Quality of Scots pine, European beech and pedunculate oak grown from sowing on soil with different compaction levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Jacek Banach ◽  
Mariusz Kormanek ◽  
Jakub Jaźwiński
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract In this study, we explore the effect of soil compaction on the growth of seedlings of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L., European beech Fagus sylvatica L. and pedunculate oak Quercus robur L. On the experimental plots, ground contact pressures ranging from 0 to 250 kPa was applied on the soil. The applied pressure resulted in an increase in soil compaction between 1.02 to 1.19 g cm–3, which reflected pressures exerted by the undercarriage of vehicles used in logging. We then measured the seedlings as well as the dry weight of the roots and the above-ground parts. Using this data, we calculated the following quality indicators for each seedling: SQ – sturdiness quotient, S/R – shoot to root dry mass, DQI – Dickson quality index. For pedunculate oak, the SQ value significantly improved with increasing soil compaction, whereas no differences in the other two indicators were observed. In case of the European beech, the best value of SQ and DQI were observed at a soil density of 1.11 g cm–3, whilst no significant difference for the S/R coefficient could be found. Completely different results were obtained for Scots pine. The most favorable growth was observed when no pressure was applied. However, the SQ and S/R ratios even exceeded the values commonly considered acceptable. Our results therefore indicate that the values of seedling quality indicators are indeed influenced by soil compaction. At a soil compaction of 1.11 g cm–3, the share of seedlings with the SQ value below the critical level was the highest, but a similar relationship could not be confirmed for the other indicators. The response of the seedlings to compaction is likely to be species specific.

Effects of white rot and brown rot decay on the drilling resistance measurements in wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenii Sharapov ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Holger Militz ◽  
Elena Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
European Beech ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Drilling Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Drilling Resistance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAn IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the impact of white and brown rot decay on drilling resistance (DR) measurements in wood. In total, 720 drillings were made in specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) heartwood and sapwood, European beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) and English oak (Quercus roburL.), which were decayed byConiophora puteanaandTrametes versicolor. Drillings were made with specimens conditioned in normal climate (20°C/65% RH) and with specimens vacuum-impregnated in water. DR and feeding force (FF) were negatively correlated with mass loss (ML) due to fungal decay. The intensity of reduction was higher for DR than for FF with increasing ML for all decay types and moisture contents (MCs). A significant difference (at 95% confidence level) in DR was found between decay types using water-saturated (WS) Scots pine specimens (3–35% ML). In most cases, DR revealed a higher predictive power of the models for ML prediction than FF. Free water in decayed specimens significantly reduced the DR and FF. Hence, the effect of ML on DR and FF of decayed and WS wood was less prominent.

scholarly journals Homeopathy for Treating Contaminated Cucumber Seedlings With the Herbicide Residues

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Felito ◽  
Oscar M. Yamashita ◽  
Wagner Gervazio ◽  
Marco A. C. Carvalho ◽  
Delmonte Roboredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Germination Speed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of homeopathic medicines in the neutralization of waste herbicide 2,4-D+picloram in cucumber seeds, in the municipality of Alta Floresta-MT process. The experiment was carried out to evaluate two herbicide concentrations and five Nux vomica dynamizations (6CH, 12CH, 18CH, 24CH and 30CH), in addition to two controls, one with distilled water and the other contaminated with herbicide alone. The variables assessed were germination percentage, germination speed index, fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, root length and stem thickness, where we observed a significant difference in most of the variables analyzed. From the results, it can be concluded that the homeopathic preparations in five dynamics of Nux vomica (6CH, 12CH, 18CH, 24CH and 30CH), act positively on vigor and development of cucumber seeds.

scholarly journals Rooting Performance of Hydrangea Cutting Types in Propagation Media Containing Coal Bottom Ash

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 476F-477
Author(s):  
Dharmalingam S. Pitchay ◽  
Bradford C. Bearce
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Coal Bottom Ash ◽  
Root Numbers ◽  
Hydrangea Macrophylla ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Propagation Media

Rooting performance was evaluated for three different hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb. `Blaumeise Lace Cap') cutting types in propagation media containing peat:sand amended with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% coal bottom ash (CBA) sieved through 2-mm mesh. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of all media were in acceptably low ranges, whereas pH was suboptimal in all but 100% CBA, ranging from 3.8 to 4.6 vs. 6.0 to 6.75 for 100% CBA. Available Ca was significantly higher at up to 189 mg·kg–1 in the 100% CBA. Rooted cuttings were analyzed for root counts and dry mass. Terminal tip cuttings produced 96.1 mean roots/stem compared to butterfly cuttings (76.4) and single-eye cuttings (60.7), and there was no significant difference in root dry mass among the different cutting types. Propagation media containing 50% CBA produced greater numbers of roots/stem (99.89 and 89.59, respectively). The dry mass of roots/stem was significantly higher in media with 100% CBA. Root numbers per cutting were higher in terminal tip cuttings grown in 50% and 100% CBA and butterfly cuttings in 50% CBA. On the other hand, dry mass per cutting was higher in 100% CBA as compared to the rest, except for the terminal tip and butterfly cuttings in 50% CBA. The higher pH and Ca concentration may be factors causing the better rooting performance in 100% CBA.

scholarly journals Effect of soil bulk density on forest tree seedlings

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kormanek ◽  
Jacek Banach ◽  
Paweł Sowa
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Root System ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Biometric Analysis

Abstract The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of soil bulk density in a forest nursery plot on the growth and quality parameters of Scots pine and European beech seedlings. Particular density variants were obtained using a tractor device exerting controlled pressure on the soil, while field examinations were performed on an area of ‘Kłaj’ forest nursery in Niepołomice Forest District. Three series of plots were prepared for each species, applying a unit pressure of the values of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kPa, corresponding to the dry bulk density in the range of 1.03-1.19 g cm-3, and control plots without the pressure. Seeds of the examined species were sown on the prepared plots, and after 6 months of growth the seedlings were subjected to biometric analysis determining differentiation in root neck diameter, length of the above-ground part and root system, as well as dry mass of particular parts of the plant. The quality of the seedlings was also determined using the method of Schmidt-Vogt. The results obtained show that the change in dry bulk density soil significantly affected most of the growth parameters of the examined seedlings. Especially high negative correlations were obtained for the length and dry mass of the root system. A significant influence of dry bulk density variant on all growth parameters of Scots pine seedlings, and on some parameters of European beech was demonstrated. An increase in soil bulk density clearly caused also a deterioration of European beech seedlings quality

scholarly journals Accumulation of 10 Fluoroquinolones by Wild-Type or Efflux Mutant Streptococcus pneumoniae

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 813-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. V. Piddock ◽  
M. M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carbonyl Cyanide ◽  
Presence And Absence

ABSTRACT A method for measuring fluoroquinolone accumulation by Streptococcus pneumoniae was rigorously examined. The accumulation of ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sitafloxacin, and trovafloxacin in the presence and absence of either carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) or reserpine was determined for two wild-type fluoroquinolone-susceptible capsulated S. pneumoniae strains (M3 and M4) and the noncapsulated strain R6. Two efflux mutants, R6N (which overexpresses PmrA) and a mutant of M4, M22 (no expression of PmrA), were also examined. Essentially, the fluoroquinolones fell into two groups. (i) One group consisting of ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, and norfloxacin accumulated to 72 to 92 ng/mg (dry weight) of cells in all strains. (ii) The remainder of the agents accumulated to 3 to 30 ng/mg (dry weight) of cells. With a decrease in hydrophobicity, there was a decrease in the concentration accumulated. With an increase in the molecular weight of the free form of each agent, there was also a decrease in the concentration accumulated. The strains differed in their responses to reserpine and CCCP. For the three fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains, only reserpine had a significant effect upon accumulation of moxifloxacin and clinafloxacin by M3 and showed no effect for the other agents and strains. For M3 and M4, CCCP enhanced the concentration of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin accumulated, whereas for R6, the effect was only statistically significant for ofloxacin. Efflux mutant M22 accumulated less ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and ofloxacin than M4 did. M22 accumulated more norfloxacin than M4 did. Reserpine and CCCP had variable effects as for the other strains. Differences in the accumulation of fluoroquinolones by R6 and R6N were highly dependent upon growth phase, and only for norfloxacin was there a significant difference between two strains.

scholarly journals The relation between the microscopic structure and the wood density of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gryc ◽  
H. Vavrčík ◽  
M. Rybníček ◽  
E. Přemyslovská
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

The aim of this study was to compare the structure of beech juvenile and mature wood in relation to wood density. The comparative analysis between juvenile and mature wood examined the diameter of vessels, the width and height of pith rays, and the number of vessels and pith rays per 1 mm<sup>2</sup>. The results show that the average vessel diameter as well as the width and height of pith rays reach statistically lower values in juvenile wood than in mature wood. On the other hand, no significant difference between the two types of wood has been found in terms of the frequency of vessels per 1 mm<sup>2</sup>. Having said that, the difference in the frequency of rays per 1 mm<sup>2</sup> between juvenile and mature wood is far from being negligible; juvenile wood has three times as many pith rays as mature wood. The density of juvenile wood is higher (&rho;<sub>12</sub> = 726.07 kg/m<sup>3)</sup> than the density of mature wood ((&rho;<sub>12</sub> = 701.50 kg/m<sup>3</sup>).

Sensitivity of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to soil applications of S-metolachlor and imazethapyr

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sikkema, Nader Soltani ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Todd Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Kidney Beans ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Tolerance of Montcalm and Redhawk kidney beans to preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of S-metolachlor, imazethapyr and their tank mix at the maximum label rate in soybeans (1×) and twice that rate (2×) was studied at two Ontario locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 2001 and 2002. There were no differences between the two cultivars in their responses to the herbicide treatments. Visual evaluations of crop injury never exceeded 2% for any herbicide treatment. With the exception of a 7% height reduction after the PPI application of imazethapyr plus S-metholachlor at the 2× rate, none of the other treatments reduced plant height, dry weight, seed moisture content or seed yield. At sites where there was a significant difference, the PRE application caused more crop injury than the PPI application. These results indicate that there is an acceptable margin of crop safety for PPI and PRE applications of S-metolachlor and imazethapyr alone and in tank mix combination in kidney beans in Ontario. Key words: Crop injury; crop tolerance; imazethapyr; S-metolachlor; yield.

Crop Response to Carryover of Mesotrione Residues in the Field

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel N. Riddle ◽  
John O'Sullivan ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Bean ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rigorous Test ◽  
Rotational Crop ◽  
Residue Study

Two field residue studies were conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada, to evaluate the effects of mesotrione soil residues on injury, plant dry weight, and yield of sugar beet, cucumber, pea, green bean, and soybean and to verify the potential of reducing a 2-yr field-residue study (conventional residue carryover) to a 1-yr field study (simulated residue-carryover study) by growing these crops in soil treated with reduced rates of mesotrione applied in the same year. There was a significant difference in mesotrione carryover between 2006 and 2007 and differences between years can be explained by differences in soil pH and soil moisture. The conventional and the simulated residue-carryover studies successfully measured mesotrione persistence and rotational crop sensitivity. Both studies showed that sugar beet was the most-sensitive crop with injury, plant dry weight reduction, and yield loss because of mesotrione residues as high as 100%. Green bean was the next most-sensitive crop to mesotrione residues followed by pea, cucumber, and soybean. The simulated residue-carryover study provided a more-rigorous test of rotational crop sensitivity to mesotrione residues than the conventional residue-carryover study, especially at higher rates for the more-sensitive crops. For the other crops, responses to mesotrione residues were similar between the conventional and simulated residue-carryover studies.

scholarly journals Raw pH fall-out as a sign of a mycorrhizal modifier of Sorghum sudanensis

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Masoero ◽  
Pier Giorgio Peiretti ◽  
Alberto Cugnetto ◽  
Giusto Giovannetti
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Direct Discrimination ◽  
Crop Maturity

The management of symbiotic Microbial Biota (MB) in the soil as agents that promote the yield and health of crops, is aimed at inducing modifications of the phenotype of plants, both over and under the ground. It is here shown, in Sorghumsudanensis plants, that: i) a simple response to MB inoculation is the result of the fall out of the raw pH; ii) the simple NIR scans of leaves can be considered to rapidly classify the outcomes; iii) the raw pH can be considered a key-variable of leaf modifications. An experiment was carried out on Sorghumsudanensis. The plants were seeded in pots and grown for 66 d, and then a control non-inoculated group (C) was compared with thirteen Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) Glomus inoculated groups and with two commercial MB products. A total of 374 raw pH measurements conducted on the leaves showed that the 5.18 pH units in the C group were scaled by -1.9% (P<0.0336) in the MB group and by -3.4% in the AM group (P<0.0001), with a relevant diversity between groups. Direct discrimination of these three groups, by means of smart NIR-SCIO, showed a % reclassification of the C, MB and AM groups of 74%, 59% and 96% in the fresh leaves and of 65%, 51% and 94% in the dried ground leaves, respectively. The composition of the dried leaves, based on a set of 14 variables predicted via NIRS models, plus the total foliar dry weight and percentage, showed a typical increase in protein, ash and hemicellulose, and a typical decrease in the cellulose, dry matter, crude fiber and crop maturity index. These variables were related to the foliar pH, as a key-variable, by means of a PLS standard model (R2 0.81) in which a low pH steadily favored the dry mass weight and, to a lesser extent, the hemicellulose and the digestible NDF contents; on the other hand, a high pH increased the dry matter percentage and the cellulose content of the leaves. As expected, the leaves of the inoculated plants showed a more juvenile ontogenic status. The epigean botanical modifications can be considered harmonic expressions of a luxuriant symbiosis, as testified by the homologous NIR categorization. The outlook for a symbiotic agriculture, with mycorrhizal plants, should consider the raw pH as a multifaceted variable.

scholarly journals The effect of silver nanoparticles on the limitation of ethylene gas and hydrolytic enzymatic activity in micropropagation of rose (Rosa hybrida L. 'Baby love')

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-517
Author(s):  
Ha Thi My Ngan ◽  
Hoang Thanh Tung ◽  
Ngo Dai Nghiep ◽  
Bui Van Le ◽  
Duong Tan Nhut
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Fresh Weight

Micropropagation of rose (Rosa hybrida L. ‘Baby Love’) often encounter some abnormal phenomena such as yellow and abscission leaf, hyperhydricity, etc. These phenomena effect on the quality of shoots cultured in vitro as well as the survival rate of plantlets after transferred to greenhouse. This is due to the accumulation of ethylene in culture vessel, which leads to an increase in enzyme activity of cellulase and pectinase resulted in disrupting the cell wall binding and inducing organ abscission. In this study, the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to overcome these abnormal phenomena as well as its effect on the growth and development of shoots and plantlets in rose cultured in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that after 6 weeks of shoot culture, the medium supplemented with 2 ppm AgNPs was the most suitable for in vitro shoot multiplication with the highest number of shoots/explant (6.67 shoots), shoot height (3.06 cm), fresh weight (451.00 mg), dry weight (58.33 mg), SPAD (32.28) and dry mass ratio(12.33%). Adding 3 ppm AgNPs into in vitro rooting medium may improve the growth and develop involve in plant height (3.06 cm), number of leaves (6.33), leaf length (1.50 cm), leaf width (1.50 cm), fresh weight (137.67 mg), dry weight (13.00 mg), number of roots (4.33), SPAD (39.37), dry mass ratio (9.40%) of rose plantlet after 4 weeks of culture. After treatment with AgNPs, the abnormal phenomena including ethylene gas accumulation (0.30 ppm), cellulase enzyme activity (0.14 UI/mL) and pectinase enzyme activity (0.40 UI/mL) was reduced compare with the other treatments and the control. In addition, the high survival rate (93.33%) of plantlets was also observed after 4 weeks transferred to greenhouse. On the other hand, the treatment with 5 ppm AgNPs also induced early rose in vitro flowering; however, when using AgNPs at high concentrations (7 ppm) inhibited growth, development, toxicity and even death of explants.

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