scholarly journals The effects of a postactivation potentiation warm-up on subsequent sprint performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad E. Smith ◽  
James C. Hannon ◽  
Brian McGladrey ◽  
Barry Shultz ◽  
Patricia Eisenman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Kinematics Analysis ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Mixed Anova ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect

AbstractPurpose. Many strength and conditioning professionals propose that postactivation potentiation (PAP) warm-ups enhance power performance although there are few studies conducted in this regard on sprinting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a PAP warm-up on sprint performance. Methods. Twenty-four men and women completed a 40-yard (yd) sprint pretest on four nonconsecutive days followed by a PAP warm-up that included a sled resistance sprint at either 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% of their body mass and concluded with a 40-yd dash posttest. Each resistance sprint was recorded for kinematic analysis. Results. A 2 × 2 × 4 factorial mixed ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference between sexes in 40-yd dash times (p < 0.001). A significant main effect was found in pre- and post-40-yd dash measures regardless of sex (p < 0.001). The results indicated no significant differences in the post-40-yd dash times between sled loads and the load by time interaction. The participants’ 40-yd dash times improved 1.2% on average after the 10% load. Improvements in dash time for the 0%, 20%, and 30% loads were greater than 2%. Sprint kinematics analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences between lighter and heavier loads. Conclusions. Regardless of the significant disruptions in sprint mechanics, there appears to be a potential for heavier sled resistances to affect acute improvements in 40-yd sprint performance. However, it is unclear whether heavier sleds loads may provide greater benefit than warming up with 0% resistance.

Effect of cluster set warm-up configurations on sprint performance in collegiate male soccer players

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett S. Nickerson ◽  
Gerald T. Mangine ◽  
Tyler D. Williams ◽  
Ismael A. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Cluster Set ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Single Cluster ◽  
Traditional Manner

The purpose of this study was to determine if back squat cluster sets (CS) with varying inter-repetition rest periods would potentiate greater sprint performance compared with a traditional set parallel back squat in collegiate soccer players. Twelve collegiate male soccer players (age, 21.0 ± 2.0 years; height, 180.0 ± 9.0 cm; body mass, 79.0 ± 9.5 kg) performed a 20-m sprint prior to a potentiation complex and at 1, 4, 7, and 10 min postexercise on 3 separate, randomized occasions. On each occasion, the potentiation complex consisted of 1 set of 3 repetitions at 85% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for the traditional parallel back squat. However, on 1 occasion the 3-repetition set was performed in a traditional manner (i.e., continuously), whereas on the other 2 occasions, 30s (CS30) and 60 s (CS60) of rest were allotted between each repetition. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed greater (p = 0.022) mean barbell velocity on CS60 compared with the traditional set. However, faster (p < 0.040) 20-m sprint times were observed for CS30 (3.15 ± 0.16 s) compared with traditional (3.20 ± 0.17 s) only at 10 min postexercise. No other differences were observed. These data suggest that a single cluster set of 3 repetitions with 30-s inter-repetition rest periods at 85% 1RM acutely improves 20-m sprinting performance. Strength and conditioning professionals and their athletes might consider its inclusion during the specific warm-up to acutely improve athletic performance during the onset (≤10 min) of training or competition.

Continuous Jumps Enhance Twitch Peak Torque and Sprint Performance in Highly Trained Sprint Athletes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Haiko B. Zimmermann ◽  
Débora Knihs ◽  
Fernando Diefenthaeler ◽  
Brian MacIntosh ◽  
Juliano Dal Pupo
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Vertical Jumps

Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a conditioning activity (CA) composed of continuous countermovement jumps on twitch torque production and 30-m sprint times. Methods: A total of 12 sprint athletes, 10 men (23.5 [7.7] y) and 2 women (23.0 [2.8] y), volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were evaluated in 2 sessions as follows: (1) to determine the effects of the CA (3 sets of 5 continuous vertical jumps with a 1-min interval between sets) on 30-m sprint performance over time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) and (2) to evaluate twitch peak torque to determine the magnitude and time course of the induced postactivation potentiation at the same recovery intervals. Results: Mixed-model analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc verified that there was a decrease on the 30-m sprint time at 2 minutes (P = .01; Δ = 2.78%; effect size [ES] = 0.43) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 2%, ES = 0.30) compared with pre when the CA preceded the sprints. The peak torque of quadriceps also showed significant increase from pretest to 2 minutes (P < .01; Δ = 17.0% [12.2%]; ES = 0.45) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 7.2% [8.8%]; ES = 0.20). Conclusion: The inclusion of CA composed of continuous countermovement jumps in the warm-up routine improved 30-m sprint performance at 2- and 4-minute time intervals after the CA (postactivation performance enhancement). Since postactivation potentiation was confirmed with electrical stimulation at the time when sprint performance increased, it was concluded that postactivation potentiation may have contributed to the observed performance increases.

Preconditioning Strategies to Enhance Physical Performance on the Day of Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam P. Kilduff ◽  
Charlotte V. Finn ◽  
Julien S. Baker ◽  
Christian J. Cook ◽  
Daniel J. West
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Hormonal Priming

Sports scientists and strength and conditioning professionals spend the majority of the competition season trying to ensure that their athletes’ training and recovery strategies are appropriate to ensure optimal performance on competition day. However, there is an additional window on the day of competition where performance can be acutely enhanced with a number of preconditioning strategies. These strategies include appropriately designed warm-up, passive heat maintenance, postactivation potentiation, remote ischemic preconditioning, and, more recently, prior exercise and hormonal priming. The aim of this review was to explore the potential practical use of these strategies and propose a theoretical timeline outlining how they may be incorporated into athlete’s precompetition routine to enhance performance. For the purpose of this review the discussion is confined to strategies that may enhance performance of short-duration, high-intensity sports (eg, sprinting, jumping, throwing).

scholarly journals Backward Running: Acute Effects on Sprint Performance in Preadolescent Boys

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Petrakis ◽  
Eleni Bassa ◽  
Anastasia Papavasileiou ◽  
Anthi Xenofondos ◽  
Dimitrios A. Patikas
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Sprint Speed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Rest Time ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of backward running (BwR) during warm-up on a 20-m sprint of boys’ performance, compared to forward running (FwR). Fourteen recreationally active preadolescent boys (aged 12.5 ± 0.5 years) were examined in 3 protocols: warm-up (control condition), warm-up with 3 × 10 m additional BwR sprints and warm-up with 3 × 10 m additional FwR sprints. Participants were evaluated 4 minutes after each protocol on a 20-m sprint and intermediate distances, as well as the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Sprint speed across 10-20 m was significantly higher for the BwR warm-up compared to the regular warm-up (p < 0.05) and a significantly higher RPE after the BwR and FwR protocols compared to the control condition was recorded (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected across the distances 0–5, 5–10, 0–10 and 0–20 m. Although adding 3 × 10-m sprints of BwR or FwR after the warm-up did not enhance performance in a 20 m sprint of preadolescent boys, the positive effect of BwR across 10–20 m distance suggests that BwR could be an alternative means for enhancing performance for certain phases of a sprint for this age. However, preadolescent boys’ response to different sprint conditioning exercise stimuli and the optimization of rest time to maximize performance remain to be determined.

AN ATTEMPT TO INDUCE POSTACTIVATION POTENTIATION TO IMPROVE KAYAK SPRINT PERFORMANCE USING AN ON-WATER KAYAK-SPECIFIC WARM UP

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (05) ◽  
pp. 2050026
Author(s):  
SZE YING SOH ◽  
ABDUL RASHID AZIZ ◽  
MARCUS J.C. LEE
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Resistance Exercises ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tennis Balls

This study explores whether an on-water kayak-specific resistance exercise (KSRE) performed during the warm-up period can induce postactivation potentiation (PAP) to improve subsequent kayak-sprint performance. The KSRE involves stringing several tennis balls around the boat’s hull to induce drag while paddling. In a laboratory setting, 10 well-trained male ([Formula: see text]) and female ([Formula: see text]) kayakers performed three repetitions of the single-arm seated-row (SASR) at 91% one-repetition maximum to induce PAP and were assessed for their peak power output while performing SASR on the Keiser machine at two-minute intervals up to 16 min. Each individual’s latency period for the onset of PAP during this exercise was recorded. In separate sessions, athletes performed in random, a 30 m kayak-sprint in a swimming pool setting after either control (no pre-performance loading) or experimental (post-PAP induction via the KSRE taking into account the individual’ onset of PAP latencies period obtained in the laboratory) conditions. Criterion measures of boat velocities of the third and fourth stroke from the start and 30 m sprint times, assessed using video, were not significantly different between control and experimental conditions. The translation of increased power output elicited via PAP using land-based resistance exercises into water-based resistance exercises to improve kayak-sprint performance remains a challenge.

scholarly journals Acute Effect of Kettlebell Swings on Sprint Performance

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishen Kartages ◽  
Guy Wilson ◽  
Che Fornusek ◽  
Mark Halaki ◽  
Daniel Hackett
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Condition Effect

Previous research has shown that kettlebell swings (KBS), utilizing the hip-hinge technique, exhibit similar lower-limb muscle activation patterns to sprint running. This study investigated whether the inclusion of KBS in the warm-up enhances sprint performance. Moderately trained males (n = 12) and females (n = 8) performed KBS and a control (CON) condition (passive rest) in random order before performing three 20-m sprint trials separated by 4 min. No condition (KBS versus CON) effects, time effects or condition by time interactions were found for sprint times at 5-m and 10-m. A significant time effect was found for sprint time at 20-m with faster sprint time at 12 min compared to 4 min (p = 0.022). No condition effect or condition by time interaction was found for sprint time at 20-m. Small to moderate correlations were found for change in sprint time (CON minus KBS) and KBS load at 4, 8, and 12 min. It appears the KBS is not effective for potentiating 20-m sprint performance; however, any potential benefit from the inclusion of KBS as a preconditioning exercise for sprinting may be influenced by individual strength capabilities with KBS.

scholarly journals Korelasi Antara Lompat Vertikal Dengan Performa Sprint 60 Meter Pada Atlet Taekwondo dan Karate

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Tommy Apriantono ◽  
Syahruddin Syahruddin ◽  
Bagus Winata ◽  
Doddy Abdul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
First Session

Taekwondo dan Pencak silat merupaka dua contoh cabang olahraga seni bela diri yang saat ini sedang berkembang saat ini. Maka dari itu, tujuan daripada penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur serta mengetahui korelasi antara performa lompat vertikal dengan sprint 60 meter pada atlet Taekwondo dan Pencak silat. Seluruh peserta, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok berdasarkan kecabangan mereka, yaitu kelompok Taekwondo (TKW), dan kelompok Pencak silat (PKS). Seluruh peserta diwajibkan untuk melakukan pemanasan secara statis dan dinamis selama minimal 15 menit. Setelah sesi pemanasan selesai, kelompok TKW memulai pertama untuk sesi pengukuran anthropometry, lompat vertikal, dan sprint. Kelompok PKS lebih unggul dalam melakukan performa loncatan, yaitu 57,33 (± 7,73) cm dibandingkan dengan kelompok TKW sebesar 55,78 (± 4,30) cm. Sedangkan untuk hasil sprint 60 meter, menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara sprint 60 meter antara kelompok TKW dan PKS (p = 0,007), dimana kelompok PKS (7,94 ± 0,15) detik lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan kelompok TKW (8,48 ± 0,49) detik. Hasil dalam penelitian ini, menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara performa lompat vertikal dengan performa sprint 60 meter, pada atlet Takewondo dan Pencak silat.Taekwondo and Pencak silat are two examples of martial arts sports that are currently being developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure and determine the correlation between vertical jump performance and 60 meter sprints in Taekwondo and Pencak silat athletes. All participants were divided into two groups based on their branches, namely the Taekwondo group (TKW) and the Pencak silat group (PKS). All participants are required to warm up statically and dynamically for at least 15 minutes. After the warm-up session was over, the TKW group started the first session for anthropometry measurement, vertical jump, and sprint. The PKS group was superior in jumping performance, 57.33 (± 7.73) cm compared to the TKW group of 55.78 (± 4.30) cm. As for the results of the 60 meter sprint, it shows that there were a significant difference between the 60 meter sprint between the TKW and PKS groups (p = 0.007), where the PKS group (7.94 ± 0.15) seconds is faster than the TKW group (8, 48 ± 0.49) seconds. The results in this study indicate that there were a correlation between vertical jump performance and 60 meter sprint performance, for Takewondo and Pencak silat athletes.

Effects of Plyometric Versus Concentric and Eccentric Conditioning Contractions on Upper-Body Postactivation Potentiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 736-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert Ulrich ◽  
Mario Parstorfer
Keyword(s):  
Bench Press ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Interesting Part ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Upper Body Power

Purpose:There are limited data on postactivation potentiation’s (PAP) effects after plyometric conditioning contractions (CCs), especially in the upper body. This study compared plyometric CCs with concentric-eccentric and eccentric CCs aiming to improve upper-body power performance due to a PAP effect.Methods:Sixteen resistance-trained males completed 3 experimental trials in a randomized order that comprised either a plyometric (PLY), a concentric-eccentric (CON), or an eccentric-only (ECC) CC. Maximal muscle performance, as determined by a ballistic bench-press throw, was measured before (baseline) and 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 min after each CC.Results:Compared with baseline, bench-press power was significantly enhanced only in CON (P = .046, ES = 0.21) after 8 min of recovery. However, the results obtained from the comparisons between baseline power performance and the individual best power performance for each subject after each CC stimulus showed significant increases in PLY (P < .001, ES = 0.31) and CON (P < .001, ES = 0.38). There was no significant improvement in ECC (P = .106, ES = 0.11).Conclusions:The results indicate that only CON CCs generated increases in bench-press power after 8 min of rest. However, considering an individual rest interval, PLY CCs led to an enhanced power performance in the bench-press exercise, and this increase was comparable to that induced by CON CCs. Due to the easy practical application before a competition, PLY CCs might be an interesting part of warm-up strategies aiming to improve upper-body power performance by reason of PAP.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Different Postactivation Potentiation Protocols on Traditional Rowing Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Alfonso Penichet-Tomas ◽  
Jose M. Jimenez-Olmedo ◽  
Luis Serra Torregrosa ◽  
Basilio Pueo
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Maximal Load ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
Load Intensity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Student’S T

Postactivation potentiation (PAP) describes an initial muscular activation with a submaximal or maximal load intensity that produces acute improvements in muscle power and performance in subsequent explosive activities. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different PAP protocols in rowing performance. A crossover design involving seven rowers was used, in which two different PAP protocols were applied: PAP of maximal conditioning contractions (PAP MCC) on a rowing ergometer to provide greater transferability and, thus, enhance the magnitude of PAP stimuli on subsequent rowing performance; and PAP of maximal strength contractions (PAP MSC) in half squat and bench pull exercises, similar to the main exercises in rowing strength training, to perform a 20 s “all-out” test simulating a competition start. Student’s t-test was used to compare means of the variables (p < 0.05). Effect size statistics were calculated using Cohen’s d. The PAP MCC protocol resulted in significant differences, with an extremely large effect size in average power output (p = 0.034, d = 0.98) in the first 3 (p = 0.019, d = 1.15) and first 5 (p = 0.036, d = 0.91) strokes. This group also reached a greater number of strokes (p = 0.049, d = 2.29) and strokes per minute (p = 0.046, d = 1.15). PAP with maximal conditioning contractions in rowing warm-up enhanced subsequent rowing sprint and is an advisable strategy to potentiate performance at the start of rowing competitions and sprint regattas.

scholarly journals Impact of Violent Experiences and Social Support on R-NSSI Behavior among Middle School Students in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3347
Author(s):  
Kun Liu ◽  
Xueyan Yang ◽  
Moye Xin
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury (R-NSSI) is an extreme manifestation of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior that causes bodily harm and emotional and personality disorders. It is a growing concern, especially among adolescents; therefore, this study aims to provide empirical support for effective interventions on R-NSSI behavior among adolescents in China. We used data of about 1180 students from a survey conducted in seven middle schools in Xi’an, China, and applied multiple logistic regression to analyze NSSI and R-NSSI among male and female students, including their influencing factors. We found no significant difference between male and female students’ R-NSSI; however, regarding influencing factors, male students had more violent experiences and less social support than female students. Parental and familial factors played the most prominent role in social support. Social support was found to be a main-effect mechanism in the effect of violent experiences on R-NSSI among male students, whereas the mechanism had both a main effect and a certain buffer effect among female students. R-NSSI was found to be more prevalent among younger children, children with siblings, and those with romantic relationship experiences. We also found that healthy adolescent development involves the participation of families and schools. Health education should be conducted according to the students’ sex and characteristics.

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