scholarly journals İklim Değişikliğinin Çayır-Meralar Üzerindeki Etkileri

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 2282
Author(s):  
Rüştü Hatipoğlu ◽  
Mustafa Avcı ◽  
Selahattin Çınar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere

Climate change refers to the increase in greenhouse gases and changes in all kinds of climate with global warming. Concentration of CO2, one of the greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere increased over the 30% during the last 50 years, and this increase is expected to increase more rapidly at the next century. Climate change can lead to changes in temperature and precipitation. Flora is also varying in parallel to the climate change. In some part of the world, the number of plant species is decreasing, and it is expected that the number of the plant species adapting cool climates will decrease even further since these species cannot adapt to high temperatures. Climate change is importantly affecting yield of the grasslands. Higher increase in productivity in the western hemisphere in compared to the Eastern Hemisphere shows vulnerability of the grassland in North America, Central Asia, Central Africa and Oceania to the climate change. Global warming in areas with high summer temperatures affects feed consumption efficiency, live weight gain, milk yield and reproduction of the animals negatively. In cool regions, the effect of global warming is less felt. Intensive efforts are being made to investigate and predict the effects of climate changes on the grasslands. Detailed modeling studies are needed to make high predictions about the future. According to the forecasts made, it is predicted that global warming will be effective especially in Turkey. For this reason, drought tolerant varieties of forage plants should be developed and forage plant species with C4 photosynthesis adapting to different ecological regions of our country should be determined as well as the researches on the growing and breeding techniques of those plants should be conducted.

Climate Change and Agriculture

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-163
Author(s):  
Harry M. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Regional Temperature

Without a doubt, climate change will be one of the most important environmental topics of the 1990s and will be high on the research agendas of many scientific disciplines in years ahead. While not yet universally accepted, it is now widely believed that anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse” gases have the potential to substantially warm climates worldwide. Although there is no consensus on the timing and magnitude of global warming, current climate models predict an average increase of 2.8°C to 5.2°C in the earth's temperature over the next century (Karl, Diaz, and Barnett). Changes in regional temperature and precipitation will likely accompany the global warming, but there is even less scientific agreement on the magnitude of these changes.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Aerosol Sciences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kehan Li
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Modern Times

Climate change is of great importance in modern times and global warming is considered as a significant part of climate change. It is proved that human’s emissions such as greenhouse gases are one of the main sources of global warming (IPCC, 2018). Apart from greenhouse gases, there is another kind of matter being released in quantity via emissions from industries and transportations and playing an important role in global warming, which is aerosol. However, atmospheric aerosols have the net effect of cooling towards global warming. In this paper, climate change with respect to global warming is briefly introduced and the role of aerosols in the atmosphere is emphasized. Besides, properties of aerosols including dynamics and thermodynamics of aerosols as well as interactions with solar radiation are concluded. In the end, environmental policies and solutions are discussed. Keywords: Climate change, Global warming, Atmospheric aerosols, Particulate matter, Radiation, Environmental policy.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eelco J. Rohling
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Is Implementation

This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.

3. Evidence for climate change

2014 ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Mark Maslin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Global Sea Level ◽  
Very High

‘Evidence for climate change’ considers both past and recent climate change through changes in temperature, precipitation, and relative global sea level to show that significant changes in climate have been recorded. These include a 0.85°Celsius (C) increase in average global temperatures over the last 150 years, sea-level rise of over 20 cm, significant shifts in the seasonality and intensities of precipitation, changing weather patterns, and significant retreat of Arctic sea ice and nearly all continental glaciers. The IPCC 2013 report states that the evidence for global warming is unequivocal and that there is very high confidence that this warming is due to human emissions of greenhouse gases.

scholarly journals Communicating Climate Change: Probabilistic Expressions and Concrete Events

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Raoni Demnitz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Change Beliefs ◽  
Unanimous Agreement

Abstract Despite near unanimous agreement among climate scientists about global warming, a substantial proportion of Americans remain skeptical or unconcerned. The two experiments reported here tested communication strategies designed to increase trust in and concern about climate change. They also measured attitudes toward climate scientists. Climate predictions were systematically manipulated to include either probabilistic (90% predictive interval) or deterministic (mean value) projections that described either concrete (i.e., heat waves and floods) or abstract events (i.e., temperature and precipitation). The results revealed that projections that included the 90% predictive interval were considered more trustworthy than deterministic projections. In addition, in a nationally representative sample, Republicans who were informed of concrete events with predictive intervals reported greater concern and more favorable attitudes toward climate scientists than when deterministic projections were used. Overall, these findings suggest that while climate change beliefs may be rooted in partisan identity, they remain malleable, especially when targeted communication strategies are used.

The Global Warming By Using The Experimental Methods Within Project-Based Learning Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulperi Selcan Öncü
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Project Based Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
The Impact

<div> <p>In recent times we have often received news such as about melting glaciers, sudden and torrential rain, storms, increased atmospheric temperatures, and forest fires. We have also observed some of these phenomena in our immediate vicinity. There is a frequently used expression among the public, 'the seasons are shifting'. </p> <p>Students have asked the reasons why these changes have been occurring and what about changes between the past and present. In order to understand these changes we all know that they need to understand global warming in the first place. To help them with this as an science teacher I have guided them to be capable of using experimental methods within project-based learning approaches. First they did preliminary literature surveys and then they designed an experiment. In the experiment, they tested the hypothesis that the water inside the bell JAR, which is coated with black cardboard, heats up more than the transparent one. In this way they began to investigate climate change due to greenhouse gases. </p> <p>In the experiment, two bell glasses were used to represent the atmosphere layers. One was intermittently covered with pieces cut out of black cardboard. Black cardboard was used to represent the greenhouse gas due since the black colour absorbs light. Two beakers of the same size were used, filled with water. A thermometer was placed inside and bell jars were turned upside down and put over the beakers. The two thermometers were used to measure the water temperature inside the beakers. </p> <p>The first apparatus is the control group (inside uncovered). The second apparatus is the experimental group (covered with independent black cardboard). In the experimental and observation stage, the independent variable is the bell jar; the dependent variable is the water temperature. The constant variables are the size of the jar, the size of the beaker, the amount of water and the ambient conditions. </p> <p>Having set up the apparatus, the initial temperature of water was measured and recorded. Students carried out the experiment on a sunny day by placing the apparatus in a sun-covered field. They recorded the data in the tables they completed periodically. Then they shared the results with participants at the science festival. </p> <p>In this way they began to investigate the impact of greenhouse gases on climate change.</p> </div>

Grey Forecasting Model for CO2 Emissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 1664-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Lin Bao ◽  
Hong Qi Hui
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Grey Forecasting ◽  
Grey Forecasting Model ◽  
Average Residual

CO2 is the most frequently implicated in global warming among the various greenhouse gases associated with climate change. Chinese government has been taking serious measures to control energy consumption to reduce CO2 emissions. This study applies the grey forecasting model to estimate future CO2 emissions and carbon intensity in Shijiazhuang from 2010 until 2020. Forecasts of CO2 emissions in this study show that the average residual error of the GM(1, 1) is below 1.5%. The average increasing rate of CO2 emissions will be about 6.71%; and the carbon intensity will be 2.10 tons/104GDP until year 2020. If the GDP of Shijiazhuang city can be quadruple, the carbon intensity will be half to the 2005 levels until 2020. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference with which the Shijiazhuang government can formulate measures to reduce CO2 emissions by curbing the unnecessary the consumption of energy.

scholarly journals 21RST CENTURY: “The Game against Nature”

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Lane
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Social System ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

When a decision-maker faces a choice between alternatives of action in a situation of uncertainty, one speaks of a “game against Nature” when he/she faces no interaction with another player or group. In the process of global warming, mankind is the one player facing two alternatives: resilience or precaution. Not knowing fully the consequences of the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases on climate change or the implications of climate change for biological and social system, what action to take? If there were a global benevolent rule, he/she may decide to avoid the worst outcome. But global ecological policy-making requires the coordination among a large number of players, which open up the possibility of reneging as well as carries heavy transaction costs.

scholarly journals The changes of precipitation in Podgorica for period 1951-2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Vladan Ducic ◽  
Dragan Buric ◽  
Jelena Lukovic ◽  
Gorica Stanojevic
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Changes ◽  
Climatic Elements

The global warming and climate change are the actual and challenging topics. Recently there is one question, frequently asked: whether today's climate is changing? The studies of this issues are mainly related to the two the most important climatic elements - air temperature and precipitation amounts. We have done research about temperature variability for Montenegro and the main aim of this paper is analysis precipitation changes for station Podgorica (Montenegro) in the period of sistematic observation - are there changes, to what extent and whether they are significant. According to the results, acumulated precipitation do not show significant changes for annual and seasonal values in the period 1951-2010. The interannual variations of the precipitation (which are characterictic for this climate element) do not show increases in recent times. The component trend shows some changes, but statisticaly insignigficant. The previous results for precipitation conditions in Podgorica are not in accordance with the concept of Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which predicted a general decerease in precipitation and increase variability on this area.

scholarly journals Do Farmers Adapt to Climate Change? A Macro Perspective

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Alvi ◽  
Faisal Jamil ◽  
Roberto Roson ◽  
Martina Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cereal Yields

Greenhouse gas emissions cause climate change, and agriculture is the most vulnerable sector. Farmers do have some capability to adapt to changing weather and climate, but this capability is contingent on many factors, including geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Assessing the actual adaptation potential in the agricultural sector is therefore an empirical issue, to which this paper contributes by presenting a study examining the impacts of climate change on cereal yields in 55 developing and developed countries, using data from 1991 to 2015. The results indicate that cereal yields are affected in all regions by changes in temperature and precipitation, with significant differences in certain macro-regions in the world. In Southern Asia and Central Africa, farmers fail to adapt to climate change. The findings suggest that the world should focus more on enhancing adaptive capacity to moderate potential damage and on coping with the consequences of climate change.

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