An Energy Efficient and Cooperative Congestion Control Protocol in MANET

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3004-3014
Author(s):  
Sumit Paul ◽  
Md. Javed Hossain ◽  
Abul Kalam Azad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Congestion Control ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Message Delivery ◽  
User Cooperation ◽  
Control Protocol ◽  
Better Than

MANET is collection of mobile devices form a self-creating, self-organizing and self-administering wireless networks. Due to mobility of nodes it is not possible to establish fixed paths for message delivery through the network. Hence, congestion is happening and it is the key problem for MANET. Many routing protocols have been proposed to overcome the congestion in MANET. One of the popular routing protocol is AODV, but it depends on individual receivers to detect congestion and adjust their receiving rates.  Another common routing protocol is EERCCP, which is better than AODV but sometimes it fails when link failure happens to relay node or if relay node moves from its current group to another group then there is no other mechanism to select an alternative relay nodes i.e. lack of cooperativeness. Consequently, we proposed a routing protocol named as EECCCP, which utilizes user cooperation to reduce congestion. The proposed energy efficient and cooperative congestion control routing protocol (EECCCP), performs well better than both the AODV and EERCCP. The proposed scheme encorporates the benefits of energy efficiency and cooperativeness which in turn  reduces the congestion effectively. It also overcomes the disadvantages of existing multicast congestion control protocol. Moreover, the proposed scheme does not impose any significant changes on the queuing, scheduling or forwarding policies of existing network protocols. The simulation results have shown that our proposed protocol EECCCP has the about 95% better delivery ratio and throughput with about 85 % less delay and energy consumption when compared with the existing protocol AODV. It also has the about 65% better delivery ratio and throughput with about 60 % less delay and energy consumption when compared with the existing protocol EERCCP.

scholarly journals Novel Vector based Forwarding Protocol and Efficient Depth based Routing Protocol Acoustic Underwater Wireless Sensor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thiagarajan ◽  
V. Balajivijayan ◽  
R. Krishnamoorthy ◽  
I. Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Acoustic Channel

Abstract Underwater Wireless Sensor Network offers broad coverage of low data rate acoustic sensor networks, scalability and energy saving routing protocols. Moreover the major problem in underwater networks is energy consumption, which arises due to lower bandwidth and propagation delays. An underwater wireless sensor network frequently employs acoustic channel communications since radio signals not worked in deep water. The transmission of data packets and energy-efficient routing are constraints for the unique characteristics of underwater. The challenging issue is an efficient routing protocol for UWSNs. Routing protocols take advantage of localization sensor nodes. Many routing protocols have been proposed for sensing nodes through a localization process. Here we proposed a Novel vector-based forwarding and efficient depth-based routing protocol. The proposed novel vector-based forwarding provides robust, scalable, and energy-efficient routing. It easily transfers nodes from source to destination. It adopts the localized and distributed alternation that allows nodes to weigh transferring packets and decreases energy consumption and provides better optimal paths. Efficient depth-based routing is a stochastic model that will succeed in a high transmission loss of the acoustic channel. The simulation was used to compare the energy consumption, network lifetime in the form of depth-based routing, delivery ratio, and vector-based forwarding to prove the optimal route finding paths and data transmission propagation delay.

scholarly journals Proposition and Real-Time Implementation of an Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for a Software Defined Wireless Sensor Network

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Younus ◽  
Saif ul Islam ◽  
Sung Won Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Aware

A wireless sensor network (WSN) has achieved significant importance in tracking different physical or environmental conditions using wireless sensor nodes. Such types of networks are used in various applications including smart cities, smart building, military target tracking and surveillance, natural disaster relief, and smart homes. However, the limited power capacity of sensor nodes is considered a major issue that hampers the performance of a WSN. A plethora of research has been conducted to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes in traditional WSN, however the limited functional capability of such networks is the main constraint in designing sophisticated and dynamic solutions. Given this, software defined networking (SDN) has revolutionized traditional networks by providing a programmable and flexible framework. Therefore, SDN concepts can be utilized in designing energy-efficient WSN solutions. In this paper, we exploit SDN capabilities to conserve energy consumption in a traditional WSN. To achieve this, an energy-aware multihop routing protocol (named EASDN) is proposed for software defined wireless sensor network (SDWSN). The proposed protocol is evaluated in a real environment. For this purpose, a test bed is developed using Raspberry Pi. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits promising results in terms of network lifetime, average energy consumption, the packet delivery ratio, and average delay in comparison to an existing energy efficient routing protocol for SDWSN and a traditional source routing algorithm.

scholarly journals E2-SCRP: An Energy Efficient Secure Clusterbased Routing Protocol for 3D Underwater Acoustic MANET (UWMANET)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2430-2442
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Buffer Size ◽  
Delivery Ratio

In the current years, Underwater Mobile Ad hoc Network (UWMANET) has emerged as an enthusiastic field for supporting disaster prevention applications (Climate and Weather Observation, Earthquakes in Ocean (Tsunamis), underwater level navigation and tracking). In UWMANET, conventional data transmission methods have certain drawbacks such as high energy consumption, packet loss rate and end-toend delay. Nowadays, mobile node i.e. Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is widely used for data collection from underwater sensors, which act as a relay between sensor node and surface sink. Security is a significant issue in UWMANET, which is required for secure communications. In this paper, Energy Efficient Secure Cluster based Routing Protocol called E2 -SCRP is presented in 3D UWMANET environment. The qu-Vanstone based Elliptic Curve Cryptography (qV-ECC) based short-term public key generation scheme is proposed for sensor node authentication. To reduce energy consumption, layer based clustering algorithm is proposed using Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System (T2fls) where Trust value, Distance between neighbors, Relative mobility and Node buffer size for cluster head (CH) election are considered. Next step is to execute two different security schemes based on Event Management. For event occurred clusters, Ciphertext Stealing Technique (CST) is used to resolve the ciphertext expansion problem. For normal data transmission, Lightweight Digital Watermarking (LDW) with Firefly algorithm is proposed. Optimal route for data transmission is executed by Pigeons Swarm Optimization (PiSO) and the forward to sink node via Adjacent AUV. Experiments conducted using NS3 (3.26) and the performance is evaluated for several metrics include packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, security strength, and throughput

scholarly journals Design and analysis of VBF and EEVBF routing protocols for energy efficient underwater communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
P Vijayalakshmi ◽  
Aruna Jacintha.T ◽  
V Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Communication ◽  
Data Throughput ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
Network Simulators

Major constrain in Acoustic communication network is the consumption of energy by senor nodes. The need to regulate the energy con-sumption of senor nodes relay mainly on underwater applications like disaster prevention, tsunami warning and other environmental moni-toring, where the sensor need to transmit the sensed data constantly to the control station for critical analysis. This paper mainly focuses in designing a routing protocol that can challenge a better life expectancy of underwater sensor nodes. From the broader area of research in UWSN, VBF routing protocol gives a promising performance in term of increase in data throughput, PDR and energy consumption. Hence an energy efficient vector based forwarding protocol (EEVBF) is designed which can efficiently regulates the energy consumption when compared to VBF. Based on simulation results, the performance analysis of data throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumed using aquasim network simulators.  

scholarly journals Design of an Optimal Distributed Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical – Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHCRP) to Minimize the Energy Consumption in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-880
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cluster Based Routing

For ocean exploration high speed data transmission is the emergent requirement. Acoustic sensor networks are available to support large distances but with lower data rates and also consume maximum energy. Optical networks can be used to support high speed data transmission but it cannot be used for larger distances. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) suffer from large propagation delay, high bit error rates, limited bandwidth, uncontrolled node mobility, water current and limited resources. Hence there is an evolving requirement for design and use of an efficient routing protocol. In the proposed research, design of an Optimal Distributed Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical - Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHCRP) to minimize the energy consumption in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks is considered. To overcome these problems we propose an Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical-Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (EEHCRP). In this research work we study various network parameters like network throughput, network life time, average energy consumption, end to end delay and data delivery ratio for mobile nodes ranging from 50 to 500. It is observed that there is an average increase of 0.9% network throughput in the proposed EEHRCP protocol compared to CBE2R protocol. The network life time is increased to 51.2 seconds with a decrease in 0.93% of energy consumption and 0.48 % decrease in end to end delay in the proposed protocol EEHRCP compared to CBE2R protocol. There is an increase in 0.95% of data delivery ratio using the proposed EEHRCP protocol compared to E-CBCCP protocol.

scholarly journals LECAR: Location Estimation-Based Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Sparsely Deployed Energy-Efficient UAVs

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7192
Author(s):  
Imtiaz Mahmud ◽  
You-Ze Cho
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Location Estimation ◽  
Delay Tolerant Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Congestion Aware

Energy-efficient routing has become a critical issue for advanced energy-hungry unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Routing in a flying ad hoc network is always challenging and becomes even more critical when a small number of UAVs must cover a large area. The routing protocols based on the delay-tolerant network (DTN) are best suited for such scenarios. However, traditional DTN-based routing protocols depend on data dissemination to offer a better packet delivery ratio, leading to congestion and excess transmissions, causing heavy and unnecessary energy consumption. We propose a location estimation-based congestion-aware routing protocol (LECAR) to balance these two issues. Considering outdated location information, LECAR takes advantage of the mobility model to estimate the current location of the destination. In addition, LECAR routes a packet by considering both the distance to destination and buffer occupancy of the neighboring UAVs. Simulation results show that LECAR could ensure both a high packet delivery ratio and low energy consumption. Moreover, LECAR could provide a minimal number of transmissions, while minimizing the number of copies per packet at a time.

scholarly journals POWER AWARE AND ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL (PAEERP) FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

2015 ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
R. PREMA ◽  
R. RANGARAJAN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes ◽  
Network Applications ◽  
Power And Energy

Several wireless sensor network applications have to to decide the inherent discrepancy between energy efficient communication, power aware routing and the requirement to attain preferred quality of service (QoS) such as packet delivery ratio, delay and to reduce the power and energy consumption of wireless sensor nodes. In addition to that the protocols which are developed aims in providing better QoS. For addressing this challenge, we propose the Power Aware and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (PAEERP), which attains application-specified communication delays at low energy cost by dynamically adapting transmission power and routing decisions along with incorporating a novel cryptosystem. Through extensive simulation in NS2 the results prove that the proposed PAEERP attains lesser delay with reduced power and energy consumption.

Performance Analysis of Energy Efficient Opportunistic Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premkumar Chithaluru ◽  
Rajeev Tiwari ◽  
Kamal Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

Background: Energy Efficient wireless routing has been an area of research particularly to mitigate challenges surrounding performance in category of Wireless Networks. Objectives: The Opportunistic Routing (OR) technique was explored in recent times and exhibits benefits over many existing protocols and can significantly reduce energy consumption during data communication with very limited compromise on performance. Methods : Using broadcasting nature of the wireless medium, OR practices to discourse two foremost issues of variable link quality and unpredictable node agility in constrained WSNs. OR has a potential to reduce delay in order to increase the consistency of data delivery in network. Results : Various OR based routing protocols have shown varying performances. In this paper, a detailed conceptual and experimental analysis is carried out on different protocols that uses OR technique for providing more clear and definitive view on performance parameters like Message Success Rate, Packet Delivery Ratio and Energy Consumption.

Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing Algorithm for WSN

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar ◽  
Sonu Mittal ◽  
Md. Amir Khusru Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering ◽  
Hot Spot Problem

Background: This paper presents a novel Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing Algorithm (EECRA) for WSN. It is a clustering-based algorithm that minimizes energy dissipation in wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithm takes into consideration energy conservation of the nodes through its inherent architecture and load balancing technique. In the proposed algorithm the role of inter-cluster transmission is not performed by gateways instead a chosen member node of respective cluster is responsible for data forwarding to another cluster or directly to the sink. Our algorithm eases out the load of the gateways by distributing the transmission load among chosen sensor node which acts as a relay node for inter-cluster communication for that round. Grievous simulations show that EECRA is better than PBCA and other algorithms in terms of energy consumption per round and network lifetime. Objective: The objective of this research lies in its inherent architecture and load balancing technique. The sole purpose of this clustering-based algorithm is that it minimizes energy dissipation in wireless sensor networks. Method: This algorithm is tested with 100 sensor nodes and 10 gateways deployed in the target area of 300m × 300m. The round assumed in this simulation is same as in LEACH. The performance metrics used for comparisons are (a) network lifetime of gateways and (b) energy consumption per round by gateways. Our algorithm gives superior result compared to LBC, EELBCA and PBCA. Fig 6 and Fig 7 shows the comparison between the algorithms. Results: The simulation was performed on MATLAB version R2012b. The performance of EECRA is compared with some existing algorithms like PBCA, EELBCA and LBCA. The comparative analysis shows that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other existing algorithms in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption. Conclusion: The novelty of this algorithm lies in the fact that the gateways are not responsible for inter-cluster forwarding, instead some sensor nodes are chosen in every cluster based on some cost function and they act as a relay node for data forwarding. Note the algorithm does not address the hot-spot problem. Our next endeavor will be to design an algorithm with consideration of hot-spot problem.

scholarly journals Ranking based RPL for Multipoint-to-Point Multi-modal Data Communication in IoT Network.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Bhat ◽  
Geetha V
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Modal Data ◽  
Scheduling Strategy ◽  
Scalar Data

Abstract IPv6 Routing Protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is a standardized and default routing protocol for low power lossy networks. However, this is basically designed for sensor networks with scalar data and not optimised for the networks with multi-modal sensors. The data rate of each multi-modal sensor varies based on various applications. RPL suffers from packet drops and re-transmissions which results in packet loss and energy consumption in case of multi-modal data transmission. Hence, the routing strategy implemented in RPL needs better scheduling strategy at parent node for forwarding packets based on various parameters. In this paper, relevant Objective Functions for multi-modal sensor data communication is proposed based on various parameters identified and a weighted ranking based scheduling strategy is proposed for multi-modal data communication called R-RPL. The goal of proposed ranking based RPL (R-RPL) is to increase the throughput and reduce the loss in terms of energy and delay based on proposed scheduling strategy for parent selection. The performance of the proposed R-RPL is evaluated in the contiki based Cooja simulator and compared with RPL protocol. The analysis shows that the R-RPL performs better compared to RPL with respect to packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.

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