scholarly journals RUANG SENI BEBAS STRES TJIKINI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Jessica Santoso ◽  
Sutarki Sutisna
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Healing Environment ◽  
Big City ◽  
Art And Culture

The consequences of living in a big city with such an intense life pace putting the citizens at higher risk for stress compared to those who live in the rural areas. Jakarta ranked 132nd out of 150 in the world’s most stressfull cities ranking. The stress level of its citizens is at level five on a scale of 1-10 and the numbers of its population with mental health problem keeps increasing each year. There are several factors that contribute to stress, i.e. the high rate of urbanization, traffic congestion, the lack of green spaces availability, heavy workload and also the pace of life in cities that needs us to always be faster, dynamic and efficient. Therefore, those who live in the cities needs the third place. A comfier space between home (first place) and work (second place) for citizens to spend the time, to take  a break from the daily routine, to socialize and to interact with others, and also as a place to relieve the stress. Using the healing environment approach, the purpose of Tjikini Stress Relieve Art Space is to provide an urban public space for recreation, freedom of expression, social gathering, social interaction and to have better knowledge on the arts as one of the alternatives to relax and to relieve the stress. It also acts as an supporting facility for arts activities in Cikini area which will become art and culture center of Jakarta. Keywords: Interaction; Stress; Third Place; Urban Stress AbstrakKonsekuensi tinggal di kota besar dengan dinamika kehidupannya yang sangat intens menjadikan masyarakat perkotaan rentan mengalami stres dibandingkan mereka yang tinggal di daerah pedesaan. Jakarta menduduki peringkat ke-132 dari 150 kota paling stres di dunia. Tingkat stres masyarakatnya telah memasuki tahap kritis yakni, melebihi stadium lima dari skala 1-10 dan jumlah penderita gangguan mental emosional (stres) yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Banyak faktor yang menjadi penyebab stres masyarakat kota diantaranya, tingginya tingkat urbanisasi, kemacetan, kurangnya ketersediaan ruang terbuka hijau, stres akibat menghadapi beban tuntutan pekerjaan hingga stres akibat tuntutan kehidupan perkotaan yang serba cepat, dinamis, dan serba efisien. Maka dari itu, masyarakat kota membutuhkan tempat ketiga. Sebuah ruang yang menghubungkan  rumah atau tempat tinggal (tempat pertama) dan tempat kerja (tempat kedua) sebagai ruang publik yang lebih santai bagi masyarakat kota untuk dapat beristirahat, berhenti sejenak dari segala rutinitas yang dilakukan setiap hari, bersosialisasi dan  berinteraksi serta menjadi tempat untuk menyalurkan stres. Dengan menggunakan metode Healing Environment, Ruang Seni Bebas Stres Tjikini bertujuan untuk membuat sebuah ruang publik yang memberikan ruang dan waktu bagi masyarakat kota untuk berkreasi, berekspresi, berkumpul, berinteraksi, dan mengenal lebih luas mengenai seni sebagai salah satu alternatif untuk relaksasi dan menyalurkan stres mereka. Juga sebagai fasilitas pendukung kegiatan seni pada Kawasan Cikini yang akan menjadi Pusat Kesenian Dan Kebudayaan Jakarta.

scholarly journals Social media and efficient computer infrastructure in smart city

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Jerzy Balicki ◽  
Honorata Balicka ◽  
Piotr Dryja ◽  
Maciej Tyszka
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Big City ◽  
Key Resources

Social media require an efficient infrastructures of computer and communication systems to support a smart city. In a big city, there are several crucial dilemmas with a home and public space planning, a growing population, a global warming, carbon emissions, a lack of key resources like water and energy, and a traffic congestion. In a smart city, we expect an efficient and sustainable transportation, efficient management of resources and a better urban planning. In this paper, social media are proposed to support smart city with efficient computer infrastructure. Moreover, some methods are described to increase the availability and efficiency of an information infrastructure. Two criteria have been formulated to assign some key resources in a smart city system. The process of finding some compromise solutions from Pareto-optimal solutions has been illustrated. Metaheuristics o f collective intelligence, including particle swarm optimization PSO, ant colony optimization ACO, an algorithm of bee colony ABC, and differential evolution DE have been described due to smart city infrastructure improving. Other application of above metaheuristics in smart city have been also presented.

scholarly journals PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR SEBAGAI PEMBENTUK TEMPAT KETIGA DI PASAR BARU

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 2311
Author(s):  
Denzel Suptan ◽  
Denny Husin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Insertion Method ◽  
Empty Slot

The phenomenon of the need to complement the daily activities of urban communities in an area need to be responded to in a design strategy that can resolve various kinds of conflicts. This is happening in Jakarta where there were still problems with the lack of public space facilities that not reach the residential area. The issue that the region has its characteristics that also raises a variety of activities in addition to daily routine activities in the form of a variety of entertainment activities, commerce, and even some activities accommodate various events. The purpose of this study is to raise public space as a unifying space or transition from routine home (first place) and work (second place). Cross, trans, and dis programming methods are used by not eliminating or changing things that are already characteristic of the region, by studying activities that might be reactivated and then simulated, hypothetically Pasar Baru can play a role in realizing physical identity as the old city to continue to live and be sustainable. The step used is to insert certain events in an empty slot in a year with the program insertion method. The findings are that program events can continue to be connected at all times through embedded programs. The results of this third place project show that architecture can contribute to the development of the program. Keywords:  Program; Third Place; Transition AbstrakFenomena kebutuhan akan pelengkap aktivitas keseharian masyarakat kota di suatu daerah perlu untuk direspon ke dalam strategi desain yang dapat menyelesaikan berbagai macam konflik. Hal tersebut tentunya terjadi di kota Jakarta yang masih terdapat masalah minimnya fasilitas ruang publik dan kurang menjangkau area permukiman. Isu bahwa wilayah memiliki karakteristiknya sendiri yang juga memunculkan berbagai aktivitas selain kegiatan rutinitas sehari-hari berupa ragam kegiatan hiburan, niaga, bahkan ada kegiatan yang menampung berbagai event/acara-acara menjadi latar belakang studi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengangkat ruang publik sebagai ruang pemersatu atau transisi dari rutinitas rumah (first place) dan pekerjaan (second place). Metode programming cross, trans, dan dis digunakan dengan tidak menghilangkan atau mengubah secara total berbagai hal yang sudah menjadi karakteristik dari kawasan, dengan cara mempelajari aktivitas-aktivitas yang mungkin bisa diaktifkan kembali lalu disimulasikan. Secara hipotesis Pasar Baru dapat berperan kembali mewujudkan identitas fisik sebagai kota lama agar dapat terus hidup dan berkesinambungan. Langkah yang digunakan yaitu menyisipkan event tertentu pada celah yang kosong dengan metode penyisipan program. Temuannya berupa event program dapat terus terhubung di setiap waktu melalui program-program yang disisipkan. Hasil proyek tempat ketiga ini menunjukkan bahwa arsitektur dapat turut serta berkontribusi dalam mengupayakan pengembangan program.

scholarly journals TEMPAT KETIGA BERKONSEP RUANG TAMU BAGI KAWASAN PENJARINGAN DENGAN EKSTENSI SKYWALK SEBAGAI PRASARANA PENDUKUNG MOBILITAS PEDESTRIAN PADA SKALA LINGKUNGAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1927
Author(s):  
Daniel Yohanes ◽  
Priscilla Epifania
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Living

A third place functions as a meeting platform for people outside their daily routine in homes, working places, and can enhance the life quality of urban society, especially during the increasingly individualist era due to the growth of technology. Penjaringan District has one of the busiest nodes in Jakarta City, and consists of housing (first place) and offices (second place) with relatively large and equal percentage, and with the positions which allows permeability. The design site which is located between Pluit and Penjaringan Subdistricts, is chosen based on the performed district investigation. Nearby facilities have the potential to be improved, such as Putra Putri Park, Penjaringan Busway Station, and Pluit Junction Mall.  A skywalk is introduced to connect the facilites by acting as a platform to bring mobility from and to Penjaringan Busway Station to vitalize Pluit Junction Mall and Putra Putri Park which in their existing condition did not function as intended. The designed third place which is connected with the skywalk becomes one with the formed connectivity. Music is the chosen theme for the third place as a binder of the people with their differing backgrounds. The proxemics approach and the Pattern Language method are used to shape the spaces to encourage social interaction. The vision is to make the third place to be “a large living room” for Penjaringan District. The third place which provides a freedom of expression and encourages visitors to bring and play music instruments is hoped to act as an interaction and activity platform for both the locals and outsiders. Keywords: freedom of expression; living room; music; skywalk; third place AbstrakThird place berperan sebagai wadah berkumpulnya warga di luar keseharian mereka tinggal dan bekerja, dan dapat meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan masyarakat perkotaan, terutama di dalam era yang semakin individualis sebagai akibat dari perkembangan teknologi. Kawasan Penjaringan memiliki salah satu noda teramai di Kota Jakarta, dan terdiri dari perumahan (tempat pertama) dan perkantoran (tempat kedua) dengan presentase yang relatif besar dan seimbang, dengan posisi yang memungkinkan adanya permeabilitas di antara keduanya. Tapak perancangan yang terletak di perbatasan Kelurahan Pluit dan Kelurahan Penjaringan, terpilih berdasarkan investigasi kawasan yang dilakukan. Beberapa  fasilitas terdekat memiliki potensi peningkatan kualitas, diantaranya Taman Putra Putri, Halte Transjakarta Penjaringan, dan Mal Pluit Junction. Sebuah skywalk dihadirkan untuk mengkoneksikan fasilitas-fasilitas tersebut dengan menjadi wadah yang membawa pergerakan dari dan menuju ke Halte Transjakarta Penjaringan untuk menghidupkan Mal Pluit Junction serta Taman Putra Putri yang pada kondisi eksisting tidak berfungsi secara maksimal. Tempat ketiga yang dirancang terhubung dengan skywalk ini dan menjadi sebuah kesatuan bagi konektivitas yang terbentuk. Musik merupakan tema terpilih sebagai pengikat orang-orang yang beragam latar belakangnya. Teori proksemik dan metode Bahasa Pola digunakan untuk menciptakan keruangan yang mendorong terjadinya interaksi sosial. Visi proyek ini adalah untuk menjadikan tempat ketiga ini “sebuah ruang tamu besar” bagi Kawasan Penjaringan. Tempat ketiga yang memberikan kebebasan ekspresi dan mengundang pengunjung untuk membawa dan memainkan instrumen musik ini diharapkan dapat berperan sebagai wadah interaksi dan kegiatan bagi warga lokal ataupun pengunjung dari luar kawasan. 

scholarly journals RUMAH KACA PINGGIR KOTA DI DAAN MOGOT

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Valdo Helmy ◽  
Sutarki Sutisna
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Community Garden ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The City

DKI Jakarta as the capitol consists of 5 regions and 1 district. Jakarta has the highest population density in Indonesia. In this modern ag, the population tends to live and work in the city thus psychological problems arise in the form of stress. In the urban lifestyle, stress is caused  due to daily routine where everybody is active between two places namely residence and work place. This routine can cause problems that begins with the feeling of boredom which can lead to a mental illness that is initially in the form of stress, anxiety disorder, and psychosis which can be worsen into depression. The step that can be made is to make a third place outside of domestic life at home and outside of professional life at work that aims to reduce psychologial symptoms that causes stress. Apart from that, it is said that a direct interaction with nature can help humans to strengthen their mental endurance to deal with symptoms that causes stress.The proposed design as a solution is in the form of an open public space, a plaza between two buildings, commercial building and a greenhouse where the commercial building has several functions such as food court, market, café, book shops, reading area, and workshop. While the greenhouse gives garden products to support the commercial functions and as a recreational spot. Apart from the functions within the buildings, in effort to encourage visitors into gardening activities and provide direct interactions to nature, community garden serves as a solution in which visitors can plant crops or plants if they wanted to in the provided area on the site. AbstrakDKI Jakarta sebagai ibukota negara terdiri dari 5 wilayah dan 1 kabupaten. Jakarta memiliki kepadatan penduduk tertinggi di Indonesia. Di masa modern ini penduduk cenderung tinggal dan beraktivitas di daerah perkotaan dengan demikian muncul permasalahan psikologis berupa stres. Dalam kehidupan perkotaan, stres tersebut diakibatkan karena aktivitas rutinitas sehari-hari dimana semua orang beraktivitas di antara kedua tempat yaitu tempat tinggal dan tempat kerja. Rutinitas ini dapat menimbulkan permasalahan yang dimulai dari perasaan bosan dan jenuh hingga bisa mengakibatkan suatu penyakit mental yang awalnya berupa stres, gangguan kecemasan, dan psikosis yang bisa menjadi depresi. Langkah yang dapat dilakukan adalah untuk membuat suatu tempat ketiga di luar dari kehidupan rumah tangga di tempat tinggal dan di luar kehidupan profesional di tempat kerja yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi gejala-gejala psikologis yang mengakibatkan stres. Selain dari itu dikatakan bahwa interaksi secara langsung dengan alam dapat membantu seorang manusia untuk memperkuat daya tahan mental mereka untuk menghadapi tekanan-tekanan yang mengakibatkan stres. Rancangan yang diajukan sebagai solusi berupa sebuah ruang publik terbuka berupa plaza diantara dua bangunan berupa bangunan komersil dan bangunan rumah kaca dimana bangunan komersil berupa pujasera, pasar modern, café, toko buku, ruang baca, serta workshop, sementara rumah kaca berfungsi untuk memproduksi hasil berupa hasil kebun kepada fungsi komersil dan sebagai fungsi rekreasi. Selain dari fungsi di dalam bangunan dalam upaya mendorong minat pengunjung tapak terhadap kegiatan berkebun serta memberikan interaksi langsung dengan alam, dibuat sebuah fungsi kebun komunitas dimana perngunjung yang mendatangi tapak dapat menanam tanaman yang mereka inginkan pada area yang disediakan di tapak.

scholarly journals A Metro-Based System as Sustainable Alternative for Urban Logistics in the Era of E-Commerce

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4479
Author(s):  
Rafael Villa ◽  
Andrés Monzón
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Load Optimization ◽  
Big City ◽  
Train Services ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

Business to consumer e-commerce (B2C) has increased sharply in recent years driven by a growing online population and changes in consumer behavior. In metropolitan areas, the “Amazon effect” (online retailers’ vast selection, fast shipping, free returns, and low prices) has led to an increased use of light goods vehicles. This is affecting the rational functioning of the transport system, including a high degree of fragmentation, low load optimization, and, among other externalities, higher traffic congestion. This paper investigates the potential of a metro system, in a big city like Madrid, to provide delivery services by leveraging its existing carrying capacity and using the metro stations to collect parcels in lockers. It would be a new mixed distribution model for last-mile deliveries associated with e-commerce. To that end, the paper evaluates the cost and impacts of two alternative scenarios for managing the unused space in rolling stock (shared trains) or specific full train services (dedicated trains) on existing lines. The external costs of the proposed scenarios are compared with current e-commerce delivery scenario (parcel delivery by road). The results show that underground transport of parcels could significantly reduce congestion costs, accidents, noise, GHG emissions, and air pollution.

scholarly journals Umbilical cord care through community-based distribution of chlorhexidine in rural Sindh, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shah ◽  
Q Jamali ◽  
F Aisha
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cord Care ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background Unsafe practices such as cutting umbilical cord with unsterilized instruments and application of harmful substances, are in practice in many rural areas of Pakistan, and associated with high risk of neonatal sepsis and mortality. Methods We conducted an implementation research in 2015 in Tharparkar district, in Sindh province of Pakistan to understand the feasibility and acceptability of community-based distribution of chlorhexidine (CHX) in rural Pakistan. For this cohort group-only study, 225 lady health workers (LHWs) enrolled 495 pregnant women. Enrolled women received 4% CHX gel and user’s instructions for newborn cord care. The LHWs also counseled women on the benefits and correct use of CHX. Study enumerators collected data from CHX receiving women 3 times: at around 2 weeks before delivery, within 24 hours after delivery, and on the 8th day after delivery. We implemented this study jointly in collaboration with Ministry of Health in Sindh province, Pakistan. Results Among enrolled participants, 399 women (81%) received only the first visit, 295 women (60%) received first two visits and 261 women (53%) received all three visits by enumerators. Among 399 women, who received CHX gel, counseling on its use and were respondent to the first round data collection, 78% remembered that the CHX gel to be applied to cord stump and surrounding areas immediately after birth; but less than a third (29%) forgot the need to keep the cord clean and dry. Among 295 respondents in the first two rounds of data collection, who delivered at home, 97% applied CHX to cord stump on the first day. Conclusions Community-based CHX distribution by LHWs, along with counseling to recipient women, resulted in a high rate of cord care with CHX among newborn delivered at home. Results from this study may help program implementers to consider expanding this intervention for improving newborn cord care on the first day of life in Pakistan. Key messages Community-based distribution of chlorhexidine for newborn cord care appears as highly acceptable and feasible in rural communities in Pakistan. Relevant program policy supporting community-based CHX distribution along with counseling by LHW may help expanding coverage of newborn cord care in rural communities in Pakistan.

«Get in Your Theatres; the Street is Not Yours»: The Struggle for the Character of Public Space in Tunisia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-69
Author(s):  
Heather Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
And Gender

Abstract How people move and appear in public spaces is a reflection of the cultural, religious and socio-political forces in a society. This article, built on an earlier work titled ’Site-Specific Dance: Women in the Middle East’ (2016), addresses the ways in which dance in a public space can support the principles of freedom of expression and gender equality in Tunisia. I explore the character of public space before, during, and after the Arab Spring uprisings. Adopting an ethnographic and phenomenological approach, I focus on the efforts of two Tunisian dancers – Bahri Ben Yahmed (a dancer, choreographer and filmmaker based in Tunis, who has trained in ballet, modern dance and hip hop) and Ahmed Guerfel (a dancer based in Gabès, who has trained in hip hop) – to examine movement in a public space to address political issues facing the society. An analysis of data obtained from Yahmed and Guerfel, including structured interviews, videos, photos, articles and e-mail correspondence, supports the argument that dance performed in public spaces is more effective in shaping the politics of the society than dance performed on the proscenium stage. Definitions and properties of everyday choreography, site and the proscenium stage are analysed, along with examples of site-specific political protest choreography in Egypt, Turkey and Tunisia. I engage with the theories of social scientist Erving Goffman, which propose that a public space can serve as a stage, where people both embody politics and can embody a protest against those politics.

Religious Minority Rights and their Satisfaction in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Asim Nasar ◽  
Abid Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Muslim Majority

Abstract The study investigates the satisfaction of religious minorities in Pakistan subject to government policies and attitudes of the Muslim majority. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 120 respondents living in rural areas in Pakistan. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used to measure the relatedness of essential factors of freedom of expression, opportunity in government services, security of unprotected assembly, prejudice in relationship with Muslims and welcomeness in Muslim neighbourhoods. Yeh’s Index of Satisfaction was used to measure the satisfaction level of religious minorities with government policies and attitudes of the Muslim majority. The study findings revealed that religious minorities are least satisfied with their citizenship rights in Pakistan, which poses various questions to government policies and legislation. Further, they were also least satisfied with the attitudes of the Muslim majority with whom they must interact in their everyday life.

scholarly journals Cultural rights and “Masterpieces” of Local and Translocal Actors

Ethnologies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 297-324
Author(s):  
Hélène Giguère
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Social Divisions

This paper deals with European experiences of inscription of traditional cultural practices on UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). It will first establish the institutional context of the UNESCO’s listing within the framework of reflections on cultural rights. Then, the author briefly presents four European masterpieces in the Mediterranean area. A comparative analysis follows which specifically focuses on the multiplication of practitioners and on translocality; on the overlapping between institutions and artisans; on the use of intangible cultural heritage as a driver for local development via cultural tourism; and on the multimedia “museification” of the intangible. The comparative study of the listing of these intangible cultural heritage traditions also questions the value of customary law versus freedom of expression and creation. It reveals the tensions between the “purity” and “impurity” of cultural practices and social agents, as well as exclusions related to ethnicity, sex or territory. These tensions create new social divisions and remodel the link people have with cultural practices. An examination of gender sheds light on the marginality of women in public space.

scholarly journals MUSEUMS BEYOND WALLS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE THIRD PLACE’S CONCEPT

Muzealnictwo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jagodzińska
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Museum Of Modern Art ◽  
Great Good ◽  
Third Places ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gathering Place ◽  
Ray Oldenburg ◽  
Coffee Shops

The article focuses on museums’ activity that reaches beyond the walls of their premises in the context of a concept of the so-called third place. The third place – as a gathering place which is neither one’s home, i.e. first place, nor workplace, i.e. second place – was described by an American sociologist Ray Oldenburg in 1999 in his book The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. Three study cases have been used in the article: Museum Forum (project carried out by the National Museum in Kraków), Bródno Sculpture Park (project co-conducted by the Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw), and the method of work implemented by the Ethnographic Museum in Kraków, including in particular the project Dzikie Planty (Wild “Planty” Park). I discuss assumptions the projects have been based on, how they fit in an overall strategy of the museums, and reasons why they have been undertaken. Finally, I wonder whether having been conducted in a fully accessible public space and conducive to users’ interaction make it justified to categorise them as the third places in the meaning given by Oldenburg. Although Oldenburg’s concept has been regarded by museum theorists as not applicable to museums, I have come to the conclusion that projects conducted by museums in a non-committal context of an open space meet the conditions the third places do.

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