scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Glucosamine Nanoparticle by Ionic Gelation Method Using Chitosan and Alginate

Author(s):  
Yuli Agung Prasetyo ◽  
Taofik Rusdiana ◽  
Marline Abdassah

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease of the joints that usually treated by NSAID drugs in the long term leading to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders. Glucosamine is a precursor in the formation of progression of joint which have not a significantly side effect. The problem in glucosamine administration occured when it is administered through the oral route resulting in first pass metabolism, while when it is administered via intavena route resulting in insulin resistance. Those problems can be solved by developing glucosamine into nanoglucosamine in order to increase the enzymatic stability which will protect the active ingredient from diminishing by the first pass effect hence the dose can be reduced, consequenlty it will reduce the insulin resistance, and increase the permeation. In this study, the nanoparticles of glucosamine with chitosan polymer and crosslinker alginate was prepared by the ionic gelation method with the principle of continued cross forming polyelectrolyte complexes. This study started from preformulation such as solubility and identify study by FTIR, then the formulations of chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 5:1:1 (volume ratio) with the variation of concentration in the FI (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.08 %: 0.1%: 0.08%) and FII (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.1%: 0.1%: 0.08%). Results of nanoparticle characterization by particle size analyzer in the FI showed the better formula indicating a foggy coloid, no precipitation, the pH was 2.90±0.05, and the percent transmittance was  99.35%. The distribution of particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential for the formula I were 76.0 ± 21.8 nm; 0.300; and -0.30 mV, respectively. It could be concluded that the nanoparticle system of glucosamine can be better prepared from the 0.08% of chitosan, 0.1% of glucosamine and 0.08% of alginate.Keywords: alginate, chitosan, ionic gelation method, glucosamine nanoparticle

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriawan Rismana ◽  
Susi Kusumaningrum ◽  
Olivia Bunga P ◽  
Idah Rosidah ◽  
Marhamah Marhamah

The chitosan – Garcinia Mangostana extract nanoparticles has been prepared by ionic gelation reaction by mixture 0.2 % chitosan solution in acetic acid with Garcinia Mangostana extract and it’s continued by reaction process with 0.1 % sodium tripolyphosphate. The particle size of material was determined by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) that it showed in the range of 200 – 500 nm. The color, pH, water, α- mangostin, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead, totally microbe aerobic, totally mold and yeast, and solvent residue contents of nanoparticles were also examined by many methods that these resulted are yellow, 4.50 – 5.50, 89 – 90 %, 1.05 %, < 0.005 ppm, < 0.01 ppm, < 0.01 ppm, < 0.05 ppm, < 10 CFU/g, < 10 CFU/g and not detected, respectively. The other characterization was also observed that it’sincluded stability andTLC chromatogram. A mixture of nanoparticles with cosmetics bases was showed that it’s increased stability, homogeneity and easy to formed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 872-884
Author(s):  
Dina Rahma Ulya ◽  
St. Rahmatullah ◽  
W Wirasti ◽  
Dwi Bagus Pambudi

AbstractCotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) has not been used by the community. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles with a diameter of 10-1000 nm. This study aims to make ethanol extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) as an active substance in the form of nanoparticles formulated in gel preparations and to determine the evaluation of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) nanoparticle gel. The method of making nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) in this research is ionic gelation. Nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) were characterized using particle size analyzer. Evaluation of gel preparations included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, dispersibility, adhesion, viscosity and cycling tests. The cycling test includes organoleptic, pH and viscosity testing. Cycling test observations were carried out for 6 cycles. Characterization of nanoparticles of ethanolic extract of cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) had a particle size of 220.3 nm with a polydipsia index of 0.139. Evaluation of pH preparations has a pH of 6, viscosity ranges from 7116 cps – 8095 cps, dispersion ranges from 5.1 cm to 5.4 cm, adhesion ranges from 1.11 seconds to 7.54 seconds. The results of the cycling test showed a change in the color of the preparation, while the cycling test for pH and viscosity did not change the stability. Conclusion The cotton banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) can be made into smaller particles or nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method and the evaluation of the nanoparticle gel preparation of the cotton banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) extract has met the requirements.Keywords: Cotton banana peel, gel, nanoparticles, evaluation AbstrakKulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) belum dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Nanopartikel merupakan partikel koloid padatan dengan diameter 10-1000 nm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) sebagai zat aktif dalam bentuk nanopartikel yang diformulasi dalam sediaan gel dan untuk mengetahui evaluasi gel nanopartikel kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.). Metode pembuatan nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) pada penelitian ini yaitu gelasi ionik. Nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) dikarakterisasi menggunakan particle size analyzer. Evaluasi sediaan gel meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar, daya lekat, viskositas dan cycling test. Pengujian cycling test meliputi pengujian organoleptis, pH dan viskositas. Pengamatan cycling test dilakukan selama 6 siklus.Karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) memiliki ukuran partikel 220,3 nm dengan indeks polidipersitas 0,139. Evaluasi sediaan pH memiliki pH 6, viskositas rentang 7116 cps – 8095 cps, daya sebar rentang 5,1 cm -5,4 cm, daya lekat rentang 1,11 detik – 7,54 detik. Hasil pengujian cycling test terdapat perubahan warna dari sediaan, sedangkan pengujian cycling test terhadap pH dan viskositas tidak mengalami perubahan stabilitas. Kesimpulan ekstrak kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) dapat dibuat dalam partikel yang lebih kecil atau nanopartikel dengan menggunkan metode gelasi ionik dan evaluasi sediaan gel nanopartikel ekstrak etanil kulit buah pisang kapas (Musa paradisiaca Linn.) telah memenuhi persyaratan.Kata kunci: Kulit buah pisang kapas, gel, nanopartikel, evaluasi


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 029-033
Author(s):  
Dian Ayumi ◽  
Sumaiyah Sumaiyah ◽  
Masfria Masfria

Pengobatan tradisional masih diminati. Salah satu tumbuhannya adalah daun ekor naga (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott) yang digunakan sebagai obat antikanker dan antibakteri. Penggunaan nanoteknologi dalam sistem penghantaran obat terus diteliti dan dikembangkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan mengetahui sifat-sifat nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun ekor naga (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott) menggunakan metode gelasi ionik. Ekstrak daun ekor naga dibuat dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Nanopartikel dibuat dengan metode gelasi ionik, yaitu menggunakan larutan natrium tripolipospat 0,1% dan kitosan 0,2%, Nanopartikel kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer untuk mengetahui distribusi ukuran partikel dan Scanning Electron Microscopy untuk mengetahui bentuk permukaan partikel. Nanopartikel yang dihasilkan berupa serbuk berwarna coklat muda dengan distribusi ukuran partikel 234,49-1479,50 nm pada perbandingan kitosan 0,2% dan natrium tripolipospat 0,1% (5:1). Bentuk permukaan nanopartikel ekstrak etanol daun ekor naga yaitu tidak rata dan membentuk agregat longgar. Ekstrak etanol daun ekor naga dapat dibuat menjadi nanopartikel dengan kitosan 0,2% dan natrium tripolipospat 0,1% menggunakan metode gelasi ionik.   Traditional medicine is still popular. One of them is ekor naga Leaves (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott) that has been used as anti-cancer and anti-bacteria. Nanotechnology in drug delivery system is still being studied and developed. This research aimed to prepare and evaluate the characterization of nanoparticle of Ekor Naga Leaves Ethanol Extract (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott) by Ionic Gelation Method. The Ekor naga leaves extract was prepared by maceration with ethanol 96%. Nanoparticle was prepared by ionic gelation method, using sodium trypholiphosphat 0.1% and chitosan 0.2%, then it was characterized using Particle Size Analyzer to determine particle size distribution and Scanning Electron Microscopy to determine surface structure  particle. The nanoparticle was light brown with particle size distribution of  234.49-1479.50 nm in ratio of chitosan 0.2% and sodium trypholiphosphat 0.1% was 5:1. The surface structure of nanoparticle of ekor naga leaves extract was not smooth and form loose aggregates. The ethanol extract of ekor naga leaves can be prepared into nanoparticle with sodium trypholiphosphat 0.1% and chitosan 0.2% by Ionic Gelation Method


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Rahmawanty D ◽  
Risa A ◽  
Malikhatun N ◽  
Prima HR ◽  
Nani K ◽  
...  

<p>Snakehead fish (<em>Channa striata</em>) has been reported to be used for wound healing by people in South Borneo because it contains albumin. Snakehead fish extract (<em>Channa striata</em>) has hydrophillic property and poor stability. Nanoparticle technology has been started to be developed as an alternative solution to improve drug delivery profile. The purpose of this study was to determine the formulation that obtained best characterization for nanoparticle. Nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method, that was prepared by doing optimize ratio between snakehead fish extract : chitosan and pH of chitosan solvent.Nanoparticles were characterized using Particle Size Analyzer for particle size and particle size distribution, measurement of entrapment efficiency, determined Zeta potential using Particle Size Analyzer, and observation of particle’s morphology using Transmission Electron Microscope. The result showed that the chosen formula was formula 6 which  ratio of extract : chitosan 1:2 with chitosan solvent pH 3, particle size 152.3 nm, polidispersity index 0.778, percentage of entrapment efficiency 51.3961 %, Zeta potential +35.9 mV, and round shape of particles.</p>


Author(s):  
Rissa Laila Vifta ◽  
Fania Putri Luhurningtyas

Antioxidants are agents that can reduce free radicals. Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) contains flavonoids that could act as an antioxidant. However, those flavonoids are water-soluble and show low bioavailability. Nanotechnology is a potential approach to improve the bioavailability of flavonoids from Parijoto fruit. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of parijoto nanoparticles with variations of the chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulants. Secondary metabolites of parijoto fruit were using the maceration method. The synthesis of parijoto nanoparticles was conducted using the ionic gelation method with chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulation. Parijoto nanoparticle size and distribution were characterized using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The formation of nanoparticles in colloids was determined as a percent. The antioxidant activity of nanoparticle was evaluated using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Chitosan encapsulation produced nanoparticles with a size of 269.3 nm, pdI 0.372 and transmittance 99.379%. Alginate encapsulation produced a particle size of 366.4 nm, pdI 0.589 and transmittance 99.690%. The combination of chitosan/alginate encapsulants produced a particle size of 187.00 nm, pdI 0.239 and transmittance 99.894%. Parijoto nanoparticles obtained from chitosan, alginate, and chitosan/alginate encapsulant showed strong antioxidant powers indicated by IC50 values 2.442±0.047 ppm, 3.175±0.169 ppm and 2.115±0.045 ppm, respectively. Altogether, our study shows that parijoto nanoparticles are potent as antioxidant agents.Keywords: Alginate, antioxidant, chitosan, FRAP, Medinilla speciosa, nanoparticle


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 067-073
Author(s):  
Gabena Indrayani Dalimunthe ◽  
Muchlisyam Muchlisyam

Pengembangan inovasi bentuk sediaan farmasi yang dapat menunda pelepasan obat merupakan hal yang mempunyai peluang besar, misalnya bentuk sediaan farmasi dengan teknologi penyalutan. Contoh yang penting dari bentuk sediaan ini adalah sediaan mikroenkapsulasi dalam bentuk mikropartikel. Pemanfaatan limbah tongkol jagung yang mengandung hemiselulosa tinggi, dapat dibuat menjadi sediaan mikropartikel yang berfungsi sebagai (carier) obat, selama ini belum pernah dilakukan. Alasan lain pemanfaatan tongkol jagung masih sangat terbatas, pada umumnya hanya sebagai bahan pangan ternak dan bahan bakar. Sifat hemiselulosa yang non toksik mukoadhesif, biodegradabel, biokompatibel serta tingkat imunogenitas yang rendah juga adalah salah satu kriteria yang sangat baik dijadikan sebagai carier obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat sediaan mikropartikel menggunakan metode gelasi ionik dengan variasi berat dari hemiselulosa tongkol jagung dengan model obat metronidazole dan untuk melihat evaluasi serta karakteristik mikropartikel hemiselulosa tongkol jagung. Mikropartikel hemiselulosa dibuat dengan metode gelasi ionik yang memiliki keuntungan yaitu karena prosesnya yang sederhana, tidak menggunakan pelarut organik, dan pembuatannya dapat dikontrol. Proses pembentukan partikel terjadi karena adanya kompleksasi akibat muatan yang berbeda antara polisakarida dan counter ion sehingga mengalami gelasi ionik dan presipitasi membentuk partikel yang sferis. Sediaan dibagi menjadi lima, formula dengan variasi hemiselulosa (F1)100mg, (F2)200mg, (F3)300mg, (F4)400mg dan (F5) 500mg. Evalusi terhadap mikropartikel hemiselulosa meliputi: organoleptik, uji kelarutan mikropartikel, uji distribusi ukuran partikel (Uji PSA), Uji SEM,dan uji FTIR. Mikropartikel yang terbentuk dengan metode gelasi ionik menunjukkan hasil organoleptis yaitu bentuk serbuk, warna coklat muda, tidak berasa, tidak berbau. Hasil uji kelarutan menuknjukkan bahwa hemiselulosa mudah larut dalam suasana alkali (NaOH 0,1N). Pengukuran mikropartikel dilakukan dengan PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) menunjukkan bahwa F(1) memiliki ukuran partikel yang terkecil yaitu :0,45336 µm, F(2):0,63593 µm, F(3):0,71732 µm, F(4):0,89322 µm dan F(5):0,91857 µm. Data FTIR menujukkan mikropartikel hemiselulosa memiliki gugus fungsi : OH, CH, C=O, C-OH, C-C, Sedangkan hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa bentuk partikel yang diperoleh berupa partikel kecil yang berpori yang memberikan gambran tentang sifat alir dan pelepasan zat aktif yang baik dalam proses enkapsulasi. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa metode gelasi ionik merupkan metode yang baik dalam membuat mikropartikel dan hemiselulosa tongkol jagung dapat dibuat mikropartikel yang baik dan telah memenuhi evaluasi dan karakteristik yang standar dibandingkan dengan hemiselulosa yang ada dipasaran (buatan pabrik). Hasil SEM membuktikan bahwa ukuran partikel adalah mikropartikel yang memiliki pori sehingga baik digunakan sebagai sediaan mikroenkapsulasi.   The innovative development of pharmaceutical dosage forms that can control the drug release has a great opportunity, for example, pharmaceutical dosage forms with coating technology. An important example of this dosage form is microencapsulation in the form of microparticles. The use of corncob waste containing high hemicellulose can be made into microparticle with function as (carrier) drugs, so far it has never been done. Another reason is the utilization of corn cobs is still very limited, generally only as food for livestock and fuel. The properties of hemicellulose which are non-toxic mucoadhesive, biodegradable, biocompatible and low immunogenicity have also met the criteria to be developed as drug carriers. The research aimed to prepare microparticle using an ionic gelation method with a variation of the weight of the hemicellulose corn cobs with metronidazole as a drug model and to evaluate and characterize the hemicellulose corn cob microparticles. Hemicellulose microparticles which are made by ionic gelation method have several advantages, including the process is simple, does not use organic solvents, and can be controlled. The process of particle formation occurs because of the complexation due to the different charge between the polysaccharide and counter ion so that undergo ionic gelation and precipitation to form spherical particles. The preparation is divided into five formulas with variations in hemicellulose (F1) 100mg, (F2) 200mg, (F3) 300mg, (F4) 400mg and (F5) 500mg. The evaluation of hemicellulose microparticles includes organoleptic, microparticle solubility test, particle size distribution test (PSA test), SEM and FTIR examinations. Microparticles formed by ionic gelation method showed organoleptic characteristics, including powder form, light brown color, tasteless, odorless. The solubility test results showed that hemicellulose easily dissolved in an alkaline solution (0.1N NaOH). The measurement of microparticles carried out with PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) showed that F (1) had the smallest particle size, which was 0.45336 µm, F (2): 0.63593 µm, F (3): 0.71732 µm, F ( 4): 0.89322 µm and F (5): 0.91857 µm. FTIR data showed that the hemicellulose microparticles have functional groups: OH, CH, C = O, C-OH, CC, whereas SEM results showed that the particle shape obtained was a porous small particle which gave a description of  good flow properties and release of active substances in encapsulation process. The results obtained showed that the ionic gelation method was a good method for preparing microparticles and hemicellulose corn cobs which met the standard criteria of evaluation and characteristics compared to those in the market (factory-made). The SEM results proved that the particle size was microparticles that contain pores which can be used in microencapsulation preparations


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Puneet Utreja

Background: Hypertension comes under the category of chronic disease, which requires long term treatment. Hypertension is usually treated by oral administration of various therapeutic agents. There are several limitations of the oral route, making pharmaceutical scientists to discover an alternative route for drug delivery. Methods: The transdermal route may be a better alternative as it shows various advantages like lack of first-pass effect and high patient compliance. The skin may act as a primary barrier for the transdermal delivery of anti-hypertensive drugs; therefore, new approaches are required to cross this barrier. Nanocarrier systems come under these new approaches to cross the skin barrier. Various nanocarrier systems explored for transdermal delivery of antihypertensive drugs are liposomes, elastic liposomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, oleic acid vesicles, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions/microemulsions, and carbon nanotubes. Results: This review summarizes the potential of advanced nanocarrier systems for effective management of hypertension following the transdermal route. The entire literature search regarding the utility of nanocarrier systems in transdermal delivery of antihypertensive drugs was done by using Pubmed and Google Scholar. Conclusion: Nanocarrier systems are capable of reducing various drawbacks of conventional formulations of antihypertensive drugs like excessive first-pass effects, high dosing frequency, and toxicity promoting high patient compliance. However, the clinical efficacy determination of such nanocarrier systems is still a challenge and it will govern their presence in the global pharmaceutical market.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaimahwati Zaimahwati ◽  
Yuniati Yuniati ◽  
Ramzi Jalal ◽  
Syahman Zhafiri ◽  
Yuli Yetri

<p>Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan isolasi dan karakterisasi bentonit alam menjadi nanopartikel montmorillonit. Bentonit alam yang digunakan diambil dari desa Blangdalam, Kecamatan Nisam Kabupaten Aceh Utara.  Proses isolasi meliputi proses pelarutan dengan aquades, ultrasonic dan proses sedimentasi. Untuk mengetahui karakterisasi montmorillonit dilakukan uji FT-IR, X-RD dan uji morfologi permukaan dengan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Partikel size analyzer untuk menganalisis dan menentukan ukuran nanopartikel dari isolasi bentonit alam. Dari hasil penelitian didapat ukuran nanopartikel montmorillonit hasil isolasi dari bentonit alam diperoleh berdiameter rata-rata 82,15 nm.</p><p><em>In this research we have isolated and characterized natural bentonite into montmorillonite nanoparticles. Natural bentonite used was taken from Blangdalam village, Nisam sub-district, North Aceh district. The isolation process includes dissolving process with aquades, ultrasonic and sedimentation processes.  The characterization of montmorillonite, FT-IR, X-RD and surface morphology test by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Particle size analyzer to analyze and determine the size of nanoparticles from natural bentonite insulation. From the research results obtained the size of montmorillonite nanoparticles isolated from natural bentonite obtained an average diameter of 82.15 nm.</em></p>


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Nikhat Perween ◽  
Sultan Alshehri ◽  
T. S. Easwari ◽  
Vivek Verma ◽  
Md. Faiyazuddin ◽  
...  

Molecules with poor aqueous solubility are difficult to formulate using conventional approaches and are associated with many formulation delivery issues. To overcome these obstacles, nanosuspension technology can be one of the promising approaches. Hence, in this study, the feasibility of mefenamic acid (MA) oral nanosuspension was investigated for pediatric delivery by studying the role of excipients and optimizing the techniques. Nanosuspensions of MA were prepared by adopting an antisolvent precipitation method, followed by ultrasonication with varying concentrations of polymers, surfactants, and microfluidics. The prepared nanosuspensions were evaluated for particle size, morphology, and rheological measures. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with varying concentrations and different stabilizers including Tween® 80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SLS) were used to restrain the particle size growth of the developed nanosuspension. The optimized nanosuspension formula was stable for more than 3 weeks and showed a reduced particle size of 510 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.329. It was observed that the type and ratio of polymer stabilizers were responsive on the particle contour and dimension and stability. We have developed a biologically compatible oral nanoformulation for a first-in-class drug beautifully designed for pediatric delivery that will be progressed toward further in vivo enabling studies. Finally, the nanosuspension could be considered a promising carrier for pediatric delivery of MA through the oral route with enhanced biological impact.


Obesity ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyong Park ◽  
Duk-Hee Lee ◽  
Darin J. Erickson ◽  
John H. Himes ◽  
James M. Shikany ◽  
...  

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