PENGARUH MEDIA PENDINGIN PADA PROSES HARDENING MATERIAL BAJA S45C

The technology of the manufacturing industry is developing rapidly, where the rapid development of this technology cannot be separated from the welding field. In the welding process, thermal heat is used until the material melts, the heat change will also cause changes in the structure, stress and also deformation of the material. This is because the more carbon elements are captured, the more martyred structures are formed. This causes an increase in the value of hardness and tensile strength values in the material. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the temperature of the cooling medium oil, salt water, water. dromus, and free air in GMAW welding on the tensile test of ST 60 steel. To determine the effect of cooling temperature medium of Oil, Salt Water, Dromus Water, and Free Air on GMAW welding toward the tensile test and hardness test of ST 60 steel. Several means used for testing are calculating the tensile stress Mpa and HVN hardness. This research method used the experimental method. The GMAW welding process variations of coolant were used, such as oil, salt water, dromus water, and free air with a time of 25 minutes and electic current of 100 A. The type of seam used was a V type with angle of 30o. The tests carried out were tensile and hardness test. The highest average value of the tensile stress from the the salt water coolant specimen was 490.23 Mpa. The highest average value of the tensile strain from free air specimens was 35.45 Mpa. The average value of HVN hardness from Oil specimens was 208.3 HVN, salt water was 231.0 HVN, Dromus water was 215.5 HVN, and free air was 228.0 HVN. From the average value of HVN hardness, the highest value observed was the salt water specimen with 231.0 HVN.

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Effect of Cooling Media on Steel Hardness ST 37 of Conventional Lathe Process

10.31227/osf.io/tn7ch ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Teknomekanik ◽

Nelvi Erizon ◽

M. Iksan Ardiyansyah ◽

Jasman ◽

Yufrizal. A

Keyword(s):

Oil Content ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Air Cooling ◽

Hardness Tester ◽

Cooling Medium ◽

Average Hardness ◽

Spindle Rotation ◽

Boring Tool ◽

Cooling Media ◽

Hardness Values

This study aims to determine the type of air cooling media, soluble oil, and air to the result on lathe ST 37 steel. The cooling medium is very important to maintain boring tool deformation and can add product quality. In the process lathe of friction between the workpiece and chisel cut that can produce overheating and influence on the result of the slice boring tool on the workpiece. The research that will be carried out is experimental research with variables that are controlled that is feeding, deep of a cut, and spindle rotation and examination of the hardness of the specimen on the object before done lathe. The sample in this study which is ST 37 steel with diameter 25 mm and length 60 mm as many as 9 specimens which will be done lathe with different type media kind inprocess working. To know influence the type of cooling medium against steel ST 37 is done brinnel hardeness test using test equipment hardness tester. Of the 9 specimens lathe will be determined 3 points to do hardeness tests. From the result of hardness test and analysis obtained from hardness test on steel ST 37 average data that is use of soluble refrigerant media that produce a very good cooling at the time of the lathe process. The results of research is obtained that the use of soluble refrigerant media is the best with an average hardness of 224.10 kg / mm². On the lathe process, the cooling media has oil content will be able to maintain the scores hardness and time-worn on boring tool. Thus to maintain the hardness values can be used soluble oil cooling media and to increase the hardness values of workpieces can be used air cooling media.

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Effect of Cooling Media on Steel Hardness ST 37 On Conventional Lathe Process

Teknomekanik ◽

10.24036/tm.v1i1.372 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Nelvi Erizon ◽

M Iksan Ardiyansyah ◽

Jasman Jasman ◽

Yufrizal A

Keyword(s):

Oil Content ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Air Cooling ◽

Hardness Tester ◽

Cooling Medium ◽

Average Hardness ◽

Spindle Rotation ◽

Boring Tool ◽

Cooling Media ◽

Hardness Values

This study aims to determine the type of air cooling media, soluble oil, and air to the result on lathe ST 37 steel. The cooling medium is very important to maintain boring tool deformation and can add product quality. In the process lathe of friction between the workpiece and chisel cut that can produce overheating and influence on the result of the slice boring tool on the workpiece. The research that will be carried out is experimental research with variables that are controlled that is feeding, deep of a cut, and spindle rotation and examination of the hardness of the specimen on the object before done lathe. The sample in this study which is ST 37 steel with diameter 25 mm and length 60 mm as many as 9 specimens which will be done lathe with different type media kind inprocess working. To know influence the type of cooling medium against steel ST 37 is done brinnel hardeness test using test equipment hardness tester. Of the 9 specimens lathe will be determined 3 points to do hardeness tests. From the result of hardness test and analysis obtained from hardness test on steel ST 37 average data that is use of soluble refrigerant media that produce a very good cooling at the time of the lathe process. The results of research is obtained that the use of soluble refrigerant media is the best with an average hardness of 224.10 kg / mm². On the lathe process, the cooling media has oil content will be able to maintain the scores hardness and time-worn on boring tool. Thus to maintain the hardness values can be used soluble oil cooling media and to increase the hardness values of workpieces can be used air cooling media.

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Micro-Hardness and Morphology of LDPE Influenced by Beta Radiation

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.253 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 606 ◽

pp. 253-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Martin Ovsik ◽

Petr Kratky ◽

David Manas ◽

Miroslav Manas ◽

Michal Stanek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Beta Radiation ◽

Micro Hardness ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Depth Sensing ◽

Surface Layers ◽

Hardness Values ◽

Different Doses

This article deals with the influence of different doses of Beta radiation to the structure and mico-mechanical properties of Low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Hard surface layers of polymer materials, especially LDPE, can be formed by radiation cross-linking by β radiation with doses of 33, 66 and 99 kGy. Material properties created by β radiation are measured by micro-hardness test using the DSI method (Depth Sensing Indentation). Individual radiation doses caused structural and micro-mechanical changes which have a significant effect on the final properties of the LDPE tested. The highest values of micro-mechanical properties were reached at radiation dose of 66 and 99 kGy, when the micro-hardness values increased by about 21%. The changes were examined and confirmed by X-ray diffraction.

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KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT MEKANIS ANTARA TIGA PRODUK MANUFAKTUR ELEKTRODA E6013

JURNAL KAJIAN TEKNIK MESIN ◽

10.52447/jktm.v3i1.1108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 40-45

Author(s):

Basori Basori ◽

Ferry Budhi Susetyo

Keyword(s):

Impact Strength ◽

Test Specimen ◽

Impact Test ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Welding Process ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Bottom Plate ◽

Weld Deposit ◽

Welding Electrode ◽

The Impact

The type of electrode used in the SMAW process has many types, such as E 6010, E 6011, E 6012, E 6013, E 6020, E6027. In this case the type E 6013 is the most widely used. Certainly the type E 6013 is produced by different manufacturers as well. From penelurusan researchers of this type have different prices in accordance with companies that sell it. For that reason researchers are interested to compare the three manufacturing outputs for the type E 6013 in terms of its mechanical properties. Making a specimen welding electrode cut material to be used. then sandpaper the material that has been cut so that no remaining pieces are still attached. The next step to do the welding process with three types of E6013 elekroda. The welding is carried out until it reaches the layer layer 10 mm thickness, then the bottom plate is discarded and the weld deposit deposits only The impact strength and surface hardness value are inversely proportional. For the impact test, the E1 electrode sample specimen has the highest impact strength value and the E3 electrode sample specimen has the lowest impact strength value. While on the hardness test specimen E3 electrode sample has the highest hardness value and sample specimen E1 electrode has the lowest hardness value. This can prove that the harder the object is the more brittle the object.

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On-farm use of a water hardness test kit to assess total blood calcium level in dairy cattle

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029920000023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 56-59

Author(s):

Filippo Fiore ◽

Raffaella Cocco ◽

Daniele Musina ◽

Nicoletta Spissu

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Calcium Concentration ◽

Water Hardness ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Total Serum ◽

Total Blood ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Blood Calcium ◽

Test Kit ◽

On Farm

AbstractIn this Research Communication we report the measurement of total blood calcium concentration with a water hardness test kit (WHTK) in dairy cattle and compare the results to a reference method. The study was carried out on 107 Holstein Friesian cows from three commercial dairy farms in Sardinia (Italy). Blood samples were collected ≤7 d from calving and total serum calcium concentration was determined using a biochemical analyzer and a WHTK. The relationship between the laboratory results and the WHTK results was investigated using Spearman's rank correlation test and simple linear regression was determined. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, intra and inter-assay coefficient of variation were also calculated. The test values were highly correlated with the laboratory values (R2 = 0.72, P < 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity were respectively 88 and 83% for the WHTK and intra and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 7.3 and 11.3% respectively. The WHTK was identified as a potential on-farm tool for monitoring early postpartum Ca concentrations at herd level.

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THE STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LAMINATED BAMBOO STRIP (LBS) FROM GIGANTOCHLOA LEVIS TYPE MIXED WITH EPOXY

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.8836 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (5-10) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Hafiz Kamarudin ◽

Mohd Suri Saringat ◽

Nor Hisham Sulaiman

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Impact Test ◽

Epoxy Composite ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Total Sample ◽

Sample Thickness ◽

Charpy Test ◽

Laminated Bamboo ◽

Best Value ◽

The Impact

This study about laminated bamboo strip from gigantochloa levis type mixed with epoxy composite. Due to the existence of demand for products that are comfortable, healthy and environmentally friendly, this research has focused on the use of renewable sources that is bamboo. Bamboos are some of fastest growing plant in the world and also have a higher compressive strength than wood, brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel. Certain species of bamboo can grow 35 inchies within 24 hour period, at a rate of 3 cm/h. That means bamboos can growth of approximately 1 mm every 2 minutes. In this study, the bamboo strip reinforced with epoxy was processed through hand lay-out method. Bamboo strips are combined with epoxy for a total sample thickness of 3 mm. This study is performed using the impact test that is Charpy (ASTM D-6110) and Izod (ASTM D-256) to measure the mechanical properties of energy absorbtion, followed by hardness test (ASTM D-1037). The 0, 60 and 90 degree of laminated bamboo strip epoxy composite with two types of load 7 kg and 14 kg has been tested. It is found that the 0 degree specimen Charpy test give the best value is 4.79 Joule energy absorbtion for 14 kg load. While for the Izod test, the best composition is also 0 degree with 4.51 Joule energy absorbtion for 14 kg load. It is shown that when the degree of bamboo laminate configuration increases, the impact absorbtion decrease. The result also shown that, when the load is increase the impact also increases. It means that got relative significant between bamboo strip configuration and load. The impact properties relate to the loading weight. The hardness test also shown that the laminated bamboo strip for 14 kg load resulting 91 rating, that is more higher than 7 kg load that is 84. It is shown that more loads will result more hardness rating for the laminated bamboo strip.

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Influence of Different Pigmentations and Accelerated Aging on the Hardness and Tear Strength of the A-2186 and MDX4-4210 Silicones

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2020/8492091 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Estefânia Marrega Malavazi ◽

Daniela Micheline dos Santos ◽

Clóvis Lamartine de Moraes Melo Neto ◽

Fernanda Pereira de Caxias ◽

Emily Vivianne Freitas da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Strength Test ◽

Tear Strength ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Before And After ◽

Hardness Values

Objective. To evaluate the influence of different pigmentations and accelerated aging on the hardness and tear strength of the A-2186 and MDX4-4210 silicones. Materials and Methods. The samples A-2186 and MDX4-4210 were manufactured without and with pigmentations (black, bronze, and pink). For the Shore A hardness test, 80 samples of each silicone were fabricated, and for the tear strength test, 320 samples of each silicone were fabricated. Eight groups were created for each test (n = 10). These tests were performed before and after 252, 504, and 1008 hours of aging. Three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Tukey test were performed (α = 0.05). Results. The A-2186 silicone showed higher hardness and tear strength when compared with the MDX4-4210 silicone p<0.05, except in the hardness of the A-2186 and MDX4-4210 groups without pigmentation after 1008 hours p>0.05. All hardness values were between 25 and 35 units, regardless of the silicone type, period, and pigmentation (or no pigmentation). In most situations, the hardness of silicones used increased after 252 hours p<0.05. The nonpigmented MDX4-4210 group and all A-2186 groups showed an increase in tear strength after 252 hours p<0.05. For the nonpigmented MDX4-4210 group, from 252 to 1008 hours, there was no change in tear strength p>0.05. All pigmented MDX4-4210 groups showed no change in tear strength from 0 (initial) to 1008 hours of aging p>0.05. In all A-2186 groups, from 252 to 504 hours, there was a reduction in tear strength p<0.05, and from 504 to 1008 hours, there was an increase in tear strength p<0.05, except in the bronze A-2186 group p>0.05. Conclusion. In most situations, the A-2186 silicone showed significantly higher values of hardness and tear strength than the MDX4-4210 silicone. All hardness values were considered clinically acceptable. Accelerated aging could increase, decrease, or not significantly change the hardness and tear strength of the silicones used. The results of hardness and tear strength suggest that MDX4-4210 was more influenced by the presence of pigmentation after aging.

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Investigation of Solid Solubility, Hardness, and Thermal Properties of Au-Ge-Sb System

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1016.336 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1016 ◽

pp. 336-341

Author(s):

Kamolchanok Thipayarat ◽

Ekasit Nisaratanaporn ◽

Boonrat Lohwongwatana

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Alloy System ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Lead Free ◽

Diagram Method ◽

Average Value ◽

Wide Range ◽

Lead Free Solders ◽

Hardness Values ◽

Fine Tune

In recent years, the Au-Ge-Sb system has been studied as a possible alternative alloy for soldering applications [1-4]. The alloy has various fbenefits such as (i) low melting temperature which allows the alloy system to be used as a drop-in solution for high performance lead-free solders, (ii) three distinct phases of different hardness values (100, 150 and 500 HV) which offer the ability to fine tune the composition and microstructure to a wide range of properties, and (iii) limited solute solubility which offers ease of control and fine-tuning of microstructure, mechanical properties and colors. Gold compositions centered around 75wt% gold were modeled and selected using the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) method. Predictions were later confirmed by experimental results. The alloy solidifies in the range of 242.5-261.7 °C. The overall hardness values were measured and confirmed to be within the volume average value of all the phases combined.

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Hardness and Impact Toughness of Niobium Alloyed Austempered Ductile Iron

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1768 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 418-420 ◽

pp. 1768-1771 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bulan Abdullah ◽

Siti Khadijah Alias ◽

Ahmed Jaffar ◽

Rashiddy Wong Freddawati ◽

A. Ramli

Keyword(s):

Impact Toughness ◽

Ductile Iron ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Impact Test ◽

Induction Furnace ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Austempered Ductile Iron ◽

Austenitizing Temperature ◽

Austempering Temperature ◽

The Impact

The effect of different austempering holding times on the hardness and impact toughness of 0.254% niobium alloyed austempered ductile iron was investigated in this study. Molten ductile iron was prepared in an induction furnace with capacity of 60kg. Samples with dimension of 300m x Ø25mm in form of Y block double cylinder was constituted and solidified samples were then machined in accordance to ASTM E23 for impact test specimens. Samples were ground and polished before Rockwell hardness test was conducted. Austempering heat treatment process with austenitizing temperature of 900°C for 1 hour and austempering temperature of 350°C for 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hour holding times were then carried out. The results from this research indicated that austempering the sample for 1 hour resulted in significant improvement of the impact toughness values but increasing the austempering holding time deficiently reduced the values. On the contrary, the hardness of niobium alloyed austempered ductile iron continues to increase with respect to longer austempering holding times.

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