2000 ppm dan konsentrasi 1000 ppm. Hasil statistik menunjukkan ada perbedaan signifikan dari besaran konsentrasi masing-masing bahan aktif disinfektan. Dengan demikian, disinfektan klorin dengan bahan aktif calcium hypochlorite 60% dan sodium hypochlorite 5,25% efektif memengaruhi daya hidup Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Kata kunci: Sodium hipoklorit, Kalsium hipoklorit, Leptospira, Disinfektan

Income or Culture? Examining the Determinants of Subjective Wellbeing in an International Sample

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddharth Garg
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Marginal Utility ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Diminishing Marginal Utility ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: The aim of this paper was to examine the relationship between income, subjective wellbeing, and culture among people from a higher socio-economic class across the world. Rationale: Ed Diener proposed the law of diminishing marginal utility as an explanation for differences in subjective wellbeing among different income groups across different countries (Diener, Ng, & Tov, Balance in life and declining marginal utility of diverse resources, 2009). Thus, people with higher incomes would experience less subjective wellbeing due to income, and culture should emerge as a significant predictor. Method: Data from this study came from another study (https://siddharthgargblog.wordpress.com/2019/07/14/love-for-money/). I used an online survey to collect data on annual income in US dollars, subjective wellbeing (WHO-5), and country of residence (Indicator of Culture). 96 responses (Indians = 24, Foreigners = 72) were entered in IBM SPSS and a regression analysis was conducted. The raw dataset used in this study can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8869040.v1Results: ANOVA showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between Indians and foreigners on levels of subjective wellbeing. Linear regression shows the regression coefficient of culture to be significant (Beta = -.254, p = .014) but the regression coefficient of income was not found to be significant. The overall model was found to explain 8.2% of the variance in wellbeing.Conclusion: The sample of this study is too small to make any kind of generalization; it does lend a little bit of support to the idea of diminishing marginal utility of income on subjective wellbeing and provides a rationale for further research.

Jewish Argument Style among Russian Revolutionaries

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-68
Author(s):  
Gabriella Safran
Keyword(s):  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Bold Face

Jewish speech was heard in Russian revolutionary contexts as characterized by emphatic tones, rhetorical questions, an argumentative stance, and sarcasm, all performative elements of Jewish English (je) as well. I examine depictions of Jewish Russian (jr) in the world of the non-Jewish Socialist Revolutionary (sr) leader Victor Chernov. This article first introduces Chernov, then analyzes his depictions of jr, and finally looks at transcripts of speeches by sr leaders for evidence of Jewish speech style. I use speech length, bold-face, exclamation points, and question marks as proxies for the heightened emotion and argumentative stance associated with jr. My analysis indicates no significant difference between the speech of Jewish and non-Jewish sr leaders as a whole, but shows that Chernov’s own speech contains a significantly higher than average use of these elements. This result complicates the notion of ethnolect and suggests that individuals’ evaluations of other people’s language should be examined in light of their biographies.

scholarly journals Effects of Slaughter Positions on Catecholamine, Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle Restrained Using a Modified Mark IV Box

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1979
Author(s):  
Jurhamid Columbres Imlan ◽  
Ubedullah Kaka ◽  
Yong-Meng Goh ◽  
Zulkifli Idrus ◽  
Elmutaz Atta Awad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Delta Waves ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Lateral Recumbency

The proper slaughter positioning of animals is among the most crucial factors in animal welfare. The lateral position in Halal slaughter is a technique used around the world by Muslims, with a few practicing the upright position. The literature on the effects of slaughter in upright versus lateral positions on pain and stress is scarce. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of slaughter positions on blood biochemical parameters, plasma catecholamines, and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses. Twenty Brahman crossbred steers were subjected to slaughter in either lateral recumbency (LP) (n = 10) or an upright position (UP) (n = 10). There was a significant increase in adrenaline (p < 0.0001) and noradrenaline (p < 0.05) at T2 compared to T1 in the animals of both groups. A significant difference (p < 0.0001) was observed in the median frequency (MF) and total power (Ptot) of EEG, parameters for pain and stress, between the animals slaughtered in the upright and the lateral position. However, MF and delta waves were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after slaughter in the UP group than in the LP group. The results demonstrate a lesser amount of stress and pain responses among the LP group.

Effect of Type of Tissue on the Development of Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y T B Bambaradeniya ◽  
W A I P Karunaratne ◽  
J K Tomberlin ◽  
P A Magni
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Chrysomya Rufifacies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Temperature ◽  
Domestic Swine

Abstract Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), the hairy maggot blow fly, is of great importance for the field of forensic entomology due to its habit as an early colonizer of decomposing vertebrate remains and myiasis producer. Development studies on this species have been conducted in scattered regions of the world, using types of tissue from several species of animals as a rearing medium. Despite the commonality of C. rufifacies in Sri Lanka, developmental studies have never been performed in this region. As well, the effects of diet on development have not been tested. In the current study, C. rufifacies immatures were reared on skeletal muscle, liver, and heart from domestic swine, with flies from colonies maintained at 25 and 28°C. The minimum time needed to complete each stage at 25°C on liver (224.14 h) was fastest followed by skeletal muscle (249.33 h) and heart (251.64 h) respectively, whereas at 28°C, fly development was quickest on heart muscle (178.27 h) followed by liver (178.50 h) and skeletal muscle (186.17 h) respectively. A significant difference in total development time was determined for temperature, while the rearing medium was not significant. Temperature also showed a significant effect on the length and the width of the larvae, while the type of tissue statistically impacted only the width.

scholarly journals Listening to Slugs: Acceptability and Consumption of Molluscicide Pellets by the Grey Field Slug, Deroceras reticulatum

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Samantha Mirhaya de Silva ◽  
David Chesmore ◽  
Jack Smith ◽  
Gordon Port
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Deroceras Reticulatum ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ferric Phosphate ◽  
Significant Difference

Gastropod damage to crop plants has a significant economic impact on agricultural and horticultural industries worldwide, with the Grey Field Slug (Deroceras reticulatum (Müller)) considered the main mollusc pest in the United Kingdom and in many other temperate areas. The prevailing form of crop protection is pellets containing the active ingredient, metaldehyde. Metaldehyde can cause paralysis and death in the mollusc, depending on the amount ingested. The paralysing effects may result in reduced pellet consumption. A greater understanding of metaldehyde consumption may reveal an area that can be manipulated using novel molluscicide formulations. Novel pellet types included commercial metaldehyde pellets coated so that metaldehyde is released more slowly. In both laboratory and arena trials, an audio sensor was used to record individual slugs feeding on a variety of pellet types, including commercially available toxic pellets (metaldehyde and ferric phosphate) and novel metaldehyde formulations. The sensor was used to record the length of each bite and the total number of bites. There was no significant difference in the length of bites between pellet types in laboratory trials. Novel pellets were not consumed more than commercial pellet types. Commercial pellet types did not differ in consumption.

Homeopathy: statistical significance versus the sample size in experiments with Toxoplasma gondii

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (36) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Érika Cristina Ferreira ◽  
Paula Fernanda Massini ◽  
Caroline Felicio Braga ◽  
Ricardo Nascimento Drozino ◽  
Neide Martins Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bootstrap Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis that represents a serious public health problem, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which affects 20-90% of the world human population [1,2]. It is a serious problem especially when considering the congenital transmission due to congenital sequels. Treatment with highly diluted substances is one of the alternative/complementary medicines most employed in the world [3,4]. The current ethical rules regarding the number of animals used in animal experimental protocols with the use of more conservative statistical methods [5] can not enhance the biological effects of highly diluted substances observed by the experience of the researcher. Aim: To evaluate the minimum number of animals per group to achieve a significant difference among the groups of animals treated with biotherapic T. gondii and infected with the protozoan regarding the number of cysts observed in the brain. Material and methods: A blind randomized controlled trial was performed using eleven Swiss male mice, aged 57 days, divided into two groups: BIOT-200DH - treated with biotherapic (n=6) and CONTROL - treated with hydroalcoholic solution 7% (n=7).The animals of the group BIOT-200DH were treated for 3 consecutive days in a single dose 0.1ml/dose/day. The animals of BIOT – 200DH group were orally infected with 20 cysts of ME49-T. gondii. The animals of the control group were treated with cereal alcohol 7% (n=7) for 3 consecutive days and then were infected with 20 cysts of ME49 -T. gondii orally. The biotherapic 200DH T. gondii was prepared with homogenized mouse brain, with 20 cysts of T. gondii / 100μL according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [6] in laminar flow. After 60 days post-infection the animals were killed in a chamber saturated with halothane, the brains were homogenized and resuspended in 1 ml of saline solution. Cysts were counted in 25 ml of this suspension, covered with a 24x24 mm coverglass, examined in its full length. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for animal experimentation of the UEM - Protocol 036/2009. The data were compared using the tests Mann Whitney and Bootstrap [7] with the statistical software BioStat 5.0. Results and discussion: There was no significant difference when analyzed with the Mann-Whitney, even multiplying the "n" ten times (p=0.0618). The number of cysts observed in BIOT 200DH group was 4.5 ± 3.3 and 12.8 ± 9.7 in the CONTROL group. Table 1 shows the results obtained using the bootstrap analysis for each data changed from 2n until 2n+5, and their respective p-values. With the inclusion of more elements in the different groups, tested one by one, randomly, increasing gradually the samples, we observed the sample size needed to statistically confirm the results seen experimentally. Using 17 mice in group BIOT 200DH and 19 in the CONTROL group we have already observed statistical significance. This result suggests that experiments involving highly diluted substances and infection of mice with T. gondii should work with experimental groups with 17 animals at least. Despite the current and relevant ethical discussions about the number of animals used for experimental procedures the number of animals involved in each experiment must meet the characteristics of each item to be studied. In the case of experiments involving highly diluted substances, experimental animal models are still rudimentary and the biological effects observed appear to be also individualized, as described in literature for homeopathy [8]. The fact that the statistical significance was achieved by increasing the sample observed in this trial, tell us about a rare event, with a strong individual behavior, difficult to demonstrate in a result set, treated simply with a comparison of means or medians. Conclusion: Bootstrap seems to be an interesting methodology for the analysis of data obtained from experiments with highly diluted substances. Experiments involving highly diluted substances and infection of mice with T. gondii should be better work with experimental groups using 17 animals at least.

Abstract P141: Global Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Acute Stroke and Mechanical Thrombectomy - An International Survey

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dileep R Yavagal ◽  
Vasu Saini ◽  
Violiza Inoa ◽  
Hannah E Gardener ◽  
Sheila O Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Mechanical Thrombectomy ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Acute Stroke Care ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has strained the healthcare systems across the world but its impact on acute stroke care is just being elucidated. We hypothesized a major global impact of COVID-19 not only on stroke volumes but also on thrombectomy practice. Methods: A 19-item questionnaire survey aimed to identify the changes in stroke volumes and treatment practices seen during COVID-19 pandemic was designed using Qualtrics software. It was sent to stroke and neuro-interventional physicians around the world who are part of the executive committee of a global coalition, Mission Thrombectomy 2020 (MT2020) between April 5 th to May 15 th , 2020. Results: There were 113 responses across 25 countries. Globally there was a median 33% decrease in stroke admissions and a 25% decrease in mechanical thrombectomy (MT) procedures during COVID-19 pandemic compared to immediately preceding months (Figure 1A-B). This overall median decrease was despite a median increase in stroke volume in 4 European countries which diverted all stroke patients to only a few selected centers during the pandemic. The intubation policy during the pandemic for patients undergoing MT was highly variable across participating centers: 44% preferred intubating all patients, including 25% centers that changed their policy to preferred-intubation (PI) vs 27% centers that switched to preferred-conscious-sedation (PCS). There was no significant difference in rate of COVID-19 infection between PI vs PCS (p=0.6) or if intubation policy was changed in either direction (p=1). Low-volume (<10 stroke/month) compared with high-volume stroke centers (>20 strokes/month) are less likely to have neurointerventional suite specific written personal protective equipment protocols (74% vs 88%) and if present, these centers are more likely to report them to be inadequate (58% vs 92%). Conclusion: Our data provides a comprehensive snapshot of the impact on acute stroke care observed worldwide during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Therapeutic use of Adhatoda vasica

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Tofazzal Hossain ◽  
Md Obydul Hoq
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Use ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Adhatoda Vasica ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The World

Adhatoda vasica Nees belonging to family Acanthaceae, commonly known as Adosa, is found many regions of India and throughout the world, with a multitude of uses in traditional Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. It is also called “Vasaka”. It is a well-known herb in indigenous systems of medicine for its beneficial effects, particularly in bronchitis. Vasaka leaves, bark, the root bark, the fruit and flowers are useful in the removal of intestinal parasites. Vasaka herb is used for treating cold, cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma. In acute stages of bronchitis, vasaka gives unfailing relief, especially where the sputum is thick and sticky. It liquefies the sputum so that it is brought up more easily. For relief in asthma, the dried leaves should be smoked. The juice from its leaves should be given in doses of 2 to 4 grams in treating diarrhea and dysentery. A poultice of its leaves can be applied with beneficial results over fresh wounds, rheumatic joints and inflammatory swellings. A warm decoction of its leaves is useful in treating scabies and other skin diseases. In olden times its leaves were made into a decoction with pepper and dried ginger. But the modern medicine searched its active ingredients and found out that vasicine, oxyvascicine and vasicinone are the alkaloids present in vasaka and in which vasicine is the active ingradient for expelling sputum from the body.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 156-163

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